(3573,4236,'Generische Futtermittel im PC-Horse','standard-feed-de','<p>In all versions of PC-Horse there is a set of standard, non-branded feeds (pasture grass, hay, oats, vegetable oil and many more) under the \"brand\" GENERIC FEED. We have based the values ​​for the nutrients in these feeds on tables from public sources, trying to match relevant feeds for the region.</p>\r\n<p>There are generic feeds in all categories in the guaranteed feeds list:</p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Roughage</li>\r\n<li>Concentrate mix</li>\r\n<li>Vitamin/Mineral mix</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p>Generic feeds serve several purposes for users of PC-Horse:</p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>As a template to retrieve default values for nutrients in feeds where only energy and protein is analysed</li>\r\n<li>As a source of information on the content of nutrients in different qualities of feeds you can buy</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p>Our ambition is to document some of the variation in the quality of the generic feeds, and make appropriate feeds available for selection in PC-Horse. This is particularly important when the quality of the roughages in the horse feed markets deviate considerably from normal, for example, after a wet summer.</p>\r\n<p>Often, the name of a feed gives a direct indication of its quality, eg. \"Hay, late harvest\", or it may be \"Oats, 55 kg/L\". In addition, you can read a brief comment about the nutritional properties when you view the feeds in the program.</p>\r\n<p>PC-Horse is now working to develop a partnership with companies that make commercial forage analysis for feed manufacturers and horse owners, with the aim of making roughage analyses more easily available for users of PC-Horse.</p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p> </p>','',1,84,'2008-10-17 10:32:47',62,'','2015-02-25 09:19:59',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2008-10-17 10:32:47','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',3,1,'','',1,1812,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(3574,4237,'Eigene Futtermittel im PC-Horse','your-own-feeds-in-pc-horse-de','<p>In all versions of PC-Horse, you can create your own feeds. Based on the analyzed data you have available, you can easily add and supplement this information with data on the nutrients that you may lack the analysis you received. This increases the accuracy of your diets and the horse will have a much better coverage of needs in the diet.</p>\r\n<p><a href=\"index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=3535&amp;Itemid=4486&amp;lang=de\"><span id=\"result_box\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"hps\">Learn more about how</span> <span class=\"hps\">you make</span> <span class=\"hps\">your own</span> <span class=\"hps\">feed</span> <span class=\"hps\">in</span> <span class=\"hps\">PC-Horse</span></span></a></p>','',1,85,'2012-08-23 08:46:25',62,'','2015-02-25 09:20:28',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2012-08-23 08:46:25','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',4,1,'','',1,2048,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(3575,4238,'January 2015 - Vitamin A','january-2015-vitamin-a-2','<p>Vitamin A comes in two forms - as retinol, of animal origin, or as beta-carotene which is of vegetable origin. As a precursor of vitamin A, beta-carotene needs to be activated in the body. Retinol is usually not included in typical horse feeds, while beta-carotene is found in appreciable amounts in roughages and in small amounts in grains other than maize.<br /><br />The biological activity of the various vitamin A compounds and precursors differ. One international unit (IU) of vitamin A is defined as the biological activity of 0,300 micrograms (µg) of all-trans-retinol. For beta-carotene 1 mg is equivalent to 400 IU vitamin A.</p>\r\n<p><img style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" src=\"images/moonhorse.jpg\" alt=\"\" /></p>\r\n<p><br /><strong>Role of vitamin A in the body</strong><br />Vitamin A is known to be important for normal night vision. It functions also in cell differentiation and, as a result, plays crucial roles in reproduction and embryogenesis. In addition, vitamin A is important for maintaining the immune response to infection.<br />Beta-carotene functions as a precursor of vitamin A. However, it also has specific functions as beta-carotene in a number of tissues and organs including the fat, skin and ovary. The latter primarily in the corpus luteum where it is involved in the control of progesterone secretion and the control of ovulation, embryo implantation and pregnancy maintenance. These activities are impaired by inadequate beta-carotene and cannot be corrected by vitamin A.<br /><br /><strong>Requirements for vitamin A</strong><br />The vitamin A requirements for different types of horses are not well defined. NRC 2007 gives the following minimum requirements for vitamin A:</p>\r\n<table border=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Adult horses at maintenance:</td>\r\n<td>30 IU per kg body weight</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Adult horses in training:</td>\r\n<td>45 IU per kg body weight</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Stallions in the breeding season:</td>\r\n<td>45 IU per kg body weight</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Young growing horses:</td>\r\n<td>45 IU per kg body weight</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Pregnant and lactating mares:</td>\r\n<td>60 IU per kg body weight</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p><strong>Vitamin A in horse feeds</strong><br />Compound feeds for horses normally have added vitamin A as retinol equivalent to 7000 – 15000 IU vitamin A per kg. Cereal grains are low in beta-carotene except maize that contains about 6 mg per kg (2400 IU vitamin A).<br />Forages are rich in beta-carotene. The greatest concentrations are found in pastures. Such factors as degree of maturity, conditions at harvest and length of storage will influence beta-carotene concentrations in forages. This varies greatly, from 30 to almost 400 mg beta-carotene per kg dry matter (12000 – 160000 IU vitamin A). The lowest concentration is found in mature grass hay.</p>\r\n<p><strong>PC-Horse and vitamin A</strong><br />PC-Horse calculates the requirement for vitamin A for horses in all physiological states. The program also holds the vitamin A concentrations of all feedstuffs in the feed list. You will be warned by the program if vitamin A in your horse rations is either too low or too high.<br /><br />In addition, PC-Horse differentiates between vitamin A as retinol or as beta-carotene. Too much vitamin A as retinol will trigger a warning that vitamin A is too high. Too much vitamin A as beta-carotene will not result in a warning, as beta-carotene is a precursor of vitamin A, and the body will adjust its conversion to active vitamin A according to needs. This means that there is no danger of overdosing beta-carotene.</p>\r\n<p><em>This article was originally written by Dr. Day Austbø.</em><br /><em>Copyright: PC-Horse International - Norway 2012.</em><br /><em>Feel free to use and publish the material. Please indicate the source and author.</em></p>','',1,616,'2014-12-31 13:09:03',10,'','2015-02-01 09:04:56',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2014-12-31 13:09:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',4,164,'','',1,1533,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(3576,4239,'December 2014 - Starch in horse feed rations','december-2014-de','<p><img src=\"http://www.pc-horse.com/images-joomla/stories/seasons/starch-horse.jpg\" alt=\"starch-horse\" /></p>\r\n<p>There is a long tradition of using grains and cereal-based concentrates, especially those derived from oats and barley, in horse rations. Such ingredients are commonly an important part of rations for work horses and horses in training, since these have increased demands for energy which are difficult to meet from forage alone. Oats are commonly fed whole or crushed, while barley and other grains are main ingredients in concentrate mixtures, whether in the form of pellets or muesli.</p>\r\n<p>The distinctive thing about grains is that they contain about 50% starch and it is this starch that is the energy-rich part of the grain. Generally, we expect grain and grain-based feed mixtures to contain about twice as much energy per kilogram as dry forages (i.e. hay). Compared with forage or silage, which contain substantive amounts of water, the food value of grain, which usually has a water content of 15%, is even greater. When comparing energy contents of feeds always remember to adjust to the same water content first. The most energy-rich ingredient we can add to the rations of horses is fat (e.g. vegetable oil). Fat gives almost 3 times more energy per kilo than corn, but cannot be used in large quantities due to limitations of digestion and absorption.</p>\r\n<p>When the horse\'s ration is predominantly forage, much of the digestion occurs in the hind gut (caecum and colon) after the feed has passed through the stomach and small intestine. Here the finely chewed plant fibres are degraded (fermented) by microbes. This fermentation produces water-soluble fatty acids, mainly acetic and propionic acid. These are absorbed easily through the intestinal wall and give the horse a steady supply of nutrients to be used as energy for work and for the production of milk or foetus.</p>\r\n<p>When we give the horse a starch-rich diet (a high proportion of grain and concentrate mixtures), a large part of that starch is digested in the small intestine. The starch is broken down by enzymes in the intestines into sugars (glucose) that are transported from the intestinal contents into the blood. This leads to an increase in the horse\'s blood sugar level. The horse\'s pancreas secretes the hormone insulin to regulate blood sugar concentration, and to ensure that the absorbed glucose is used directly for energy when needed or else stored as glycogen in liver and muscles and as fat in adipose tissue.</p>\r\n<p>When horses are fed a lot of starch-rich concentrate, blood glucose may rise substantially in spite of increased insulin secretion. They may then easily become \"hot-tempered\" and some horses may be difficult to control. However, this varies widely. It is not proven that one particular type of starch, e.g. from oats, is more likely to make a horse “hot” than another type of starch, such as from barley. Most often, it is the amount they are fed that is decisive.</p>\r\n<p>If horses in training have days off, without their rations being reduced, they can easily develop muscle problems resulting in stiffness, \"tying up\", or the more serious condition of muscle degeneration (myoglobinuria). Always remember that horses who work or exercise hard should receive a reduced concentrate volume on days off, usually about half the amount they receive in the days of training. Horses that are susceptible to these problems should preferably exercise lightly, even on their off days.</p>\r\n<p>When horses receive a large amount of concentrate in one meal, a portion of the starch passes through the small intestine without being absorbed and thus comes into the large intestines. Here, the starch is utilized rapidly by the intestinal flora and the fermentation can lead to a fall in pH, making the environment in the gut more acidic, and thus less favourable for the digestion of fibre. In addition, it may create other imbalances that, in severe cases, can lead to colic or laminitis.</p>\r\n<p>A horse in hard training, as mentioned above, will eat quite a lot of feed, and it is important that the concentrates given are distributed over the course of several meals. A common rule of thumb is that a single meal should not contain more than 1.5 grams of starch per kilogram of the horse\'s body weight. A horse of 500 kg should therefore not receive more than 750 grams of starch per meal. Consequently, 1,5 kilos of concentrate would be equivalent to the upper recommended amount of starch to be given in one meal.</p>\r\n<p>As mentioned, the most important concern when feeding a high proportion of starch-rich concentrate in your rations is to monitor the amount of starch that the horse receives in every single meal. In our PC-Horse program, we certainly include starch as a factor in our feed-calculator. For this to be meaningful, it is important that you use the program\'s function for allocation of the daily ration into meals. Then the program will calculate the amount of starch per meal and warn if the amounts exceed the recommended intake of 750 grams per meal. This way, you can easily monitor and correct the ration or the number of meals so that the risk of illness or adverse side effects is minimized.</p>\r\n<p><em>This article was originally written by Dr. Day Austbø.</em><br /><em>Copyright: PC-Horse International - Norway 2012.</em><br /><em>Feel free to use and publish the material. Please indicate the source and author.</em></p>','',1,616,'2014-12-31 12:56:13',10,'','2015-01-14 12:57:59',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2014-12-31 12:56:13','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',3,38,'','',1,1517,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(3577,4240,'November 2014 - Vitamin D','nov2014-de','<hr />\r\n<p><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;\"><em><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\"><em>The article is written by Dr. Dag Austbø at the Norwegian University of Life Sciences institution. Dr. Dag Austbø and Dr. Knut Hove are two of the key people behind the development of PC-Horse. Their scientific work and international networks contribute to the continued development of PC-Horse and to secure that our calculations are based on established scientific data.</em></span> </em> </span> </span></p>\r\n<hr />\r\n<p>Vitamin D is vital for calcium homeostasis in animals and man. A deficiency may lead to bone deformities, commonly called rickets, resulting from decreased concentrations of calcium and phosphorus in cartilage and bone. The vitamin is found as vitamin D2 (Ergocalciferol) in plants and as vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol) in feeds of animal origin, especially fish. The two forms, D2 and D3 have similar biological activity; 1 µg of D2 or D3 equals 40 international units (IU) vitamin D. During summer, exposure to sunlight leads to production of vitamin D3 in the skin. This means that horses exposed to sunlight have no need for additional vitamin D from their ration. In winter however, sunlight is sparse, especially in northern altitudes and vitamin D should be supplied through the daily ration.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Role of vitamin D in the body</strong><br />In the body, the D vitamins are transformed into the biologically active form 1.25(OH)2D when needed. This molecule acts as a hormone, targeting the intestines, kidneys and bone. It facilitates calcium absorption, reabsorption of calcium from the kidneys and influences both mobilization and reabsorption of calcium and phosphorus from bone. In addition to the role of vitamin D in calcium metabolism, the vitamin also influences cell growth and differentiation.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Requirements for vitamin D</strong><br />Horses exposed to sunlight several hours a day will get enough vitamin D from the sun, and no extra supplements should be needed. But for horses with less exposure to sunlight, NRC 2007 defines specific requirements which should be provided with the feed to maintain adequate vitamin D levels:<br />- For adult horses at maintenance, in training, gestation and in lactation as well as for stallions in the mating season the daily requirements are set to 6.6 IU vitamin D per kg body weight. Therefore, typical daily intakes should be between 3000 and 4000 IU for a 500 kg horse.<br />- For young growing horses the requirements are set to 22.2, 17.4, 15.9 and 13.7 IU per kg body weight for 0-6, 7-12, 13-18, and 19-24 months of age.<br />- For young horses in training the requirements are 20 IU per kg body weight (applied only to horses older than 12 months of age).</p>\r\n<p><img style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/vitamin-d-horse.png\" alt=\"vitamin-d-horse\" /></p>\r\n<p><strong>Vitamin D in horse feeds</strong><br />Compound feeds for horses most often have added vitamin D3. The amounts added may vary, but are commonly between 500 and 2000 IU per kg.<br />Grains contain very little or no vitamin D. Fresh grasses, haylage and hay contain vitamin D2 in significant, but varying amounts. In general, vitamin D levels in grass increase in the later stages of maturity, meaning that late cut grass will have more vitamin D than early cut grass. When hay or haylage are dried in the sun, more vitamin D2 will be formed, depending on the duration of exposure to sunlight.<br />Vitamin D is normally not analyzed in forage samples due to cost. In the planning of rations, horse owners therefore have to rely upon mean values given in the literature. In PC-Horse we use values for vitamin D in grass, haylage and hay according to Ballet et al., 2000.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Table 1. Mean values for vitamin D in grass, haylage and hay, IU per kg dry matter. (Ballet et al., 2000).</strong></p>\r\n<table style=\"width: 550px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"10\" align=\"left\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td> </td>\r\n<td>Grass*</td>\r\n<td>Haylage</td>\r\n<td>Hay</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Vitamin D, IU/kg DM</td>\r\n<td>365</td>\r\n<td>440</td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p>1155</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p><br />*Grass and legumes</p>\r\n<p>By using PC-Horse to formulate rations for your horses you will immediately see how much vitamin D your horses get in their daily ration. You will also be warned if the amounts are out of the recommended range. Vitamin D is one of the vitamins which accumulate in body fat, and can be toxic if fed in too high amounts over prolonged periods of time. PC-Horse warns against Vitamin D overdosing.</p>\r\n<p><em>Reference:Ballet, N., J.C. Robert &amp; P.E.V. Williams. 2000. Vitamins in forages. page 399-431 In: Givens, D.I., E. Own, R.F.E. Axford &amp; H.M. Omed (Eds.). 2000. Forage evaluation in ruminant nutrition. CABI Publishing</em></p>\r\n<hr />\r\n<p><strong>What does this mean in practice?</strong></p>\r\n<p>Daily intake of roughage varies based on feed quality, production classes, individual appetite and each individual\'s place in the herd hierarchy. This means that we must observe horses in a herd closely and make corrections to the feed offered each individual at night-time or early morning to avoid some individuals growing too fat or too thin.</p>\r\n<p><a href=\"index.php/en/manual/demos\"><strong><strong>Watch a video on using PC-Horse</strong></strong></a></p>\r\n<p><a href=\"index.php/en/news/new-feedlist\"><strong>See what feeds are included in the program´s ready-to-go feed list</strong></a></p>\r\n<p><a href=\"index.php/en/articles/topic-of-the-month/other-topics\"><strong>Previous month articles can be found here</strong></a></p>\r\n<p><em><strong>Give us topic suggestions for future monthly articles</strong></em></p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/pchimages/PCHlogo-Science.jpg\" alt=\"PCHlogo-Science\" width=\"165\" height=\"64\" /></p>\r\n<hr />','',1,616,'2014-09-22 10:47:20',62,'','2015-01-14 12:53:39',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2014-10-31 22:55:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',4,143,'vitamin D for horses','Compound feeds for horses most often have added vitamin D3. The amounts added may vary, but are commonly between 500 and 2000 IU per kg.\r\nGrains contain very little or no vitamin D. Fresh grasses, haylage and hay contain vitamin D2 in significant, but varying amounts. In general, vitamin D levels in grass increase in the later stages of maturity, meaning that late cut grass will have more vitamin D than early cut grass. When hay or haylage are dried in the sun, more vitamin D2 will be formed, depending on the duration of exposure to sunlight.\r\nVitamin D is normally not analyzed in forage samples due to cost. In the planning of rations, horse owners therefore have to rely upon mean values given in the literature. In PC-Horse we use values for vitamin D in grass, haylage and hay according to Ballet et al., 2000.',1,2156,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(3578,4241,'October 2014 - Vitamin E and Selenium protect cells from oxidative damage','oct2014-de','<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><strong><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"></span></strong></span></p>\r\n<hr />\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;\"><em><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\"><em>The article is written by Dr. Dag Austbø at the Norwegian University of Life Sciences institution. Dr. Dag Austbø and Dr. Knut Hove are two of the key people behind the development of PC-Horse. Their scientific work and international networks contribute to the continued development of PC-Horse and to secure that our calculations are based on established scientific data.</em></span></em></span></span></span></p>\r\n<hr />\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><strong><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"></span><span style=\"line-height: 107%; background-color: #ffffff;\">Vitamin E and selenium function jointly in protecting body cells from oxidation-induced damage. Low levels of selenium can partly be replaced by higher levels <span style=\"background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-position: 0% 0%; background-clip: border-box; background-origin: padding-box; background-size: auto auto;\">of</span> vitamin E and vice versa, but they can never totally replace <span style=\"background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-position: 0% 0%; background-clip: border-box; background-origin: padding-box; background-size: auto auto;\">each other</span>. Selenium deficiency is a constant threat where soils are low in selenium, as in Scandinavia and the British Isles. </span></strong></span></p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/selen-vitaminE.jpg\" alt=\"selen-vitaminE\" /></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Biological oxidation<br /></strong>In order to extract the chemical energy bound in organic nutrients like fat and carbohydrate, all animals use oxygen from the air in a process called biological oxidation. Carbon dioxide and water are formed as waste products, and the liberated energy is used in the body <span style=\"background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-position: 0% 0%; background-clip: border-box; background-origin: padding-box; background-size: auto auto;\">for, among other things, muscle contraction and growth</span>. During the process of biological oxidation, free radicals - highly reactive agents - are also produced as a side effect. If these radicals are not destroyed, they will damage living cells, notably their lipids and proteins. Unsaturated fatty acids, a major component of all cell membranes, are particularly susceptible to oxidative damage.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Antioxidants<br /></strong>Vitamin E and selenium act as <em>antioxidants</em> by preventing this damage to cell components which <span style=\"background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-position: 0% 0%; background-clip: border-box; background-origin: padding-box; background-size: auto auto;\">will always</span> occur <span style=\"background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-position: 0% 0%; background-clip: border-box; background-origin: padding-box; background-size: auto auto;\">as part of oxidative</span> processes needed to release the energy in our food.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; background-color: #ffffff;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Vitamin E</span> (alfa-tocopherol) is a <span style=\"background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-position: 0% 0%; background-clip: border-box; background-origin: padding-box; background-size: auto auto;\">fat-soluble</span> vitamin. <span style=\"background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-position: 0% 0%; background-clip: border-box; background-origin: padding-box; background-size: auto auto;\">It acts on</span> the lipid-rich membranes of the cells, where it helps to prevent free radicals from damaging these cell structures.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; background-color: #ffffff;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Selenium</span> is a water soluble mineral that is needed in very small quantities (see below). Selenium is part of the intracellular enzyme glutathione peroxidase, which helps to prevent the formation of free radicals and <span style=\"background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-position: 0% 0%; background-clip: border-box; background-origin: padding-box; background-size: auto auto;\">to destroy</span> oxidized lipids (peroxides) in the cells.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; background-color: #ffffff;\">The requirements for vitamin E and selenium that are given in the following tables are according <span style=\"background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-position: 0% 0%; background-clip: border-box; background-origin: padding-box; background-size: auto auto;\">to NRC-2007</span> recommendations.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong><span style=\"background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-position: 0% 0%; background-clip: border-box; background-origin: padding-box; background-size: auto auto;\">Vitamin E requirements<br /></span></strong>The <span style=\"background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-position: 0% 0%; background-clip: border-box; background-origin: padding-box; background-size: auto auto;\">requirements</span> for vitamin E <span style=\"background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-position: 0% 0%; background-clip: border-box; background-origin: padding-box; background-size: auto auto;\">below</span> are <span style=\"background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-position: 0% 0%; background-clip: border-box; background-origin: padding-box; background-size: auto auto;\">based on</span> NRC-2007*. The amount of vitamin E is given as international units (IU) and the requirements are as IU per kg body weight per day. 1 IU is equivalent to 1 mg of the vitamin.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><em>Table 1. Daily requirements for vitamin E, IU per kg body weight.</em></span></p>\r\n<table class=\"Rutenettabell4-uthevingsfarge61\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 198.2pt; border-width: 1pt medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #70ad47; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"198\">\r\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">Type of horse</span></strong></span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 252.6pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #70ad47; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"253\">\r\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">Vitamin E requirement, IU per kg body weight</span></strong></span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 198.2pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #e2efd9; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"198\">\r\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><strong>Idle horses (maintenance) </strong></span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 252.6pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #e2efd9; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"253\">\r\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1.0</span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 198.2pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"198\">\r\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><strong>Horses in training</strong></span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 252.6pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"253\">\r\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1.6 – 2.0 </span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 198.2pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #e2efd9; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"198\">\r\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><strong>Pregnant mares</strong></span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 252.6pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #e2efd9; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"253\">\r\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1.0</span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 198.2pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"198\">\r\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><strong>Lactating mares</strong></span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 252.6pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"253\">\r\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">2.0</span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 198.2pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #e2efd9; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"198\">\r\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><strong>Young growing horses</strong></span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 252.6pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #e2efd9; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"253\">\r\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">2.0</span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 198.2pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"198\">\r\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><strong>Stallions in the breeding season</strong></span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 252.6pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"253\">\r\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1.6</span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; background-color: #ffffff;\">Vitamin E is relatively <span style=\"background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-position: 0% 0%; background-clip: border-box; background-origin: padding-box; background-size: auto auto;\">non-toxic</span> and moderate overdosing will not cause any negative effects.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"></span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong><span style=\"background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-position: 0% 0%; background-clip: border-box; background-origin: padding-box; background-size: auto auto;\">Selenium requirements</span></strong></span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">NRC 2007* gives the requirement for selenium as milligrams per kg (mg/kg) of dry matter in the horse’s daily ration.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><em>Table 2. Daily requirements for selenium, mg per kg dry matter in ration.</em></span></p>\r\n<table class=\"Rutenettabell4-uthevingsfarge61\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 198.2pt; border-width: 1pt medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #70ad47; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"198\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">Type of horse</span></strong></span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 252.6pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #70ad47; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"253\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">Selenium requirement, mg per kg dry matter</span></strong></span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 198.2pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #e2efd9; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"198\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><strong>Idle horses (maintenance) </strong></span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 252.6pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #e2efd9; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"253\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">0.1</span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 198.2pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"198\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><strong>Horses in training</strong></span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 252.6pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"253\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">0.1</span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 198.2pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #e2efd9; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"198\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><strong>Pregnant mares</strong></span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 252.6pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #e2efd9; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"253\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">0.1</span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 198.2pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"198\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><strong>Lactating mares</strong></span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 252.6pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"253\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">0.1</span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 198.2pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #e2efd9; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"198\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><strong>Young growing horses</strong></span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 252.6pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #e2efd9; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"253\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">0.1</span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 198.2pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"198\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><strong>Stallions in the breeding season</strong></span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 252.6pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"253\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">0.1</span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><em>Dry m<span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">atter in rations for different types of horses are calculated using assumed feed intakes of 2.5% of body weight (BW) for heavy and very heavy exercise, for lactating mares and for growing horses; 2.25% of BW for moderate exercise; and 2.0% of BW for all other classes.</span></em></span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; background-color: #ffffff;\">Selenium is highly toxic and overdosing <span style=\"background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-position: 0% 0%; background-clip: border-box; background-origin: padding-box; background-size: auto auto;\">must</span> be avoided.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Sources of vitamin E<br /></strong>Fresh, growing forage contains 100 – 400 IU of vitamin E per kg DM. The amount of vitamin E decreases as the plant matures. Grass hay and haylage contain from 20 – 60 IU per kg DM and the amount decreases during storage. For oats and barley typical values are around 20 IU per kg DM.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; background-color: #ffffff;\">Concentrate mixtures for horses are commonly fortified with vitamin E. Typical concentrations in commercial concentrates are in the range 400 – 600 IU per kg.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Sources of selenium<br /></strong>Forage and grains grown in the UK and Scandinavia are typically low to very low in selenium. This means that horse owners must rely <span style=\"background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-position: 0% 0%; background-clip: border-box; background-origin: padding-box; background-size: auto auto;\">on concentrate</span> mixtures and mineral supplements to <span style=\"background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-position: 0% 0%; background-clip: border-box; background-origin: padding-box; background-size: auto auto;\">cover requirements</span>. Concentrate mixtures for horses are commonly supplemented with 0.4 – 0.6 mg selenium per kg.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>What happens when selenium and vitamin E are deficient in the diet<br /></strong>Selenium or vitamin E deficiencies are uncommon in horses other than foals from birth to one <span style=\"background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-position: 0% 0%; background-clip: border-box; background-origin: padding-box; background-size: auto auto;\">month</span> of age. They occur as a result of inadequate selenium intake by the mare during pregnancy, or inadequate selenium and/or vitamin E intake during lactation. The most common selenium and vitamin E deficiency disease in foals is white muscle disease. Mild deficiency of either selenium or vitamin E may lead to a decrease in the immune response to infectious diseases <span style=\"background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-position: 0% 0%; background-clip: border-box; background-origin: padding-box; background-size: auto auto;\">and, with selenium,</span> slower growth.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>How can you find out <span style=\"background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-position: 0% 0%; background-clip: border-box; background-origin: padding-box; background-size: auto auto;\">whether</span> the vitamin E and selenium content of your horse’s diet is adequate?<br /></strong>To know the vitamin E and selenium content of <span style=\"background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-position: 0% 0%; background-clip: border-box; background-origin: padding-box; background-size: auto auto;\">a diet</span>, you have to do some calculations. <span style=\"background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-position: 0% 0%; background-clip: border-box; background-origin: padding-box; background-size: auto auto;\">With PC-Horse this can become a quick</span> and easy operation. PC-Horse calculates your horse’s individual requirements for vitamin E and selenium from the information you have <span style=\"background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-position: 0% 0%; background-clip: border-box; background-origin: padding-box; background-size: auto auto;\">already</span> entered into the program. The contents of vitamin E and selenium are included for all feeds in the feed <span style=\"background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-position: 0% 0%; background-clip: border-box; background-origin: padding-box; background-size: auto auto;\">list. You can instantly</span> see how well the requirements are covered as you compose the horse’s daily ration <span style=\"background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-position: 0% 0%; background-clip: border-box; background-origin: padding-box; background-size: auto auto;\">using the PC-Horse program</span>. <span style=\"background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-position: 0% 0%; background-clip: border-box; background-origin: padding-box; background-size: auto auto;\">The program will both warn you</span> when the diet is deficient, and <span style=\"background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-position: 0% 0%; background-clip: border-box; background-origin: padding-box; background-size: auto auto;\">also</span> when there is a potentially toxic surplus of Selenium in the daily ration.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; background-color: #ffffff;\">*NRC 2007. Nutrient Requirements of Horses, sixth revised edition. National Academic Press, Washington, D.C., USA.</span></p>\r\n<hr />\r\n<p><strong>What does this mean in practice?</strong><br />Daily intake of roughage varies based on feed quality, production classes, individual appetite and each individual\'s place in the herd hierarchy. This means that we must observe horses in a herd closely and make corrections to the feed offered each individual at night-time or early morning to avoid some individuals growing too fat or too thin.</p>\r\n<p><a href=\"index.php/en/manual/demos\"><strong><strong>Watch a video on using PC-Horse</strong></strong></a></p>\r\n<p><a href=\"index.php/en/news/new-feedlist\"><strong>See what feeds are included in the program´s ready-to-go feed list</strong></a></p>\r\n<p><a href=\"index.php/en/articles/topic-of-the-month/other-topics\"><strong>Previous month articles can be found here</strong></a></p>\r\n<p><em><strong>Give us topic suggestions for future monthly articles</strong></em></p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/pchimages/PCHlogo-Science.jpg\" alt=\"PCHlogo-Science\" width=\"165\" height=\"64\" /></p>\r\n<hr />','',1,616,'2014-09-22 10:47:20',62,'','2015-01-14 12:51:29',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2014-09-30 22:55:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',4,149,'vitamin E, Selenium','Vitamin E and selenium function jointly in protecting body cells from oxidation-induced damage. Low levels of selenium can partly be replaced by higher levels of vitamin E and vice versa, but they can never totally replace each other. Selenium deficiency is a constant threat where soils are low in selenium, as in Scandinavia and the British Isles.',1,1666,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(3579,4242,'September 2014 - What quality roughage should we buy for our horses?','sept2014-de','<p> </p>\r\n<hr />\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;\"><em><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\"><em>The article is written by Dr. Dag Austbø at the Norwegian University of Life Sciences institution. Dr. Dag Austbø and Dr. Knut Hove are two of the key people behind the development of PC-Horse. Their scientific work and international networks contribute to the continued development of PC-Horse and to secure that our calculations are based on established scientific data.</em></span></em></span></p>\r\n<hr />\r\n<p><em><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">When we buy roughage it is important to purchase a quality that suits the particular horses we have. Ponies and horses that tend to get fat should be fed forage with a lower energy content than that for young horses, broodmares and horses in training. Whether we choose hay or haylage is of major concern, but nutrient content and hygienic quality will always be crucial.</span></em></p>\r\n<p>In rations for horses there should be at least 1.5 kg forage dry matter per 100 kg body weight. This is important both for maintaining normal digestive functions and for the horse\'s well-being. Unless it has enough chewing-time, the horse will not feel satiated and happy.<br />Select forage with an energy content in the lower range for horses that tend to get fat. Such forages will give them enough chewing time without creating a too high energy intake. Horses in training, on the other hand, should preferably have roughages with a higher energy content. By feeding the best roughages to trained horses, we can cover more of the requirements from the roughage, and limit the overall amount of concentrate in the ration. When energy requirements are high, this can have a positive effect on health and well-being and also, in some cases, lead to better performance.<br /><br /><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/hay_vs_ensilage.jpg\" alt=\"hay vs ensilage\" width=\"550\" height=\"428\" /></p>\r\n<p>Hay is dry (about 15% water and 85% dry matter, DM), while haylages for horses may vary widely in water content (dry matter between 60% and 75% is common). Since it is the dry matter and not the water which contains the energy and the nutrients, we must always compare the nutrient content of different batches of haylage per kg dry matter, not per kg of the feed. In the same way, all assessment of what will be an appropriate amount of roughage for a horse should be done on a dry matter basis, and not as kg of roughage feeds with varying water content.</p>\r\n<p><strong>A practical example</strong><br />From the discussion above it should be obvious that a horse getting 7 kg of hay will get more forage dry matter than a horse fed 7 kg of haylage. The difference depends on how moist the haylage is (DM%). Let us assume that the hay has 85% and the haylage 60% DM:</p>\r\n<p>7 kg hay equals 7 x 0,85 = 5.95 kg dry matter.<br />7 kg of the haylage equals 7 x 0,60 = 4.2 kg dry matter.</p>\r\n<p>The example shows that the horse that was fed 7 kg hay got almost 2 kg dry matter more than the horse that was fed 7 kg haylage. This also means that the horse receiving haylage with 60% DM had to be fed about 10 kg haylage for the amount of roughage dry matter in the ration to be equal to a ration with 7 kg hay!</p>\r\n<p><strong>Be sure to buy roughage that is analyzed</strong><br />A roughage analysis is very helpful when you are deciding how to feed your horses. As shown above, it is also vital to consider the nutritional content on a per kilogram dry matter basis. Otherwise you can pay for expensive water with no nutritional value!<br />When you get the calculations right, either hay or haylage will make great rations for your animals. Below are some general recommendations on what quality of roughage is best suited for the different types of horse.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Recommendations:<br /><br />Ponies and horses on low activity levels, with a known tendency to grow fat:</strong> A suitable roughage will have maximum 8.3 MJ of digestible energy and preferably not more than 112 grams crude protein per kg DM. With such quality, we can give the horse a fair amount of roughage without expecting it to grow obese.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Ponies and horses at maintenance or on light exercise levels:</strong> A roughage quality of 8.4 to 9.4 MJ and preferably not more than 133 g crude protein per kg DM is suitable.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Ponies and horses on light to moderate exercise levels:</strong> A roughage quality with 9.5 to 11.7 MJ and preferably not more than 158 grams of crude protein per kg DM.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Ponies and horses in hard training:</strong> Horses in hard training have a high demand for energy. A roughage quality with at least 12.0 MJ of digestible energy and preferably not more than 175 grams of crude protein per kg DM is suitable. With appropriate amounts (at least 1.5 kg DM per 100 kg body weight!) horses will receive a significant proportion of their energy requirement from roughage and we can use PC-Horse to calculate the amounts of concentrate necessary to make a balanced ration.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Young horses and broodmares:</strong> A suitable roughage will have at least 10.7 MJ and more than 128 grams of crude protein per kg DM. For young horses and mares in late gestation it is especially important to ensure that the content of crude protein is not too low.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Getting a feed analysis into PC-Horse</strong><br />In Norway and Sweden, the Eurofins now offers the results of forage analysis both as a pdf-file that can be printed, and as a computer readable xml-file. The computer readable file can be imported automatically into the PC-Horse program, which means that you can use the analyzed nutrient values of your roughage when formulating rations for your own horses.<br />We hope very soon to have a similar arrangement with laboratories that analyze roughage in the UK and Ireland.</p>\r\n<hr />\r\n<p><strong>What does this mean in practice?</strong><br />Daily intake of roughage varies based on feed quality, production classes, individual appetite and each individual\'s place in the herd hierarchy. This means that we must observe horses in a herd closely and make corrections to the feed offered each individual at night-time or early morning to avoid some individuals growing too fat or too thin.</p>\r\n<p><a href=\"index.php/en/manual/demos\"><strong><strong>Watch a video on using PC-Horse</strong></strong></a></p>\r\n<p><a href=\"index.php/en/news/new-feedlist\"><strong>See what feeds are included in the program´s ready-to-go feed list</strong></a></p>\r\n<p><a href=\"index.php/en/articles/topic-of-the-month/other-topics\"><strong>Previous month articles can be found here</strong></a></p>\r\n<p><em><strong>Give us topic suggestions for future monthly articles</strong></em></p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/pchimages/PCHlogo-Science.jpg\" alt=\"PCHlogo-Science\" width=\"165\" height=\"64\" /></p>\r\n<hr />','',1,616,'2011-02-15 15:59:24',62,'','2015-01-14 12:45:11',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2014-08-31 22:55:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',4,167,'forage dry matter','In rations for horses there should be at least 1.5 kg forage dry matter per 100 kg body weight. This is important for the normal functioning of the intestinal system and for the horse to get enough chewing-time to feel satiated and happy. For horses that tend to get fat, we must select forage with lower energy content so they can eat enough without growing fat. For horses in training it is the opposite. They should get enough roughage in the ration but it should also have a higher energy content. This means that we can reduce the overall amount of concentrate in the ration which in turn can have a positive effect on health and well-being and, in many cases, lead to better performance.',1,1455,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(3580,4243,'August 2014 - Horses needs salt!','aug2014-de','<p> </p>\r\n<hr />\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;\"><em><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\"><em>The article is written by Dr. Dag Austbø at the Norwegian University of Life Sciences institution. Dr. Dag Austbø and Dr. Knut Hove are two of the key people behind the development of PC-Horse. Their scientific work and international networks contribute to the continued development of PC-Horse and to secure that our calculations are based on established scientific data.</em></span></em></span></p>\r\n<hr />\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p><em><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/sunhorse.jpg\" alt=\"sunhorse\" width=\"200\" height=\"133\" /> <img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/saltsten.png\" alt=\"saltsten\" width=\"200\" height=\"133\" /></em></p>\r\n<p><em>We have come to August, and it is summer. This means that your horses need more salt because of the heat, particularly when exercised heavily. A reduction in the fluid volume of the body quickly impairs the performance of horses.</em></p>\r\n<p>The water in the body, which constitutes 60-70% of body weight, has about 10 grams of dissolved salts (minerals) per liter. The salts contribute in an essential way to the functional properties of the body fluids. When salts are dissolved in blood plasma and cell fluid we refer to them as ions or electrolytes. Water intake and fluid balance is regulated both by the water and the electrolytes. The main electrolytes in the body are sodium (Na), potassium (K) and chlorine (Cl). The horse gets its minerals through the feed. In addition to the minerals that occur naturally in plant material, we must in many situations supplement the diet to obtain mineral balance. Concentrates, mineral mixtures and additional salt supplements are used. Common cooking salt has the chemical formula NaCl, and thus consists of sodium and chlorine. When we give a horse the required amount of salt in the ration, we have covered two of the three major electrolytes.</p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/Na-Req.png\" alt=\"Na-Req\" width=\"556\" height=\"447\" /></p>\r\n<p>The graph shows the requirement for sodium in grams per day (blue bars). Red bars show how much salt (sodium chloride) we need to provide to meet this requirement at different exercise intensities. Daily salt intake must be increased from about 30 grams in a maintenance situation, to more than 120 grams when the horse is exercised intensively. Calculations apply to the summer season, and a body mass of 500 kg. During the winter, requirements will usually be lower, due to lower losses of sodium and chloride through sweat.<br /> <br /> What about potassium? We are not supplying potassium by giving salt in the diet. However, there is plenty of potassium in forage, silage and hay. Normally, the potassium content in roughages will be 20 - 30 grams per kg of dry matter.</p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/K-Req.jpg\" alt=\"K-Req\" width=\"510\" height=\"358\" /></p>\r\n<p>The graph shows an increasing potassium requirement from about 25 grams per day during maintenance conditions, to 50 grams during intensive training. When you allow your horses a sufficient roughage intake (PC-Horse will guide you), potassium requirements will be met by a good margin. It is therefore only in exceptional cases that you need to provide extra potassium, one example may be during endurance rides.<br /> <br /> The practical conclusion is that we need to add salt to the ration, in considerable amounts in periods with heavy exercise, especially in summer.<br /> <br /> For horses in training, a salt lick in the stable box is usually not adequate. Most horses will not consume enough salt in this situation. It is better to provide salt (granulated or ordinary kitchen salt) directly in the feed trough, preferably together with concentrate. For broodmares and young horses on pasture, sodium intake will be adequate provided they always have access to salt licks.<br /> <br /> To make sure that your horses are getting enough sodium (salt) you can use the PC-Horse program. Once you have defined your horse, remember to select salt together with the other feeds. All feeds contribute Na and Cl to the final diet. Therefore, it is best to add salt at the end, when you have chosen amounts of the other feeds. Select the \"Salt\" line (blue when active), and click the \"Up Arrow\" to increase the amount of salt in the ration until the sodium bar turns green (see screenshot). Congratulations: You have balanced salt requirement and salt supply!</p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/Sodium_Help.png\" alt=\"Sodium_Help\" width=\"550\" height=\"294\" /></p>\r\n<p> PC-Horse has a dedicated module for pasture nutrition. After selecting the horse and then a pasture grass as feed you will be given the option to click on: Horse on pasture. Here you enter how many hours the horse will graze every day, as well as the quality and quantity of the available pasture grass. From this data the program calculates how much you can assume that the horse will eat and how well its nutritional needs will be met.</p>\r\n<hr />\r\n<p><strong>What does this mean in practice?</strong><br />Daily intake of roughage varies based on feed quality, production classes, individual appetite and each individual\'s place in the herd hierarchy. This means that we must observe horses in a herd closely and make corrections to the feed offered each individual at night-time or early morning to avoid some individuals growing too fat or too thin.</p>\r\n<p><a href=\"index.php/en/manual/demos\"><strong><strong>Watch a video on using PC-Horse</strong></strong></a></p>\r\n<p><a href=\"index.php/en/news/new-feedlist\"><strong>See what feeds are included in the program´s ready-to-go feed list</strong></a></p>\r\n<p><a href=\"index.php/en/articles/topic-of-the-month/other-topics\"><strong>Previous month articles can be found here</strong></a></p>\r\n<p><em><strong>Give us topic suggestions for future monthly articles</strong></em></p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/pchimages/PCHlogo-Science.jpg\" alt=\"PCHlogo-Science\" width=\"165\" height=\"64\" /></p>\r\n<hr />\r\n<p>  <span class=\"article_separator\"><br /></span></p>','',1,616,'2011-02-15 15:59:24',62,'','2015-01-14 12:33:18',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2014-07-31 22:55:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',5,161,'horses and salt','We have come to August, and it is summer. This means that your horses need more salt because of the heat, particularly when exercised heavily. A reduction in the fluid volume of the body quickly impairs the performance of horses.\r\n\r\nThe water in the body, which constitutes 60-70% of body weight, has about 10 grams of dissolved salts (minerals) per liter. The salts contribute in an essential way to the functional properties of the body fluids. When salts are dissolved in blood plasma and cell fluid we refer to them as ions or electrolytes. Water intake and fluid balance is regulated both by the water and the electrolytes. The main electrolytes in the body are sodium (Na), potassium (K) and chlorine (Cl). The horse gets its minerals through the feed. In addition to the minerals that occur naturally in plant material, we must in many situations supplement the diet to obtain mineral balance. Concentrates, mineral mixtures and additional salt supplements are used. Common cooking salt has the chemical formula NaCl, and thus consists of sodium and chlorine. When we give a horse the required amount of salt in the ration, we have covered two of the three major electrolytes.',1,1833,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(3581,4244,'July 2014 - Horses at pasture','july-2014-de','<p> </p>\r\n<hr />\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;\"><em><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\"><em>The article is written by Dr. Dag Austbø at the Norwegian University of Life Sciences institution. Dr. Dag Austbø and Dr. Knut Hove are two of the key people behind the development of PC-Horse. Their scientific work and international networks contribute to the continued development of PC-Horse and to secure that our calculations are based on established scientific data.</em></span></em></span></p>\r\n<hr />\r\n<p> Summer is grazing time and we have to monitor closely how well our horses are doing and how well the quality and quantity of their pasture suit them. The ideal is that the quality of pasture should enable it to cover horses\' nutritional needs. Poor pasture will lead to the development of thin horses, while good pasture will eventually result in fat horses. The latter is the most common problem for many.</p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/bete3.jpg\" alt=\"bete3\" width=\"550\" height=\"413\" /></p>\r\n<p>When horses are on pasture day and night, they can graze efficiently for anything between 15-17 hours a day. This means that horses can graze for almost the whole day, interrupted by shorter or longer breaks. In warm periods, the longer of these pauses are taken in the middle of the day and most effective grazing takes place during morning, evening and night hours.</p>\r\n<p><strong>How much will a horse eat when grazing?</strong><br />To calculate how much horses eat at pasture, we must estimate the amount of dry matter they eat. Pasture grass contains about 80% water and 20% dry matter. On medium quality pastures, we can expect a horse to eat an amount of grass equivalent to 2 kg dry matter per 100 kg body weight (2% of body weight). This means that a horse of 500 kg body weight will eat about 10 kg dry matter daily, corresponding to 50-60 kg of grass. On good quality pasture a horse can eat more than this, often up to 3 kg dry matter per 100 kg body weight (3% of body weight). On low quality pastures with little grass, intake will be considerably less.</p>\r\n<p><strong>How much of nutrient requirement is met when horses graze?</strong><br />If we estimate how much your horse eats per day on pasture with a grass that has a reliable, regular nutritional content, we can calculate how much of nutritional need is covered while the horse is grazing. With the horse on good grazing and eating 3 kg dry matter per 100 kg body weight, this intake will represent the equivalent of 2.5-3 times the horse\'s maintenance energy requirement and 3-4 times its maintenance requirement for protein. This means that a horse in such good pasture can also gain a relatively large amount of weight and even become very fat during the summer months. For a horse of 500 kg, this could represent a weight gain of about 35 kg per month.<br />A similar example, with a horse on medium quality pasture and eating a grass amount equivalent to 2 kg dry matter per 100 kg body weight, shows that the horse will have a grass intake equivalent to 1.5 to 2 times its maintenance energy needs and around 4 - 2.5 times its maintenance requirement for protein. For a horse of 500 kg, this could represent a weight gain of about 12 to 18 kg per month.</p>\r\n<p>If pasture is of moderate quality and a horse only manages to eat a grass equivalent to 1.5 kg dry matter per 100 kg body weight, that horse will receive from 1 to 1.3 times its maintenance energy needs and 2.5-3 times its maintenance protein requirement. Such a horse will not gain much weight over the summer.</p>\r\n<p>These examples are based on the assumption that the grass in the pasture is of good quality. If pasture grass has become old and overgrown, nutritional values will be reduced and the horses will eat less. In dry periods, pasture quality can fall very quickly and we must watch out for the effects of this on the condition of our horses. It is always best to have several pastures available in order to avoid excessive grazing on any one area. If we can alternate between different pastures we can also remove old grass and enable fresh grass to grow.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Is your pasture quality right for your horse?</strong><br />As we see from the examples above, high quality pasture can actually cause horses to grow obese. If no alternative grazing is available, you will need to limit your horse\'s grazing time. Adult horses that graze all summer with no other use made of them may well do better when put to graze on less intensive pasture set in more open, forest, woods or mountain areas. Mares with foals must always have good pasture as they need to produce milk. Their foals also need such nutritious pasture grass.</p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/44-images/44-grazingwindow.png\" alt=\"44-grazingwindow\" width=\"414\" height=\"233\" /></p>\r\n<p> PC-Horse has a dedicated module for pasture nutrition. After selecting the horse and then a pasture grass as feed you will be given the option to click on: Horse on pasture. Here you enter how many hours the horse will graze every day, as well as the quality and quantity of the available pasture grass. From this data the program calculates how much you can assume that the horse will eat and how well its nutritional needs will be met.</p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<hr />\r\n<p><strong>What does this mean in practice?</strong><br />Daily intake of roughage varies based on feed quality, production classes, individual appetite and each individual\'s place in the herd hierarchy. This means that we must observe horses in a herd closely and make corrections to the feed offered each individual at night-time or early morning to avoid some individuals growing too fat or too thin.</p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p><a href=\"index.php/en/manual/demos\"><strong><strong>Watch a video on using PC-Horse</strong></strong></a></p>\r\n<p><a href=\"index.php/en/news/new-feedlist\"><strong>See what feeds are included in the program´s ready-to-go feed list</strong></a></p>\r\n<p><a href=\"index.php/en/articles/topic-of-the-month/other-topics\"><strong>Previous month articles can be found here</strong></a></p>\r\n<p><em><strong>Give us topic suggestions for future monthly articles</strong></em></p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/pchimages/PCHlogo-Science.jpg\" alt=\"PCHlogo-Science\" width=\"165\" height=\"64\" /></p>\r\n<hr />\r\n<p>  <span class=\"article_separator\"><br /></span></p>','',1,616,'2014-03-18 09:29:06',62,'','2015-01-14 12:30:21',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2014-06-30 22:55:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',3,181,'pasture, horses at pasture','How much will a horse eat when grazing?\r\nTo calculate how much horses eat at pasture, we must estimate the amount of dry matter they eat. Pasture grass contains about 80% water and 20% dry matter. On medium quality pastures, we can expect a horse to eat an amount of grass equivalent to 2 kg dry matter per 100 kg body weight (2% of body weight). This means that a horse of 500 kg body weight will eat about 10 kg dry matter daily, corresponding to 50-60 kg of grass. On good quality pasture a horse can eat more than this, often up to 3 kg dry matter per 100 kg body weight (3% of body weight). On low quality pastures with little grass, intake will be considerably less.',1,1605,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(3582,4245,'June 2014 - A critical period for broodmares','june2014-de','<hr />\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;\"><em><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\"><em>The article is written by Dr. Dag Austbø at the Norwegian University of Life Sciences institution. Dr. Dag Austbø and Dr. Knut Hove are two of the key people behind the development of PC-Horse. Their scientific work and international networks contribute to the continued development of PC-Horse and to secure that our calculations are based on established scientific data.</em></span></em></span></p>\r\n<hr />\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/misstheboatmedfoal.jpg\" alt=\"misstheboatmedfoal\" width=\"550\" height=\"413\" /></p>\r\n<p><em>Spring and early summer are a critical period for broodmares. During this time, they give birth and start lactation (milk production). In the same period, they are also covered again and hopefully become pregnant. To obtain the best of results, i.e. a healthy foal with good overall development, and a broodmare that milks well and becomes pregnant again when covered, owners must provide a well-balanced and highly digestible ration.</em></p>\r\n<p>Nutritional needs change during the different phases of a broodmare\'s life. Before the first mating, the mare\'s nutritional requirements are similar to maintenance requirements if she is not in training or any type of work. In pregnancy, nutritional needs increase very little over the first 7 months, due to a comparatively low fetal growth rate during this period. During the final third period of pregnancy, however, fetal growth speeds up and nutrient requirements increase gradually from the 8th to the 11th month. This means that energy requirement immediately prior to foaling is about 30 percent higher than for maintenance. Similarly, the need for other nutrients increases, and the requirements for protein, calcium and phosphorus all increase to between 75 and 85 percent above maintenance requirements.</p>\r\n<p>After foaling, milk production increases rapidly and will reach a maximum after 3-4 weeks. At peak of lactation a mare will produce about 3 litres of milk per 100 kg body weight per day. Compared with maintenance requirements, energy requirement is now doubled, and the requirement for protein, calcium and phosphorus increases nearly three times. It is easy to understand that this places very high demands on the quality and composition of the ration.</p>\r\n<p>Fertility is affected by nutritional status.<br />After foaling the mare must produce milk for the foal, and should in addition have the energy required to come directly into estrus after about 9 days (the foal heat) and then again after 30 days if not conceiving during the foal heat.</p>\r\n<p>If the mare is thin or not fed properly after foaling, both estrus strength and also the mare\'s ability to keep a fertilized egg and develop a healthy fetus will become affected. It is therefore important to feed adequately during the latter stages of pregnancy, and thus have a broodmare with good body condition at foaling.</p>\r\n<p>Adequate intake of energy and protein should also be secured when the mare is sent to the stallion for mating. Both nutritional and environmental stress are negatives for a mare\'s fertility. Mares with foals are particularly susceptible and are easily stressed in a new environment. We have to put extra effort into creating the best possible environment for mares and their foals, preferably out on good pastures.</p>\r\n<p>Once the mare and foal are let out on pasture for the summer, most people expect that the pasture grass will cover the nutritional needs. However, it remains very important to keep a close watch during the grazing season. Are the mares maintaining good condition? Is the quality and amount of grass decreasing? Broodmares and foals have substantial nutritional needs and should be offered the best of pastures with access to a salt lick, usually one with additional extra minerals.</p>\r\n<p>Use PC-Horse to balance your mare\'s ration<br />As noted, a mare\'s nutritional requirements will change throughout the year. To ensure a good nutritional status for broodmares, the PC-Horse program will help greatly. When you enter the date of mating, PC-Horse will keep track of the stages of pregnancy and calculate nutritional requirements accordingly. After foaling, you should remember to redefine the mare from pregnant to lactating and register the foaling date. This will enable PC-Horse to calculate nutritional requirements according to the mare\'s estimated milk production, and you will be able to adjust your feeding to changing conditions.</p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<hr />\r\n<p><strong>What does this mean in practice?</strong><br />Daily intake of roughage varies based on feed quality, production classes, individual appetite and each individual\'s place in the herd hierarchy. This means that we must observe horses in a herd closely and make corrections to the feed offered each individual at night-time or early morning to avoid some individuals growing too fat or too thin.</p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p><a href=\"index.php/en/manual/demos\"><strong><strong>Watch a video on using PC-Horse</strong></strong></a></p>\r\n<p><a href=\"index.php/en/news/new-feedlist\"><strong>See what feeds are included in the program´s ready-to-go feed list</strong></a></p>\r\n<p><a href=\"index.php/en/articles/topic-of-the-month/other-topics\"><strong>Previous month articles can be found here</strong></a></p>\r\n<p><em><strong>Give us topic suggestions for future monthly articles</strong></em></p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/pchimages/PCHlogo-Science.jpg\" alt=\"PCHlogo-Science\" width=\"165\" height=\"64\" /></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<hr />\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p>  <span class=\"article_separator\"><br /></span></p>','',1,616,'2014-03-18 09:29:06',62,'','2015-01-14 12:26:35',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2014-05-31 22:55:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',6,193,'broodmare feeding, feeding the broodmare','Spring and early summer are a critical period for broodmares. During this time, they give birth and start lactation (milk production). In the same period, they are also covered again and hopefully become pregnant. To obtain the best of results, i.e. a healthy foal with good overall development, and a broodmare that milks well and becomes pregnant again when covered, owners must provide a well-balanced and highly digestible ration.',1,1531,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(3583,4246,'May 2014 - Do horses need extra supplements in their rations?','may2014-de','<p> </p>\r\n<hr />\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;\"><em><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\"><em>The article is written by Dr. Dag Austbø at the Norwegian University of Life Sciences institution. Dr. Dag Austbø and Dr. Knut Hove are two of the key people behind the development of PC-Horse. Their scientific work and international networks contribute to the continued development of PC-Horse and to secure that our calculations are based on established scientific data.</em></span></em></span></p>\r\n<hr />\r\n<p>There are many types of supplements for horses on the market. Supplements are also often included in rations without a real need for them being established or their effects having been documented.</p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/galoppfinish.jpg\" alt=\"galoppfinish\" width=\"550\" height=\"413\" /></p>\r\n<p><strong>Vitamin and mineral supplements</strong><br />The most common type of supplements are vitamin and mineral supplements. These products often contain vitamins A, D, E plus several B vitamins and vitamin C. In addition, they contain a wide spectrum of macro and micro minerals. The purpose of these products is to ensure that the ration contains enough of these vitamin and mineral nutrients.<br />Where the horse\'s ration consists mainly of roughage or roughage and grains (oats or barley) a vitamin/mineral supplement will generally need to be included. Most supplements have a balanced nutrient content that is effective as long as manufacturer\'s recommendations for use are followed.<br />Concentrate mixtures for horses contain vitamins and minerals. By using the amounts recommended by the manufacturer (usually about 0.5 kg per 100 kg bodyweight/day) the products should help to deliver a balanced amount of the nutrients needed in your horse\'s ration. Further supplements should not be needed if the roughage is of normal quality. Horses in light exercise or that have become too fat need to be fed less concentrate mixture than the manufacturer recommends. For these horses it is appropriate to provide vitamin/mineral supplements, but the amounts must be adjusted according to how much concentrate mix they receive. They should therefore not be given the full amount of vitamin/mineral supplements in addition to the full amount of concentrate mixture.<br />Some supplements contain only a few vitamins or minerals. Typical of these are products that contain mainly vitamin E and selenium (Se). When using these supplements we should remember that all concentrate mixtures for horses already contain both vitamin E and selenium. Selenium is also a highly toxic mineral that can easily be overdosed.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Electrolytes</strong><br />Electrolytes are important in the maintenance of fluid balance and normal functioning of the body. The major electrolytes are sodium (Na), chloride (Cl) and potassium (K +). Calcium (Ca + +) and magnesium (Mg + +) are also essential electrolytes but required in in small amounts. Sodium and chloride are found in common salt (NaCl). Potassium is mainly found in roughage. Typically, the content of potassium in grass, hay or silage is around 15-20 grams per kg dry matter. If the ration contains enough roughage, then it also contains about 3-5 times more potassium than the daily requirement. The need for sodium is difficult to cover through the feed alone. We must therefore make sure that the horse is getting enough salt. Several experiments have shown that horses do not regulate their own salt uptake satisfactorily from salt blocks. We should therefore give them salt directly with the feed to be sure salt needs have been met. This is especially important for horses in training who sweat a lot and thus lose a great amount of salt through sweat. After hard training or competition, a horse loses more than 100 grams of salt through sweat.<br />Most electrolyte supplements contain salt and sugar plus potassium, calcium, magnesium and some trace elements. It is important to be aware that the most common electrolyte supplements do not cover the horse\'s need for sodium. We must always ensure that the horse gets enough salt.<br />Through the intensive exercise involved in endurance races or competitions over several days it may become necessary to supplement with an electrolyte product as there may be a need for additional supplementary potassium, calcium and magnesium.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Herbs</strong><br />Some supplements consist mainly of herbs. These are given in small amounts and contribute little to the horse\'s nutritional status. It is generally claimed that they have health-promoting effects but there remains insufficient evidence for this . Some herbs contain alkaloids and other plant substances (phytochemicals) where the effect on horses is unknown. This type of product must be used with caution. For competition horses it is particularly important to be certain that these kind of supplements do not contain substances that may be prohibited by doping regulations. There are many examples of \"safe and natural\" supplements that have resulted in positive doping tests in both humans and horses.<br />Garlic is one of the most popular supplements for both humans and horses, and is known to have numerous health effects. However, garlic contains allicin that can cause anemia (Heinz body anemia). It is uncertain what a safe daily amount of garlic may be for horses, but experiments have shown that a daily intake of more than 0.2 grams of freeze-dried garlic per kg bodyweight led to changes in red blood cells and anemia in horses (Pearson et al . , 2005) .<br />Garlic Is also given to horses to reduce insect pest in the summer months. There is no evidence that this has any effect.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Probiotics , prebiotics and yeast</strong><br />Probiotics are products with live bacteria that can improve digestion and create a healthy intestinal flora. Common types of bacteria are lactic acid bacteria.<br />Prebiotics are different types of indigestible carbohydrates (fibre) that stimulate the growth of beneficial intestinal bacteria. Common prebiotics are fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS), inulin and resistant starch.<br />The effect of pro- and prebiotics on horses is insufficiently documented and the results of experiments vary. However, this type of supplement involves little risk of adverse side effects and is therefore used on many horses to help ensure good gut health and to prevent diarrhea.<br />There are many types of yeast products on the market. They may contain dried yeast, yeast culture or yeast extract. Dried yeast and yeast culture contain live active yeast to stimulate fibre digestion, while yeast extract is an extract of yeast cells that are inactive and is supposed to stimulate the intestinal flora and improve performance. The most common yeast culture in such products is Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ordinary baking yeast).<br />The effects of using yeast supplements is not well documented, but studies have shown improved digestibility of some feed components and increased growth in young horses. Use of yeast supplements for horses is generally considered harmless and dried yeast is also added to some types of concentrate mixtures.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Conclusion</strong><br />Vitamin and mineral supplements will help balance your horse\'s ration for these nutrients. PC-Horse will help you decide whether your horse needs additional vitamins or minerals. Electrolytes are important, especially for horses in training. Most important of all is to secure the intake of common salt. Electrolyte products can be important for horses in strenuous competitions, such as endurance rides and competitions over several days. For pro- and prebiotica, herbs and yeasts, no requirements can be given. The individual horse owner must evaluate the use and safety of such products. Always be sure that the products you include in the ration are safe according to health and doping regulations.</p>\r\n<hr />\r\n<p><strong>What does this mean in practice?</strong><br />Daily intake of roughage varies based on feed quality, production classes, individual appetite and each individual\'s place in the herd hierarchy. This means that we must observe horses in a herd closely and make corrections to the feed offered each individual at night-time or early morning to avoid some individuals growing too fat or too thin.</p>\r\n<p><a href=\"index.php/en/manual/demos\"><strong><strong>Watch a video on using PC-Horse</strong></strong></a></p>\r\n<p><a href=\"index.php/en/news/new-feedlist\"><strong>See what feeds are included in the program´s ready-to-go feed list</strong></a></p>\r\n<p><a href=\"index.php/en/articles/topic-of-the-month/other-topics\"><strong>Previous month articles can be found here</strong></a></p>\r\n<p><em><strong>Give us topic suggestions for future monthly articles</strong></em></p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/pchimages/PCHlogo-Science.jpg\" alt=\"PCHlogo-Science\" width=\"165\" height=\"64\" /></p>','',1,616,'2014-03-18 09:29:06',62,'','2015-01-14 12:21:49',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2014-04-30 22:55:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',5,226,'Vitamin and mineral supplements for horses','Vitamin and mineral supplements\r\nThe most common type of supplements are vitamin and mineral supplements. These products often contain vitamins A, D, E plus several B vitamins and vitamin C. In addition, they contain a wide spectrum of macro and micro minerals. The purpose of these products is to ensure that the ration contains enough of these vitamin and mineral nutrients.\r\nWhere the horse\'s ration consists mainly of roughage or roughage and grains (oats or barley) a vitamin/mineral supplement will generally need to be included. Most supplements have a balanced nutrient content that is effective as long as manufacturer\'s recommendations for use are followed.',1,1291,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(3584,4247,'April 2014 - What are the units used to measure the energy content of horse feeds?','april2014-de','<hr />\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;\"><em><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\"><em>The article is written by Dr. Dag Austbø at the Norwegian University of Life Sciences institution. Dr. Dag Austbø and Dr. Knut Hove are two of the key people behind the development of PC-Horse. Their scientific work and international networks contribute to the continued development of PC-Horse and to secure that our calculations are based on established scientific data.</em></span></em></span></p>\r\n<hr />\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">It is important to know the energy content of the feed we give our horses. If a horse takes in more energy than it expends, it will grow fat. Too little energy coming in and the horse will lose weight. Most countries have adopted units for energy in feeds but, because of differing traditions, the official units vary between countries. This often creates problems when concentrate mixtures from England or Germany are marketed, for example, in Scandinavia or France, since the latter may use other energy units than those used in the country of origin.</span></span></p>\r\n<p>In this article we shall help explain these differences, and enable readers to obtain proper labelling of energy content when they buy imported feeds.</p>\r\n<p><strong><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/Svettig-travare_roccamshots.jpg\" alt=\"Svettig-travare roccamshots\" /><br /></strong><em>Photo: Elina Björklund, Roccamshots</em></p>\r\n<p><strong>Gross energy</strong><br />Gross energy is the energy released when a feed is burned, as in a laboratory oven, and only the ashes remain. Gross energy says little about the feeds energy value for the horse however. This is because the body\'s metabolism, which takes place at body temperature, is far less complete than combustion in a furnace. After the horse has eaten and digested a given quantity of a food, there will be losses in the form of faeces, urine, intestinal gases and heat. Since these losses are energy-containing, they have to be accounted for in a horse\'s energy balance. While gross energy of a feed can be measured easily in the laboratory, costly digestibility experiments are needed to determine how much energy any horse can obtain from a feed.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Digestible energy</strong><br />The easiest way to express the energy value of feeds is as digestible energy. In digestibility experiments the horse is given a certain amount of a feed for several days. All faeces is collected and its energy value is measured. The digestible energy of the feed is the difference between the gross energy of the feed and the energy in the collected faeces.</p>\r\n<p>In Ireland , England and Germany the energy content of horse feeds is given as units of digestible energy. The unit used is MJ (Megajoules). In the USA the unit is MCal (Mega calories). Conversion is done using the formula: 1 MCal = 4.185 MJ.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Metabolisable energy</strong><br />Since energy is also lost through urine and intestinal gases, we can go a step further in the calculation of a feed\'s energy value by subtracting these energy losses too. Then we get what is called metabolisable energy. This represents the portion of the energy from the feed that is available for the body\'s many functions. Metabolisable energy provides a more accurate measure of a feed\'s energy value for the animal than digestible energy.</p>\r\n<p>In Sweden and Finland the energy content of horse feeds is given as metabolisable energy. The unit is MJ, and the numerical value of metabolisable energy is lower than energy content given as digestible energy.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Net Energy</strong><br />Net energy is even more complicated to measure. When, in addition to energy losses via faeces, urine and intestinal gas we also measure the energy costs of digestion processes and the turnover of nutrients absorbed from the diet, we get what is called the feed\'s net energy. This represents the portion of feed energy that can be used by the horse for work, for growth, for the production of a foetus or milk and for the maintenance of the body.</p>\r\n<p>In Norway, Denmark, Iceland, the Netherlands and France, the feed energy is given as net energy.<br />The unit is feed units for horses, called FEh in Scandinavia, EWpa in the Netherlands and UFC in France.<br />Conversion between net energy given as MJ and as FEh is done with: FEh = MJ / 9.414.</p>\r\n<p>The factor 9.414 is the net energy content of 1 kg barley when utilized by the horse.<br />We express the net energy content of all other feeds relative to the energy value of 1 kg of barley. If 1 kg hay has an net energy value 0.5 FEh, this means that one kg of that hay has half as much net energy as 1 kg barley.</p>\r\n<p>A schematic representation of the differences between the various ways of expressing the energy content of horse feeds is shown in the chart below.</p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/44energidiagram_april14.png\" alt=\"44energidiagram april14\" width=\"550\" height=\"454\" /></p>\r\n<p><strong>What will be the difference in energy values calculated according to the different systems?</strong><br />It is very helpful to know how much energy values change when we go from digestible energy to metabolisable energy and to net energy.</p>\r\n<p><strong>From digestible energy (DE) to metabolisable energy (ME)</strong><br />For concentrates: Energy value in MJ (ME) is reduced to about 89% of the MJ given as DE.<br />For forage: Energy value entered as MJ (ME) is reduced to about 85 % of the MJ (DE) .</p>\r\n<p><strong>From metabolisable energy (ME) to net energy (NE)</strong><br />For concentrates: Energy value in MJ (NE) is reduced to approximately 78.5 % of MJ (ME).<br />For forage: Energy value in MJ (NE) is reduced to about 59 % of MJ (ME).</p>\r\n<p>When we calculate net energy from metabolisable energy, we first get an energy measurement as MJ. To calculate that energy as feed units for horses, we must, as noted, divide the MJ value by the energy content of 1 kg barley (9,414 MJ).</p>\r\n<p><strong>Why is it important to be aware of the different ways of expressing the energy content of feeds?</strong><br />Today many horse feeds are sold in a number of different countries. Concentrates especially are sold across borders. Concentrate mixtures produced in, for example, England or Germany can often be bought in countries such as Sweden, Denmark and Norway. Feeds produced in Sweden are sold in Denmark, Norway and other European countries. Since most of these concentrate mixtures are sold in bags printed up in the country of production, it requires knowledge of foreign energy units to correctly understand the energy content and to be able to recalculate to the units used in your country.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Is this complicated?</strong><br />Yes, it is difficult to understand the different systems and how to correctly recalculate between them. PC -Horse has taken this problem seriously and now offers automatic conversion of energy values of feeds sold in several countries. The PC-Horse team aim to increase the number of agreements with feed producers and importers, in order to enter new brands into our feed database. The energy content of feeds which download to the PC -Horse program will be presented to the program user with correct energy units for the user\'s country - a great help to both importers and horse owners alike.</p>\r\n<hr />\r\n<p><strong>What does this mean in practice?</strong><br />Daily intake of roughage varies based on feed quality, production classes, individual appetite and each individual\'s place in the herd hierarchy. This means that we must observe horses in a herd closely and make corrections to the feed offered each individual at night-time or early morning to avoid some individuals growing too fat or too thin.</p>\r\n<p><a href=\"index.php/en/manual/demos\"><strong><strong>Watch a video on using PC-Horse</strong></strong></a></p>\r\n<p><a href=\"index.php/en/news/new-feedlist\"><strong>See what feeds are included in the program´s ready-to-go feed list</strong></a></p>\r\n<p><a href=\"index.php/en/articles/topic-of-the-month/other-topics\"><strong>Previous month articles can be found here</strong></a></p>\r\n<p><em><strong>Give us topic suggestions for future monthly articles</strong></em></p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/pchimages/PCHlogo-Science.jpg\" alt=\"PCHlogo-Science\" width=\"165\" height=\"64\" /></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<hr />','',1,616,'2014-03-18 09:29:06',62,'','2015-01-14 12:13:06',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2014-03-31 22:55:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',9,253,'energy units in horse feed, energy in horse rations, horse feed energy','It is important to know the energy content of the feed we give our horses. If a horse takes in more energy than it expends, it will grow fat. Too little energy coming in and the horse will lose weight. Most countries have adopted units for energy in feeds but, because of differing traditions, the official units vary between countries. This often creates problems when concentrate mixtures from England or Germany are marketed, for example, in Scandinavia or France, since the latter may use other energy units than those used in the country of origin.',1,2144,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(3585,4248,'Mars 2014 - Starch in horse rations','mars2014-de','<hr />\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;\"><em><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\"><em>The article is written by Dr. Dag Austbø at the Norwegian University of Life Sciences institution. Dr. Dag Austbø and Dr. Knut Hove are two of the key people behind the development of PC-Horse. Their scientific work and international networks contribute to the continued development of PC-Horse and to secure that our calculations are based on established scientific data.</em></span></em></span></p>\r\n<hr />\r\n<p> The horse\'s ration consists either of roughage only (grass, hay or silage) or of a mixture of roughage and concentrates. A concentrate feed can consist solely of grains, such as oats and barley , or of concentrate mixtures that may contain several different ingredients such as oats , barley, corn, wheat (grain species) or other feeds such as beet pulp (with highly digestible fibre) , lucerne , soybean meal (a protein supplement) and vegetable oil (fat). Minerals and vitamins are commonly added to compound feeds.</p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/Stärkelse_havre.jpg\" alt=\"Stärkelse havre\" width=\"550\" height=\"392\" /><br /><br />In a compound feed, the various raw materials (especially grains) may have undergone feed-technology treatments, which, in addition to grinding, include heat, pressure and moisture. For grains, this is done mainly to increase the digestibility of starch.<br /><br />The horse is by nature a grass eater that does not obtain much starch directly from the feed itself. Nevertheless, it does have enzymes (amylase) in its small intestine to digest starch. The activity of these enzymes is lower than in animals more adapted to rations with higher starch content.<br /><br />Starch consists of large molecules that are broken down into simple sugars (glucose) by enzymes in the equine small intestine. This causes the horse\'s blood sugar (glucose) to rise considerably after meals containing starch. Blood sugar is regulated in the horse, as in man and other animals, by the activity of insulin.<br /><br />If we compare the amylase activity in the small intestine of pigs and horses, horse values are less than 10 % of those found in pigs. This means that there are limits to the amount of starch a horse can digest enzymatically in the small intestine. Too much digestible starch absorbed in the small intestine can cause muscle stiffness (tying up) and, in the worst case, rhabdomyolysis . There are individual differences between horses in the amount of starch they can tolerate in their ration. In general, ponies tolerate less than riding horses, trotters and thoroughbreds.<br /><br />Starch that is not digested and absorbed in the small intestine enters the caecum where the gut microbiota converts it into short-chain fatty acids (mainly acetic and propionic acid) and lactic acid. If too much starch is delivered to the caecum, it can cause imbalance in the microbial populations, a decrease in the pH value of intestinal contents and an increased risk of diseases such as colic and laminitis.<br /><br />When considering the amount of starch in rations for horses, we must take into consideration that the starches from different types of grains have different levels of digestibility. Generally, starch from oats is easily digested by the enzymes in the small intestine. Starch from barley, wheat and corn are significantly harder to digest in the small intestine. To improve small intestinal digestion of these starches it is common to grind the feed and additionally treat it with heat, pressure and steam. In the modern feed industry, these methods are widely used.<br /><br />A typical content of starch in maize is about 670 grams per kg. In barley it is about 500 grams per kg and in oats about 350 grams per kg. In compound feeds it can vary from 380 to 200 grams per kg.<br />When assessing the effect of starch in horse rations, we must take into account several factors. First we need to consider the type of horse, pony or big horse. We also need to know if the feed has undergone feed-technology treatment that alters its starch digestibility.<br /><br />A reader of all this may conclude that it is dangerous to feed horses with starchy concentrates. Normally though, this is not the case. Throughout the whole of history, grains have always been included in horses\' rations. Grains have given them the extra energy needed to serve man in agriculture, transport and especially in war. Today, activity in sports and competition means that horses must receive additional concentrates to meet their increased nutrient requirements.<br /><br />How should we feed the starch-containing concentrates to avoid a negative impact on the horse\'s health? The most important factor in this regard is to control how much starch the horse receives in each meal. A normal recommendation is that the amount of starch per meal should not exceed 1.5 grams per 100 kg body weight. This means that a horse of 500 kg body weight should not receive more than 750 grams of starch per meal. When using the PC–Horse program to set up your rations you get an overview of the total amount of starch in the actual ration. If you distribute the daily ration into meals (choose Meal Chart) the amount of starch per meal is calculated and you will be notified if this is too high. You must then either change the ration or increase the number of meals per day.<br /><br />If you always use PC -Horse to formulate your horse\'s rations you will be able to control roughage and concentrate quantities and ensure that amounts are in accordance with recommendations. This will ensure the most balanced and safest feeding for your horse(s).</p>\r\n<hr />\r\n<p><strong>What does this mean in practice?</strong><br />Daily intake of roughage varies based on feed quality, production classes, individual appetite and each individual\'s place in the herd hierarchy. This means that we must observe horses in a herd closely and make corrections to the feed offered each individual at night-time or early morning to avoid some individuals growing too fat or too thin.</p>\r\n<p><br /><a href=\"index.php/en/manual/demos\"><strong><strong>Watch a video on using PC-Horse</strong></strong></a></p>\r\n<p><a href=\"index.php/en/news/new-feedlist\"><strong>See what feeds are included in the program´s ready-to-go feed list</strong></a></p>\r\n<p><a href=\"index.php/en/articles/topic-of-the-month/other-topics\"><strong>Previous month articles can be found here</strong></a></p>\r\n<p><em><strong>Give us topic suggestions for future monthly articles</strong></em></p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/pchimages/PCHlogo-Science.jpg\" alt=\"PCHlogo-Science\" width=\"165\" height=\"64\" /></p>\r\n<hr />','',1,616,'2013-12-27 22:55:00',62,'','2015-01-14 12:09:02',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2014-02-28 22:55:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',7,289,'','',1,1427,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(3586,4249,'February 2014 - How much do horses eat when they are kept in a group?','february-2014-de','<hr />\r\n<p><em>The article is written by Dr. Dag Austbø at the Norwegian University of Life Sciences institution. Dr. Dag Austbø and Dr. Knut Hove are two of the key people behind the development of PC-Horse. Their scientific work and international networks contribute to the continued development of PC-Horse and to secure that our calculations are based on established scientific data.</em></p>\r\n<hr />\r\n<p><em><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/vinterflock3.jpg\" alt=\"vinterflock3\" width=\"550\" height=\"366\" /></em></p>\r\n<p><em> Many horses are kept outdoors in groups during the daytime and receive a substantial part of their roughage outdoors . Under such conditions it is difficult to know exactly how much each horse eats.</em></p>\r\n<p><strong>Competition for feed</strong><br />Many factors affect how much each individual horse eats. In any group of horses, there will always be a hierarchy, where the dominant horses will ensure for themselves the best access to feed and will chase away the less dominant individuals. There are also individual differences in appetite. It is therefore important that the horses have enough space and that feeds are positioned to cause the least possible conflicts between horses. If the horses have too little space, aggression levels will increase considerably.</p>\r\n<p>It has been demonstrated that the main factors affecting the social order of a herd are age and how long each individual has been in the group. Young horses are always ranked lower than adult horses. It is therefore important to create separate groups for young and adult horses respectively. Within any herd of young or of older horses, there will always be a hierarchy that affects each individual\'s access to the feed. There may be individuals with aggressive, dominant behaviour or else very submissive individuals that should preferably be taken out of the group. Although separated from their group, they can still have eye contact with the others. This will help to stimulate their appetite.</p>\r\n<p>It is very important that the person responsible observes each horse closely. Dominant horses tend to put on weight and can grow too fat, while submissive individuals may lose condition and become too thin. Corrections to feeding will have to be made individually for horses indoors in the evening and early morning.</p>\r\n<p><strong>What does the literature say on voluntary feed intake of horses?</strong><br />How much can we expect the horses to eat? In the U.S. Nutrient Requirements of Horses (NRC-2007) , which is an important reference work for horse feeding, figures for voluntary feed intake is given. The results show that both young and adult horses will have a daily intake of between 2 kg and 3 kg dry feed (dry matter) per 100 kg body weight. Highest feed intake will be from mixed roughage and concentrate rations. If the horses are being fed roughage only, the total feed intake can be lowered slightly, but this depends largely on the quality of the roughage. Given roughage of good quality (high energy) the horses will be able to maintain a high level of voluntary feed intake.</p>\r\n<p><strong>What does this mean in practice?</strong><br />Daily intake of roughage varies based on feed quality, production classes, individual appetite and each individual\'s place in the herd hierarchy. This means that we must observe horses in a herd closely and make corrections to the feed offered each individual at night-time or early morning to avoid some individuals growing too fat or too thin.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Giving young horses special attention</strong><br />Young horses have a high energy requirement per kg body weight. It is therefore particularly important that roughage for young horses is of high quality with a satisfactory content for both energy and protein. This is to ensure optimal growth and development. If we then manage to create conditions for young horses to maintain a high intake of roughage, we can reduce the use of concentrates.</p>\r\n<p><br /><a href=\"index.php/en/manual/demos\"><strong><strong>Watch a video on using PC-Horse</strong></strong></a></p>\r\n<p><a href=\"index.php/en/news/new-feedlist\"><strong>See what feeds are included in the program´s ready-to-go feed list</strong></a></p>\r\n<p><a href=\"index.php/en/articles/topic-of-the-month/other-topics\"><strong>Previous month articles can be found here</strong></a></p>\r\n<p><a href=\"mailto:feedback@pc-horse.com\"><em><strong>Give us topic suggestions for future monthly articles</strong></em></a></p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/pchimages/PCHlogo-Science.jpg\" alt=\"PCHlogo-Science\" width=\"165\" height=\"64\" /></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<hr />\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p> </p>','',1,616,'2013-12-27 22:55:00',62,'','2015-01-14 11:59:26',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2014-01-31 22:55:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',8,311,'Horse diet, horse nutrition','Many factors affect how much each individual horse eats. In any group of horses, there will always be a hierarchy, where the dominant horses will ensure for themselves the best access to feed and will chase away the less dominant individuals. There are also individual differences in appetite. It is therefore important that the horses have enough space and that feeds are positioned to cause the least possible conflicts between horses. If the horses have too little space, aggression levels will increase considerably.',1,1398,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(3587,4250,'January 2014 - No topic published','jan201484857','<p>No english article published.</p>','',-2,613,'2013-12-27 22:55:00',62,'','2015-01-12 13:14:50',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2013-12-31 22:55:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"created_by\":67,\"created_by_alias\":\"\",\"access\":0,\"created\":\"\",\"publish_up\":\"\",\"publish_down\":\"\",\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"show_section\":\"\",\"link_section\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_pdf_icon\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"language\":\"\",\"keyref\":\"\",\"readmore\":\"\"}',5,14,'','',1,0,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"tags\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(3588,4251,'December 2013 - How do we express a horse\'s energy needs and the energy content of its feeds?','dec2013-de','<p>Everyone knows that sweets and fatty foods contain many calories and can easily cause obesity, while vegetables, fruits and whole meal bread contain fewer calories (less energy) per kilogram or gram. In terms of humans, we talk about the content of calories as a measure of the amount of energy in food.</p>\r\n<p>The content of energy in horse feeds is more difficult to grasp. This is due partly to the fact that we can express the energy requirements for horses both in megajoules and feed units. In addition, energy demands and the energy content of horse feeds may also be calculated in different ways: i.e. as digestible energy, metabolisable energy, or net energy. We will return to this later, since it has practical significance, because the method of calculation of energy varies from country to country, and is in large part based on the traditions of different countries. As long as we calculate energy requirements and feed energy content in the same way, however, the horse will get the right amount of energy. We have taken this into account in the PC-Horse program.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/energyjump.jpg\" alt=\"energyjump\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" /></p>\r\n<p>Let us first look at the units used to specify an amount of energy. Calories are the old unit of energy, and should not be used anymore. These days we use instead the \"Joule\" as the unit of energy. The conversion from calories to joules is simple: 1 calorie = 4.18 joules. When energy content is presented in joules, the numerical value is therefore about 4 times higher than when using the calorie.<br /> <br /> 1 joule is small amount of energy. Since the horse is a large animal and needs millions of joules per day for maintenance and work, it is more convenient to use megajoules (MJ) than joules when calculating a horse\'s energy needs. A megajoule is equivalent to one million joules.<br /> <br /> We will now try to explain the different calculation methods. Even if you do not need to understand in detail, it is important to be aware that there are different ways to calculate the energy, and that we often have to \"translate\" the energy content that is on a bag of imported horse feed to national units when comparing imports to other available feeds.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Digestible energy (DE)<br /> </strong>A digestion trial is needed to determine how much energy a particular food will make available to the horse. In digestion trials we give a group of horses a known quantity of the tested feed for several days. We collect the manure, and determine the gross energy content of the feed and the manure by combustion. When we have measured the amount of energy supplied in the diet and the amount of energy lost in the manure, we can calculate the amount digested by the horse. This difference between the gross energy in the feed and the manure is called the <strong>digestible energy content</strong> of the feed, usually abbreviated DE. In the UK, the horse\'s energy requirements and the feed energy content is given as digestible energy (DE) and expressed in MJ. In the United States energy requirements are also calculated as digestible energy (DE), but the old calorie unit (in the form of megacalorie, MCal) is still used.<br /> <br /> <strong>Metabolisable energy (ME)<br /> </strong>In some countries, such as Sweden and Germany, the energy content of feeds is calculated as metabolisable energy and expressed as megajoules (MJ). In the calculation of metabolisable energy, one incorporates both the energy content of the manure and the energy which the horse loses in urine and fecal gas (methane) into the calculation. Therefore, the energy content of a given diet will have a lower numerical value (of MJ) when it is calculated as metabolisable energy than when it is calculated as digestible energy. We must therefore always check to see if the megajoules specified for a feed is calculated as digestible energy or metabolisable energy.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Net energy (NE or feeding units)</strong></p>\r\n<p>The net energy of a feed is the proportion of the gross energy that can be used for training and work, and for reproduction and growth, after subtracting energy losses (heat) that are incurred when nutrients are digested, absorbed, and metabolized in the body. The net energy value of a feed (in MJ) is therefore an even lower number than the metabolisable energy.</p>\r\n<p>For practical purposes it is common to convert the net energy from MJ to a relative unit of energy, the \"Feed Units Horse\". This is an old tradition in countries that use the net energy system. In Europe this includes Norway, Denmark, Iceland, the Netherlands and France. When we calculate the “Feed Units Horse (FUH)”, we divide the net energy value by 9.414 MJ. Why divide by 9.414? This number represents the net energy value (MJ) in one kg of barley. When we express the energy content of a feed as FUH, we specify how much net energy a kilogram of the feed will give the horse, compared to one kilogram of barley. For example, if we have determined the energy value of a kilogram of hay to be 0.5 FUH, it means that a kilogram of this hay contains half as much energy as a kilogram of barley. In other words, we must feed 2 kg of hay to place the same amount of energy at the horse’s disposal as it gets from eating 1 kg of barley.</p>\r\n<p><strong>In summary</strong></p>\r\n<p>We have looked at several methods for the calculation of the energy content of feeds:</p>\r\n<p>digestible energy (DE), metabolisable energy (ME) and net energy (NE).</p>\r\n<p>Digestible energy and metabolisable energy requirements are expressed in MJ, while net energy is expressed in “Feed Units Horse”. In the Netherlands, the net energy unit is called VEP, and in France the UFC. As noted above, it is important to be aware that the horse\'s energy requirements must be calculated according to the same principles (i.e. digestible or net) and expressed in the same units (i.e. MJ or UFC) as the energy content of the feed.</p>\r\n<p>Here is an example to help clarify the above point:</p>\r\n<p>If you were to calculate your horse\'s needs in digestible energy, for example, by using the NRC calculations from the USA directly, and then feed MJ by MJ a concentrate where the energy is expressed as metabolisable energy, the horse will have too much energy and may easily become fat.</p>\r\n<p>In the PC-Horse program, we can recalculate the energy content of feeds produced in different countries, so that the energy values ​​will match those of your national system, whether expressed as net energy or digestible energy, and regardless of whether the units are MJ or UFC.</p>','',1,616,'2012-07-11 22:00:00',62,'','2015-01-14 12:57:31',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2013-11-30 23:55:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',5,315,'energy in horse feed','The content of energy in horse feeds is more difficult to grasp. This is due partly to the fact that we can express the energy requirements for horses both in megajoules and feed units. In addition, energy demands and the energy content of horse feeds may also be calculated in different ways: i.e. as digestible energy, metabolisable energy, or net energy. We will return to this later, since it has practical significance, because the method of calculation of energy varies from country to country, and is in large part based on the traditions of different countries. As long as we calculate energy requirements and feed energy content in the same way, however, the horse will get the right amount of energy. We have taken this into account in the PC-Horse program.',1,1349,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(3589,4252,'November 2013 - The young horses demand of calcium','nov2013-de','<p>When a young horse starts to train we must make sure it receives enough calcium to support the development of its bones.</p>\r\n<p>Young horses are commonly put into training after the end of the grazing season. Young trotters and thoroughbreds will usually be around 18 months old when training starts, while riding horses are one year older.</p>\r\n<p>After happy days and 24-hour activity in the summer months, very different living conditions await the young horse when it is stabled. This is usually individually and in boxes, with limited access to voluntary activity in paddocks. In addition to the training, which now starts, rations will now consist mainly of roughage and concentrates.</p>\r\n<p>Several studies (see a summary below) show that regular activity is beneficial for the development of strong, healthy bones and joints. Physical activity stimulates the mineralization of bones, as demonstrated by examining bone density with X-ray techniques, mostly using an image of the cannon bone of the front leg.</p>\r\n<p><br /><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/x-rayhovcalium.jpg\" alt=\"x-rayhovcalium\" width=\"550\" height=\"343\" /></p>\r\n<p>Minerals in the bones provide the skeleton with the strength to carry the weight of the body. Bone density and strength increase throughout grazing periods where good opportunities for activity are provided. If the young horse is now housed in a stall and only walked or trotted lightly, the mineral content and strength of its bones will decline. The risk then is that the beneficial effects of the grazing period may be lost if appropriate precautions are not taken. Training needs to be organized to provide short, intensive sprints at least twice per week to charge the skeleton. Just walking and slow trotting will not be enough to stimulate mineralization activity in the bone cells.</p>\r\n<p>Bone mineral consists of calcium and phosphorus. These are laid down as calcium-phosphate crystals by the bone cells. Because of the central role played by these nutrients in bone formation it is vital to have sufficient calcium in the diet when we start the systematic training of a young horse.</p>\r\n<p>In roughages such as hay and haylage, the content of calcium can vary quite a lot, usually between 1.5 to 4 grams calculated per kg of dry feed, while alfalfa usually has 2-3 times more calcium and is a very good source of the mineral. Oats, barley, wheat and maize are cereals that contain small amounts of calcium (0.3 to 0.6 grams per kg).</p>\r\n<p>Usually, calcium requirement is twice that for phosphorus. The grains used in horse feed are relatively high in phosphorus (3-5 grams per kg), while, as noted, they contain little calcium. Pasture, hay and haylage contain typically about 2 grams of phosphorus per kg of dry matter, but this will vary. Knowledge of the mineral content of your roughages from a feed analysis is therefore a valuable aid in calculating well balanced rations.<br />Feed mixes for young horses and horses in training have a typical calcium content of between 8 and 18 grams per kilo. On the feed bag, the content is often given as a percentage, and not as grams per kilo. A calcium content of 1.2 % corresponds to 12 grams of calcium per kilo of feed.</p>\r\n<p>With such calcium-fortified compound feeds (or mineral supplements) it should be easy to formulate rations which are adequate in calcium, even when the roughage used has low calcium content. Phosphorus deficiency in young horses is not often seen, though it can sometimes occur. This is because their diet does usually include some grain, typically as part of a concentrate mix.</p>\r\n<p>Let us take as an example, a yearling, 18 months of age and of a regular large breed (riding horse, trotter or thoroughbred). We need to ensure that this yearling builds strong, dense bones during its critical period of rapid growth and start of training. We must therefore ensure that the daily ration delivers 45 to 50 grams of calcium. If we give 7 kg hay of medium quality, containing 2 grams of calcium per kg, a total of 14 grams of calcium will be provided. We shall now be short of calcium, by about 30 grams, and this shortage must be met either through a concentrate mixture or by giving mineral supplements.</p>\r\n<p>From the example it is obvious that we need to know the calcium content of both the roughage we use (feed analysis!) and the concentrates. The PC-Horse program calculates calcium requirement from the information you provide about the horse, such as breed, body weight, age and amount of exercise. If you have a feed analysis of the roughage, you can enter its data automatically into the program and greatly improve the accuracy of ration formulation.</p>\r\n<p>Literature: Nielsen BD, Hiney KM, Hoekstra KE, Bell RA and Potter GD (2004). Nutritional and husbandry management of racehorses. In: The Elite Race and Endurance Horse. A. Lindner (ED), pp 66-71.</p>','',1,616,'2013-10-18 12:01:29',62,'','2015-01-14 12:53:13',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2013-10-31 22:55:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',8,351,'Calcium, young horses, calcium demands for young horses','Several studies (see a summary below) show that regular activity is beneficial for the development of strong, healthy bones and joints. Physical activity stimulates the mineralization of bones, as demonstrated by examining bone density with X-ray techniques, mostly using an image of the cannon bone of the front leg.',1,1243,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(3590,4253,'October 2013 - Finding the right forage for your horse','oct2013-de','<hr />\r\n<p><em><span>Fresh or dried forage is the staple food for horses. This article focuses on when and how pasture, hay and other roughages will cover most of your horse’s energy and nutrient needs. The PC-Horse program will help you to formulate rations with a high and healthy proportion of roughage for horses, also in situations with special nutritional challenges as, for example, when your horse is in hard training or needs to lose a large amount of weight. <br /> Our guest author this month is Sara Muhonen. She has a PhD in animal nutrition from the Swedish Agricultural University (SLU). From her private company, Sara conducts research, consults and gives courses in horse nutrition through </span><a href=\"http://www.equi-nutrition.com\"><span>www.equi-nutrition.com</span></a></em><em><span>. She also provides a service for matching Swedish forage producers and feed buyers on </span><a href=\"http://www.grovfoderborsen.se\"><span>www.grovfoderborsen.se</span></a></em></p>\r\n<hr />\r\n<p><span>No one forage is the same as the next. How well the horse can digest forage depends on the forage´s cell wall content. The cell wall is composed of cellulose fibre, hemicellulose, pectins and cell wall protein. Cell walls can be more or less lignified and the later the stage of maturity of a plant, the more lignified they are and the less digestible. When digestibility decreases the </span>nutritive value of the forage also decreases.</p>\r\n<p>Figure 1 shows the results from a digestibility study where four adjacent leys, seeded and fertilized in the same way, were harvested at four different stages of maturity. The results demonstrate how digestibility of dry matter (DM), the fibre fractions NDF and ADF and crude protein in haylage decreases the later the forage is harvested. This means that the nutritive value of the haylage also decreases; the content of digestible energy and crude protein become lower.</p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/fig1_oct2013.png\" alt=\"fig1 oct2013\" width=\"624\" height=\"458\" /></p>\r\n<p>Different horses have different energy and protein requirements. The high performing athlete has high energy requirements and needs forage with high energy density. On the other hand, the pony not performing any hard work has a much lower energy requirement. Broodmares and growing horses have higher protein requirements. Besides meeting the horses’ nutritive requirements we also have to consider the horses’ need for occupation and the health and well being of its digestive system. Freedom of access to hay and haylage works well for most horses. If you have to restrict the allowance of coarse fodder (forage), 1.5 – 2 kg DM/100 kg body weight and day is appropriate. The absolute minimum allowance of coarse fodder is 1 kg DM/100 kg body weight and day.<span></span></p>\r\n<p>Feeding a high performing athlete with early harvested forage, we can provide most and, in some cases, all of the energy and protein required. Then only a small amount of concentrate, or even none at all, will be necessary. Such rations will be beneficial for gut health, will prevent behavioural disorders and have a positive impact on the horses’ mental health.</p>\r\n<p>However, a pony doing only light work needs forage of lower energy density, e.g. from a later harvest. Early harvested forage quickly satisfies daily energy requirements and it will be difficult to provide the pony with a sufficient daily intake of dry matter. This would result in less eating and chewing activity and thus increase the risk of behavioural disturbances. Therefore later harvested forage is more suitable for horses with lower energy requirements, those performing only light work, or no work at all.</p>\r\n<p>In conclusion, always ask for the forage analysis and try to find the most suitable forage to match the requirements of your horse. You will then have made a good start on formulating your horse’s daily feed ration.</p>\r\n<p>Sara Muhonen AgrD</p>\r\n<p><span>Reference: </span>Ragnarsson S &amp; Lindberg JE. 2008. <span>Nutritional </span><span>value of timothy haylage in Icelandic horses. <em>LivestockScience</em> <strong>113</strong>, 202-208. The Author can be contacted for further reference.</span></p>\r\n<hr />\r\n<p> </p>','',1,616,'2013-09-19 07:23:39',62,'','2015-01-14 12:51:01',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2013-09-30 22:55:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',8,363,'forage, digestion, forage for horse','Forage and forage is not the same thing. How well the horse can digest forage depends on the forage´s cell wall content. The cell wall is composed of cellulose fibre, hemicellulose, pectins and cell wall protein. Cell walls can be more or less lignified and the later the stage of maturity of a plant the more lignified are the cell walls and the digestibility decreases. When digestibility decreases the nutritive value of the forage also decreases.',1,1424,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(3591,4254,'September 2013 - Preparations for the weaning of foals','sept2013-de','<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/foal-and-mare550.jpg\" alt=\"foal-and-mare550\" width=\"550\" height=\"413\" /></p>\r\n<p><strong><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;\"></span></strong><span>We have come to September and the year\'s grazing season is drawing to a close. It is also time to prepare for the weaning of foals. For many foals, weaning can be a stressful process that affects them both physically and mentally.</span></p>\r\n<p><span>It is important that separation from the mare is done as gently as possible. There are several ways to implement weaning. Some prefer to separate the mares and foals quickly, while others prefer a more gradual process. Breeders must rely on their own experience and apply the methods they find most appropriate under the given conditions. One important factor is the number of mares and foals in the herd. Whether your mare is on her own or is part of a larger herd where there is a number of foals will make a big difference. </span></p>\r\n<p><span>Where foals are weighed regularly, it is often found that the daily gain is reduced during the weaning period. This is not desirable, since a period of reduced growth is often followed by a period of rapid growth. The latter is called <em>compensatory growth</em>, and occurs when the foal’s body tries to compensate for the period of low growth after weaning. In such periods we often see that the foals become thin. They appear higher over the croup than over the withers. Such compensatory growth during this period is not welcome as the foals may be especially susceptible to undesirable development of tendons, joints and bones. An important part of preparations for weaning is therefore to ensure that foals are eating well and are able to maintain normal weight gain in the period leading up to, and during, the period of actual weaning.</span></p>\r\n<p><span>It is well known that stress can cause gastric ulcers in horses, especially in horses that in training receive relatively high amounts of concentrates. Many riding horses and race horses therefore struggle with gastric ulcers. It is less well known that that this can also be a problem for foals and yearlings. Studies have shown that a part of the foal population may also develop gastric ulcers, especially those receiving concentrate supplements, for instance through creep feeding. It is therefore desirable that the use of concentrates is kept at a moderate level through the liberal feeding of good quality roughage.</span></p>\r\n<p><span>If foals continue to be on pasture after weaning, there are usually no problems as long as the pasture is in a reasonably good condition so late in the season. We can also optionally provide supplemental hay or silage if the quality of the pasture has in fact started to degrade. </span></p>\r\n<p><span> Where foals are taken in from pasture at weaning, it is important to give free access to forage, either as hay or haylage, with an appropriately high quality for foals. This means that both energy and protein content should be relatively high and this should be confirmed through proper feed analysis, not just assessed through traditional “experience”.</span></p>\r\n<p><span> Foals at weaning and during their first winter need forage that contains high levels of energy, protein and calcium. Swedish experiments show that foals grow equally well on forage-based rations as on traditional winter rations with concentrates. However, this requires that the forage is of an appropriate quality for young growing horses.</span></p>\r\n<p><span>When comparing nutrient concentrations among different feeds, you should always use the values ​​given per kg dry matter. This is particularly important when using haylage, as this feed type varies widely in dry matter content, depending on the moisture it had when baled. </span></p>\r\n<p><span>As a guideline, roughage for foals and yearlings should have at least 9,5 MJ energy and 130 grams of crude protein per kg dry matter. In addition, the calcium content should be 4 grams or more per kg dry matter. To evaluate this you need a feed analysis. </span></p>\r\n<p><span>The PC-Horse program is an important tool in this context. Feed analyses are easily entered into the program, allowing you to formulate rations based on the actual nutrient values of your own feed instead of using standard table values. </span></p>\r\n<p><span>PC-Horse is working to get agreements with feed analyzing laboratories in several European countries in order to enable a direct import of digital certificates of feed analyses into the PC-Horse program. This procedure enables horse feeders to use their own roughage data without any risk of errors in the transfer of nutrient data and represents a huge step forward in the accurate and effective planning of rations.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>','',1,616,'2013-07-29 16:43:13',62,'','2015-01-14 12:44:46',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2013-08-31 23:55:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',6,369,'','It is important that separation from the mare is done as gently as possible. There are several ways to implement weaning. Some prefer to separate the mares and foals quickly, while others prefer a more gradual process. Breeders must rely on their own experience and apply the methods they find most appropriate under the given conditions. One important factor is the number of mares and foals in the herd. Whether your mare is on her own or is part of a larger herd where there is a number of foals will make a big difference.',1,1307,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(3592,4255,'August 2013 - Active period for competition horses.','august2013-de','<p>Summer is an active time for many competition horses. In August, we are now in the middle of summer and many competition horses have already gone through a long season of hot weather. However, many major competitions, particularly gallop and trotting, are still to come.<br /><br />Are there specific issues around feeds and feeding we have to take into extra account when horses are competing during the summer? In general we can say that feed and feeding can continue as normal in the summer, but in especially warm periods it is important to protect horses against excessive heat of the day. It is also important to ensure good ventilation during transport. When a horse transport is stuck in rush hour traffic, it can become too hot for the horse(s) inside. After training and racing, horses should be cooled down carefully. Horses that are heat stressed may have poor appetites and this is very unfortunate during such an important period of the competition season.<br />Feed and feeding practices may be much the same as in the rest of the year, but it is especially important to maintain a proper fluid and electrolyte balance in warmer weather. Training and competing in warm periods increases the loss of fluid and electrolytes significantly. In practice this means that horses must receive guaranteed access to fresh water and salt.</p>\r\n<p>Many experiments have shown that horses do not drink enough water when they only take water from automatic water bowls . If they get their fresh water from buckets the daily water uptake will increase. If horses are drinking too little water, this can affect their performance significantly. In addition, horses are more prone to colic if they are drinking too little water. Remember also to offer horses an adequate supply of water during prolonged transport and journeys.<br />To ensure that horses get enough salt, salt licks alone are not enough. Many horses will take too little salt from salt licks even when their salt requirement is high. We must instead provide adequate amounts of salt with the feed or mix the salt in the water. If we give salt with the feed it should be distributed over at least two meals. After hard training and competition, horses have sweated a lot and therefore lost a great deal of salt. To quickly replace this loss it can be beneficial to accustom the horses to drinking water containing 5 grams of salt per litre of water. One to two buckets of such water will add 50 -100 grams of salt to the intake and thus contribute significantly to restoring electrolyte balance. All the values in this example are calculated for horses of 500-600 kg body weight. For smaller horses and ponies, values must be converted according to body weight.</p>\r\n<p>The PC-Horse program calculates your horse\'s requirement for salt according to its body weight, the amount of exercise you determine and, additionally, the season. This means, for example, that the program will calculate higher levels of need for salt in summer than in winter months. Making active use of the program throughout the year will help you stay in control of your horse\'s need for salt, regardless of changing body weight, exercise regimes or the actual season.</p>','',1,616,'2013-07-29 16:43:13',62,'','2015-01-14 12:32:43',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2013-07-31 22:55:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',3,377,'','',1,1176,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(3593,4256,'June/July 2013 - What determines the nutritive value of roughages?','june2013-de','<hr />\r\n<p><em><span><em><span>Roughages make up the major part of most horse diets. Since most roughages are grown locally, and do not have strong commercial interests behind them, information on the nutritional value of individual roughages is much scarcer than for commercial concentrates. This article discusses factors that influence the nutritional value of roughages, and argues that a roughage analysis can benefit your horse’s wellbeing as well as reduce its feeding costs.<br /> </span></em></span></em></p>\r\n<hr />\r\n<p> <strong><span><img style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/hayeatinghorse.jpg\" alt=\"\" /> <br /></span></strong></p>\r\n<p><strong><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;\"></span><span></span></strong><span>By Dr. Eric Clausen, Advisor on Horse Nutrition and Management<br /> Videncentret for Landbrug, Denmark</span></p>\r\n<p><span><br /> Based on the analysis of forages, haylage and hays produced for horses that we encounter in our advisory work in Denmark, it is clear that there are large differences in terms of content of the various nutrients.<br /> In order to make the best use of your roughages, and to obtain balanced rations providing the nutrients your horse needs, it is necessary to know the value for all critical nutrients in the feed. With rising prices for grain and feed mixtures, a feed analysis of your roughage can also be invaluable in improving the economy of your horse feeding, simply because roughage of a good quality can effectively substitute for more costly, commercial feeds. <br /> </span></p>\r\n<p><span>The nutrient composition of herbage depends on:<br /> • The botanical stage of the grass and legumes at harvest.<br /> • The botanical composition, i.e. the proportions of different grass species, of clover and of various other plants.<br /> • Harvest, i.e. whether it is it the first, second or possibly third cut.<br /> • The amount of nitrogen fertilizer (fertilizer) used.<br /> </span></p>\r\n<p><span>Young leafy grass can be difficult to dry for hay, whereas it is suitable for haylage. Therefore, grass harvested for haylage is usually cut at an earlier stage than grass cut for hay-making. As the grass grows older it becomes more fibrous and coarse, and the content of digestible nutrients decreases. Typically, grass cut for hay at the later stages of development will have a larger share of stems, a smaller percentage of leaves and a lower nutritive value.<br /><br /> The distribution of the different grass species involved is not the same in the case of a first or second harvest. Timothy is usually more dominant in the first than in the second cut, because it will develop more stems and smaller leaves as the growth season progresses. </span><span>Meadow fescue, smooth meadow grass and white clover</span><span>, however, continue to develop new shoots with many leaves throughout most of the summer.<br /> Applying fertilizer (nitrogen) has a powerful effect on both crop yield and nutritional content. In particular, protein content is strongly increased by nitrogen fertilization.<br /> <br /> <strong>Shorter chewing time needed for early cut haylage</strong><br /> Horses that are fed haylage from early harvests use less time chewing (number of minutes used per kg dry matter) and consume more roughage per unit of time than horses that are fed haylage or hay harvested at later development stages, when the fibre content in the diet is higher. </span></p>\r\n<p><span>As later cuts result in longer eating time and lower nutritive value, ​​it may be advantageous to use such roughages for horses that do not have particularly high nutritional requirements, such as adult horses in moderate use, or ponies that can easily become too fat.<br /> <br /> <strong>Use of forage analyses in PC-Horse.<br /> </strong>If you have access to a nutrient analysis for your roughage, you can easily enter it as a user-defined feed in the PC-Horse program. PC-Horse has made an agreement with one of the leading analytical laboratory in Europe (Eurofins) which now will supply their analysis certificate as a data file, in addition to the usual printed page. The latest version of PC-Horse will import the data file, and make the feed available for planning rations for your horses, thus greatly simplifying the process of entering complicated nutritional data. You may also save money when buying hay or haylage of above average quality. </span></p>\r\n<p><span> </span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: normal;\"><span> </span></p>','',1,616,'2013-05-17 09:16:19',62,'','2015-01-14 12:26:07',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2013-05-31 22:55:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',8,354,'','',1,1857,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(3594,4257,'May 2013 - Prepare for good grazing','may2013-de','<hr />\r\n<p><em>The monthly information letter from PC-Horse focus on the transition from indoor feeding to grazing requires proper preparations, if you are to avoid digestive problems and maintain a good health. The article is written by Dr. Dag Austbø at the Norwegian University of Life Sciences.</em></p>\r\n<p><em>Drs. Dag Austbø and Knut Hove are two of the key people behind the development of PC-Horse. Their scientific work and international networks contribute to the biological basis and computational models which are used in PC-Horse.</em></p>\r\n<hr />\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/foal-diar.jpg\" alt=\"foal-diar\" width=\"200\" height=\"133\" /> <img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/bete.jpg\" alt=\"bete\" width=\"200\" height=\"133\" /></p>\r\n<p>After a long winter horses will again be back on lush pastures. The transition from indoor feeding to grazing requires proper preparations, if you are to avoid digestive problems and maintain a good health.</p>\r\n<p>Needless to say, fences and gates must be in good technical condition. Take some time to tidy up the field. Remove accumulated trash (plastic, bottles, sharp items) that have \"stranded\" in the pasture during winter. Control the water supplies, and provide salt licks (sodium chloride). Horses should be wormed before they are let out to graze. Contact your veterinarian and get a plan for anthelmintic treatment schedules that functions in your district and matches your horses. The latest version of PC-Horse contains a planning module that allows you to enter your parasite treatments.</p>\r\n<p>A gradual transition from indoor feeding to pasture is crucial. During this transition period, when the horses gradually gain access to more and more grass, you should continue to give roughage (hay or silage) in the morning (before pasture) and in the evening, while reducing the amounts of concentrate. Allow for a gradual increase in the time on pasture over one to two weeks, before the horse will be out all day.</p>\r\n<p>Horses graze pastures unevenly, and have favorite areas where they quickly eat most of the available grass, whilst avoiding other areas (typically where manure is dropped). Often it looks as if there is plenty of grass left in a field, while in reality there is much less that the horses will eat. Monitor the amounts of \"available\" grass carefully, and be sure to move the horses to new pastures in time.</p>\r\n<p>Mares with foals and young horses should have the best pastures. It is important to monitor grass abundance and quality. There should always be plenty of grass available in the pasture, or you will find that both broodmares and young horses quickly lose body condition. If practical, large pastures should be subdivided and the smaller plots be used on a rotational basis.</p>\r\n<p>Adult horses and ponies can do well on pastures of lower quality, provided that they are not trained or used excessively for riding. For horses with a history of laminitis more extensive pastures will be convenient.</p>\r\n<p>Periods of drought may be expected at different times during the spring and summer season. Pasture quality drops quickly when the soil humidity is low. Look carefully for changes in grass availability and reduced body condition during a draught period !</p>\r\n<p>In PC-Horse you can calculate the approximate intake of pasture grass based on the time spent on pasture and the pasture conditions. We will explain how you can your use grazing information to formulate balanced rations for your horses in a later monthly letter on <a>www.pc-horse.com</a>.</p>\r\n<p><em>This article was originally written by Dr. Day Austbø.</em><br /><em> Copyright: PC-Horse International - Norway 2013.</em><br /><em>Feel free to use and publish the material. Please indicate the source and author.</em></p>','',1,616,'2011-02-15 15:59:09',62,'','2015-01-14 12:21:12',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2013-04-30 23:55:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',4,389,'','',1,1168,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(3595,4258,'April 2013 – Supplying your horse with Vitamin D','april2013-de','<hr />\r\n<p><em><span>This month’s information letter from PC-Horse focuses on vitamin D. </span></em><em><span style=\"color: #333333;\">Requirements for vitamin D, the contribution of feedstuffs to the horse’s vitamin D intake and the importance of storage losses are all discussed. </span></em><em><span>The article is written by Dr. Dag Austbø of the Norwegian University of Life Sciences.     </span></em></p>\r\n<p><em><span>Drs. Dag Austbø and Knut Hove are two of the key people behind the development of PC-Horse. Their scientific work and international networks contribute to the biological basis and computational models used in PC-Horse.</span></em></p>\r\n<hr />\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial; color: #333333;\"></span> <img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/d3horse550.jpg\" alt=\"d3horse550\" width=\"550\" height=\"413\" /><span style=\"font-family: Arial; color: #333333;\"></span><span style=\"font-family: Arial; color: #333333;\"><br />  <br /> Vitamin D plays a key role in regulating the stores of calcium and phosphorus in the body by controlling the absorption of these minerals from the intestine. When experiencing a deficiency of vitamin D young horses will absorb too little calcium and phosphorus to enable building of well mineralized, healthy bones, even when the ration contains adequate amounts of the minerals. In severe vitamin D deficiency, rickets will develop. In addition to its effects on mineral metabolism and bone, we now know that vitamin D has significance for the normal functioning of the immune system and a variety of cell functions. Along with vitamin A and E, Vitamin D is one of the group of fat-soluble vitamins and because it is fat-soluble, vitamin D reserves can be stored in body fat for several months. </span><span style=\"font-family: Arial; color: #333333;\"></span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial; color: #333333;\"> </span><span style=\"font-family: Arial; color: #333333;\"><br /> Plant material may contain Vitamin D<sub>2</sub> (Ergocalciferol), while animals produce Vitamin D<sub>3</sub> (Cholecalciferol). Both forms of vitamin D are effective in mammals, and we therefore use the generic term \"Vitamin D\" when talking jointly about the two forms. Vitamin D is converted to the biologically active form 1,25(OH)<sub>2</sub> D through several chemical stages before it can exert its effects in the body.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial; color: #333333;\"></span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial; color: #333333;\">Vitamin D<sub>3</sub> is formed in the skin of mammals during exposure to sunlight. Horses which are kept outside will make adequate amounts of vitamin D in the summer, and may build up reserves for several months. In areas with long winters and little sunlight (Northern Europe, Scandinavia), however, these reserves will not last throughout the winter season, and it is important that the requirement for vitamin D is met from the diet. <br /> <br /> </span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial; color: #333333;\">The content of vitamin D in a feed is usually expressed in international units (IU). One international unit is equivalent to 25 nanograms of the vitamin. NRC 2007 defines a minimum requirement of 6.6 IU per kg body weight for adult horses regardless of exercise level, pregnancy or lactation. Higher requirements are defined for young growing horses. For age between 0-6 months, NRC recommends 22.2 IU per kg body weight, decreasing with age to 13.7 IU per kg body weight by 19-24 months. It is important to note that these recommendations are for the minimum required intake of vitamin D. In PC-Horse, we\'ve increased that minimum by about 20% to provide a safety margin for situations where the horse gets little sunlight.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial; color: #333333;\"><br /> Most grasses and grains contain relatively little vitamin D when harvested. As mentioned, direct sunlight will initiate photochemical reactions which increase vitamin D content. When grass is dried in the sun after cutting, hay with about 1000 IU vitamin D per kg will be produced. In wilted haylage with a dry matter content of 60% we can expect an average vitamin D content of 500-800 IU per kg dry matter. The vitamin D content will, however, be variable and will be affected by the weather during drying, the number of times the grass is turned before it is dry and the overall length of the drying period. Vitamin D content in hay and haylage reduces during storage.<br /> <br /> </span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial; color: #333333;\">Most concentrates used for horses contain added vitamin D<sub>3</sub>, usually in amounts of about 800-1200 IU per kg. Many feed supplements contain vitamin D<sub>3</sub>, and the amounts vary widely. Vitamin D is toxic in large amounts and can cause serious disorders of calcium and phosphorus metabolism. In the PC-Horse program, you will get a warning when the intake of vitamin D is clearly larger than what the horse needs. Usually it takes a long period, typically months, with excessive intake, before any symptoms of poisoning show up.</span></p>\r\n<p><em><span> </span></em></p>','',1,616,'2013-03-21 09:44:13',62,'','2015-01-14 12:12:39',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2014-03-31 22:55:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',6,399,'','Vitamin D plays a key role in regulating the stores of calcium and phosphorus in the body by controlling the absorption of these minerals from the intestine. When experiencing a deficiency of vitamin D young horses will absorb too little calcium and phosphorus to enable building of well mineralized, healthy bones, even when the ration contains adequate amounts of the minerals. In severe vitamin D deficiency, rickets will develop. In addition to its effects on mineral metabolism and bone, we now know that vitamin D has significance for the normal functioning of the immune system and a variety of cell functions. Along with vitamin A and E, Vitamin D is one of the group of fat-soluble vitamins and because it is fat-soluble, vitamin D reserves can be stored in body fat for several months.',1,1446,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(3596,4259,'Mars 2013 -Vitamin E – the antioxidant vitamin','mars2013-de','<hr />\r\n<p><em>The monthly information letter from PC-Horse focus on vitamin E. Sources of the vitamin in horse feeds is addressed, and storage losses of natural vitamin E in roughages and grains, and vitamin E requirements are explained. The article is written by Dr. Dag Austbø at the Norwegian University of Life Sciences.</em></p>\r\n<p><em>Drs. Dag Austbø and Knut Hove are two of the key people behind the development of PC-Horse. Their scientific work and international networks contribute to the biological basis and computational models which are used in PC-Horse.</em></p>\r\n<hr />\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/yearlings-eating--in-haybar.jpg\" alt=\"yearlings-eating--in-haybar\" width=\"550\" height=\"413\" /></p>\r\n<p> Vitamin E is added to most concentrate feeds and to general purpose mineral and vitamin supplements. There are also special vitamin E supplements available on the market, often with the mineral selenium added.</p>\r\n<p>The amounts of vitamin E in a feed are expressed in International Units (IU) or milligrams per kg. One (1) IU of the naturally occurring vitamin is equivalent to 1 milligram. In PC-Horse, we specify requirements in milligrams. There are various chemical forms of vitamin E. Natural vitamin E often has higher biological activity than synthesized vitamin E, which may be composed of several different chemical forms.</p>\r\n<p>Common roughages contain from 30 to 100 IU of vitamin E per kg of dry feed (DM). Fresh grass and early harvested hay or haylage have the highest levels of the vitamin. During storage, the content of vitamin E decreases gradually. Through the winter season 50-70% of the original content may be lost.<br />Grains such as oats, barley, wheat and maize contain less vitamin E than good quality roughage. Typical levels will be in the range of 20 to 30 IU per kg, and decrease with storage. As a consequence, a horse\'s vitamin E status will change over the year due to these storage losses if extra vitamin E is not added to the diet through concentrates or supplements.</p>\r\n<p>Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin, and will be found in the fat-rich parts of the body. At the cellular level this means that vitamin E is found in the cell membrane, where it works as an antioxidant protecting the cell against harmful oxidation. Vitamin E works as an antioxidant in close cooperation with the mineral Selenium, which is found in the interior of the cell.</p>\r\n<p>The net requirement for vitamin E is set to 1.0 IU per kg body weight for adult horses at maintenance and for pregnant mares. For horses in training the requirement is 1.6 to 2.0 IU per kg body weight depending on how hard the horse is trained. In mares with foals and young horses a net requirement of 2.0 IU per kg body weight is proposed. In PC-Horse we recommend about 20% more than this net demand, in order to build in a safety margin when preparing rations for all types of horses.</p>\r\n<p>Vitamin E is of low toxicity and it is not dangerous to give 5-10 times more than the recommended amount, but intake of vitamin E at these levels is both unnecessary and costly. Compared to the low toxicity of vitamin E, it is important to remember that selenium is highly toxic if overfed in comparable quantities.</p>\r\n<p>Vitamin E deficiency has been associated with various diseases of the muscular system, such as white muscle disease in young foals and rhabdomyolysis in adult horses. It has also been connected with reduced fertility in stallions, but this is not well documented. Part of the difficulty in detecting the exact causes of diseases associated with vitamin E deficiency relates to the interactions between selenium and vitamin E mentioned above. It is therefore important to check the status of both vitamin E and selenium when formulating horse rations. Special note should be taken when using roughages that have been stored throughout the winter before being fed.</p>','',1,616,'2013-01-23 14:46:01',62,'','2015-01-14 12:08:30',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2013-02-28 19:55:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',10,391,'','',1,1320,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(3597,4260,'February 2013 -  Carbohydrates in the horse\'s ration','feb2013-de','<hr />\r\n<p><em>The article explains why carbohydrates in the horse\'s diet which originate from roughages and from grains have different effects on the horse\'s health and performance. The varying digestion of fibre, sugar and starch in the equine digestive system are compared, and conditions which may evolve into metabolic disease and lameness are discussed. The article is written by Dr. Dag Austbø from the Norwegian University of life sciences in Norway. He is one of the key persons who have developed the PC-Horse software.</em></p>\r\n<hr />\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/winterhorses-eating-hay550.jpg\" alt=\"winterhorses-eating-hay550\" width=\"550\" height=\"413\" /></p>\r\n<p>Horses, like other herbivores, get most of the energy they need from carbohydrates in their diet. Carbohydrates are a large family of nutrients that include simple sugars such as glucose and table sugar, starch, and also complicated and indigestible plant fibres such as cellulose. The various carbohydrates are handled differently in the horse\'s organism, and it is therefore important to understand more about the types of carbohydrates that dominate in your horse\'s ration.</p>\r\n<p>Generally, modern horses eat fresh or dried forages, often with the addition of grain-based concentrates. Forages include fresh grass, grass silage (haylage), hay and straw. The concentrates are either pure grains (oats, barley, maize) or mixtures based on these cereals, with other feed sources such as minerals and vitamins added. The carbohydrates in a mixed ration will therefore be derived from both roughage and concentrate components.</p>\r\n<p>Roughage contains about 50 to 100 grams of sugar per kg dry feed. The rest of the carbohydrates belong to the group called fibre, and are measured either as crude fibre (about 300 grams per kg dry feed) or as soluble fibre, (NDF, about 600 grams per kg dry feed). In PC-Horse we use the crude fibre content to describe the amount of fibre in feeds.<br />Fibre cannot be digested by the body\'s own enzymes. This means that fibre is not broken down in the small intestine, but instead passes to the large intestine. Here, microbes break the fibre down in a fermentation process that takes many hours. Energy-rich products called short chain fatty acids are formed (acetic, propionic and butyric acid). The acids are absorbed into the blood and converted to chemical energy (ATP) in the cells. For horses on a forage-only diet, the fatty acids from fermentation in the caecum and large intestine are the main source of energy.</p>\r\n<p>In addition to its role in supplying energy, fibre also has other important functions in the digestive tract. Fibrous feeds require a lot of chewing activity and increase the production of saliva, rich in bicarbonate buffer. This prevents undesirable acidification in the upper part of the stomach and therefore may help prevent ulcers. Since fibres are not digested in the stomach or small intestine, they will maintain volume and water content in the small intestine, and thus help to keep bowel functions healthy. A certain amount of fibre content in the diet is totally indigestible, and therefore leaves in the manure.</p>\r\n<p>Carbohydrates in grain and concentrate mixtures are largely starch. The content of starch in the different grain types varies, but is typically 400-500 grams per kg dry feed. Starch is formed in plant seeds through the coupling of sugar (glucose) molecules. The starch is digested by enzymes in the small intestine and absorbed into the blood as glucose. This is the reason why you can provide your horse with energy relatively quickly through the feeding of grain or a concentrate mixture.</p>\r\n<p>Glucose that is not used directly for energy after absorption is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscle, and fat in the body\'s fat stores. As in humans and other mammals, horses regulate their blood glucose content through the hormone insulin. Compared to many mammals, the horse has a more limited ability to control major fluctuations in blood glucose concentrations. This can cause problems for horses that have a large amount of concentrate in their ration, and requires close monitoring of the amounts of easily digestible carbohydrates (sugars and starch) that are given per meal.</p>\r\n<p>There are differences in the small intestine\'s ability to digest starch derived from different sources. The types of grains, and different heat treatments, that are selected by concentrate manufacturers may therefore influence how quickly the starch is absorbed. Starch that is not absorbed in the small intestine is transported to the hindgut, where it is degraded by the microbes. If large amounts of starch reach the large intestine, rapid fermentation will occur. This easily leads to imbalances in the intestinal flora, with negative effects for the horse.</p>\r\n<p>Carbohydrates are, as noted, the most important energy source in the horse\'s ration. Because of the many forms carbohydrates can take in plant material, the actual mix of carbohydrates in the total ration is important. When the carbohydrate fraction in the feed is dominated by fibre from forage, horses will benefit from ample time for chewing activities, as well as a stable intestinal function.</p>\r\n<p>For active horses that need more feed, we use grain or concentrate mixtures with a high content of starch. These diets are important in rations for sport horses but, if misused, may result in problems that can ultimately lead to muscle disease and lameness. The person planning the ration should therefore monitor the level of concentrates used, and distribute them over a sufficient number of meals. Through systematic use of the PC-Horse program, you can plan rations so that the starch quantities are within the recommended ranges, and you will be given clear warnings if the starch content in one or more meals becomes too high. In addition, you can efficiently maximize the use of your own roughages if you know their energy value.</p>','',1,616,'2013-01-23 14:42:54',62,'','2015-01-14 12:03:54',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2013-01-31 22:55:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',5,408,'','',1,1158,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(3598,4261,'January 2013 - Early winter - time to keep a closer eye on your young horses and broodmares.','january-2013-early-winter-time-to-keep-a-closer-eye-on-your-young-horses-and-broodmares','<p><span>Finally January comes to bring an end to the cool and humid late autumn months. The sun has set off on its way towards summer in the northern hemisphere, but still has a long way to go before we see the first signs of green appearing in our pastures. Foals born last summer were taken from their mothers, and have for several months had to live and develop on rations which you as a breeder have formulated. </span></p>\r\n<p><span> Most half-to-one year olds have acceptable development, but it is still common to see yearlings that are too much on the thin side at this time of year. This will be because they have had difficulty adapting to the herd to which they belong, have problems with intestinal parasites, or are temporarily struggling with their teeth. </span></p>\r\n<p><span> January is a good time to closely inspect your foals. First of all you have to judge the body condition. A foal should not be fat quite, but still have rounded body forms as a result of good muscle development. This is best assessed by close examination of the ribs and the back with your fingers. <br /> Regular inspection of the mouth of young foals is the best way to discover and, if necessary, initiate treatment of teeth problems which potentially will reduce feed intake and reduce growth.<br /> <br />Foals grow a lot during the first winter and may need more feed than might be expected in order to develop harmoniously. Adult body weight for a horse is reached at about 3 years of age. It is determined both by the nutrition given when young, and also by the individual genes for growth that the foal inherits. There is a considerable variation in genetic growth potential within most horse breeds. Foals with the growth potential to become large relative to the average size of the breed often tend, in fact, to be thin, while those with a lower growth potential may more easily accumulate fat and tend to be on the “round” side. </span></p>\r\n<p><span> During the first winter, it is not easy for a breeder to know for certain to which group a colt or filly belongs. We therefore recommend that you invest time and careful examination in assessing the development of each foal, adjusting their ration to match observed weight development and, in particular, correcting the feeding in case the horse has become too thin.</span></p>\r\n<p><span> Young horses are particularly susceptible to intestinal parasites, since immunity takes time to develop. You should therefore have a systematic approach when combating parasites and take care to treat all young horses. The parasite load for horses varies regionally, and your treatment program should be made in consultation with a local veterinarian. </span></p>\r\n<p><span> There are clear advantages in keeping your young horses outside with access to exercise areas. Water must always be available, and they should have free access to forage, whether it is hay or haylage, particularly in the coldest parts of winter. Individual feeding of concentrates gives the best opportunity to correct differences in growth and development, and “help” foals that are not growing at an expected rate because of competition in the herd. You should give concentrate to each foal at least twice a day.<br /><br /> <img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/winterplay_pregmare500.jpg\" alt=\"winterplay pregmare500\" width=\"550\" height=\"413\" /><br /> </span></p>\r\n<p><span>In January and February many pregnant broodmares approach the last third of the gestation period. During this time, nutritional need increases week by week and it is important to adjust the feeding gradually and in accordance with requirement. Broodmares should be in good general condition, without being too fat. A locally adapted program of treatment for intestinal parasites is also important for broodmares.<br /> <br />PC-Horse will assist you in feeding rations which meet the needs of your broodmares, and secure the nutrients required for maintenance and development of your foals. The PC-Horse program makes it easy to adjust feeding to incorporate additional requirements incurred by the extra activity of foals kept outdoors, and gives you a good tool to compare the actual body weight development with predicted growth curves for the breed. </span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"></span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"></span><span>PC-Horse will assist you in feeding rations which meet the needs of your broodmares, and secure the nutrients required for maintenance and development of your foals. The PC-Horse program makes it easy to adjust feeding to the extra activity costs incurred when the foals are kept outdoors, and gives you a good tool to compare the actual body weight development with predicted growth curves for the breed.</span></p>','',1,616,'2012-12-18 16:11:00',62,'','2015-01-14 11:55:04',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2012-12-31 22:55:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',5,421,'','',1,1202,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(3599,4262,'December 2012 - How intensively is your horse exercised?','december2012-de','<p><strong><span><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/1212splash150.jpg\" alt=\"\" /></span></strong></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial; color: #333333;\">Every horse owner knows that actively trained horses require more energy than horses which are kept on pasture or only exercised moderately for a few hours per week. The challenge comes when you need to consider more precisely how intensely your horse is exercised (trained). This is to determine how much extra energy you need to feed in order to cover the costs of the exercise. Since all estimations of exercise intensity are only approximate, it is important to check the horse’s body condition regularly. If you opt for a high level of training, and feed accordingly, the horse will easily get fat if your estimated training intensity was too high!</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial; color: #333333;\"><span>                      </span><br /> In the equine literature you can find detailed measurements of the energy costs for walking, trotting and galloping, taking into account the weight of rider and saddle, the surface, and the length of the sessions. Thus, with a meticulously kept training diary, it is possible to calculate the actual energy expenditure, and use this information to plan the horse’s ration.However, most people find such procedures hard to implement.<br /> <br /> In PC-Horse, we have used the American (NRC) system which calculates the energy cost of the exercised horse relative to the maintenance energy requirement. <br /> <br /> Total requirement = energy requirement for maintenance + energy requirement for training<br /> <br /> For convenience, the total energy requirement is given as a factor by which the maintenance requirement is multiplied. Thus, for \"light exercise” the factor is 1.25, meaning that PC-Horse will increase energy allocations by 25% above those needed for maintenance.<br /> <br /> The following terms are commonly used to describe exercise intensity</span></p>\r\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 118.8pt; border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"119\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial; color: #333333;\">Exercise (training) intensity</span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 163.05pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"163\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial; color: #333333;\">Factor (relative to maintenance)</span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 118.8pt; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"119\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial; color: #333333;\">Light exercise</span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 163.05pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"163\">\r\n<p><span>1.25</span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 118.8pt; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"119\">\r\n<p><span>Moderate exercise </span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 163.05pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"163\">\r\n<p><span>1.5</span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 118.8pt; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"119\">\r\n<p><span>Hard exercise</span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 163.05pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"163\">\r\n<p><span>1.75</span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 118.8pt; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"119\">\r\n<p><span>Intense exercise</span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 163.05pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"163\">\r\n<p><span>2.0</span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial; color: #333333;\"> The following \"rules\" can be used to estimate the level of exercise your horse takes: <br /> <br /></span><strong><span style=\"font-family: Arial; color: #333333;\">Light exercise:</span></strong><span style=\"font-family: Arial; color: #333333;\"> Hobby Horses that are trained moderately and not every day.<br /> <strong>Moderate exercise: </strong>Jumping and dressage horses, Icelandic horses that are trained for competition and hobby horses which are in regular use several hours per day.<br /> <strong>Hard training:</strong> Trotters and some show jumpers. There may also be other categories of horses that have in common that they are exercised relatively intensively most days of the week.<br /> <strong>Intense training:</strong> Racing horses in active training and trotting horses working hard sessions on a daily basis.<br /> <br /> If you are unsure how hard your horse is trained, your PC-Horse program will help you.<br /> <br />1. Enter the horse’s data in PC-Horse. If your horse is maintaining a stable body condition, proceed by entering the current ration you feed as accurately as possible. It will be a great advantage if you have already analysed your own roughage and entered it into PC-Horse, as roughages will vary quite a lot in energy content.<br /> <br /> 2. Proceed by entering the level of exercise based on the \"rules\" above. PC-Horse calculates the horse\'s energy requirement based on body weight, sex and race/blood type with an additional energy requirement that corresponds to the level of exercise you have provided. In addition, PC-Horse tells you how much energy the horse\'s current ration provides.<br /> <br /> 3. Now you can adjust the amount of exercise (by the slider in the program) so that the stated energy requirement matches the energy content of the ration. You will then have a fairly accurate estimate of the horse’s average energy expenditure - expressed as a multiple of its maintenance requirement. </span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial; color: #333333;\"> <img src=\"images-joomla/stories/44-images/44%20training.png\" alt=\"44 training\" width=\"341\" height=\"467\" /></span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial; color: #333333;\">The actual numbers ​​can be read from the screen and in reports produced by PC-Horse. With a little practice you will soon be able to estimate the training or exercise intensity and possibly adjust the intensity level if the calculated values differ substantially from those you had expected. It is important to remember that the estimate you get through the procedure described above is for the <em>average daily energy requirement</em> over a time period that includes both active days of training and days of rest and restitution as well.</span></p>','',1,616,'2012-11-26 12:39:03',62,'','2015-01-14 12:57:04',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2012-11-30 22:55:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',8,417,'','',1,1166,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(3600,4263,'Oktober 2012 - Roughage analysis: An important tool when formulating better horse diets','october2012-de','<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/grovfoder.jpg\" alt=\"grovfoder\" width=\"314\" height=\"133\" /> <img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/ensilage.jpg\" alt=\"ensilage\" width=\"200\" height=\"133\" /></p>\r\n<p>Improve your feeding through analyses of the energy- and protein content of your roughages. Summer is over and it\'s time to plan for the winter feeding season. In Northern Europe, varying conditions for grass growth, and locally extensive wet periods made ​​it difficult to produce forages of the best qualities. During such conditions it is especially important to know the nutritional value of commercially available roughages. Known o deficiencies in the diet can be compensated for through appropriate provision of supplemental feeds.  Anyone who buys into forage directly from the manufacturer should require a simple nutrient analysis on larger parties of hays or silages. Feed analyses are now relatively inexpensive, and easily commercially available.  Quality roughage suppliers should provide analyses of their feeds to potential customers, and use the documentation to get a fair pricing of quality roughages.   </p>\r\n<p>PC-Horse is helpful when analyzed roughages are to be used in practical feeding. The program provides a simple way to define your own feeds, and to add your own nutrient analysis. Knowledge of the nutrients in major constituents of the ration is a precondition in the formulation of a diet which provides your horse with all the nutrients it needs for growth and activity.  Follow the link or click the? button (in PC-Horse) for practical instructions on how to add your own feeds in the program.</p>\r\n<p>We will draw your attention to two important features: 1. The most common feed analysis scheme includes digestible energy (in MJ), crude protein, and possibly some minerals. To get access to nutrients that are not analyzed, we recommend that you select a feed in PC-Horse which is closely similar to your own feed as a template feed. PC-Horse will automatically provide standard values for all nutrients from this template. You will then customize the feed by entering your own values from the analysis certificate.  2. For silages (bales, square bales), it very is important to give information on the water content. The dry matter content given on the certificate is the inverse of the water content, and tells how much water and how much solids the feed has. A low dry matter content means a moist (water-rich and energy poor) feed, when judged on a per kilo basis!  In using your own feeds in PC-Horse the way we have described, you will get significantly better control of your feeding.</p>\r\n<p>Take time to explore this function by defining some of your own roughages. You can easily delete your own feeds when you don’t need them anymore. Use the “Help” functions to assist you. The ?-button gives you detailed information from the website of PC-Horse.</p>\r\n<p><em>This article was originally written by Dr. Day Austbø.</em><br /><em> Copyright: PC-Horse International - Norway 2012.</em><br /> <em>Feel free to use and publish the material. Please indicate the source and author.</em></p>\r\n<p><a href=\"index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=204:skapa-eget-foder&amp;catid=48:foderlistor&amp;Itemid=309\">Read more about setting up your own feeds in PC-Horse</a></p>','',1,616,'2012-02-15 16:00:29',62,'','2015-01-14 12:47:43',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2012-09-30 23:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',6,432,'','',1,1264,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(3601,4264,'September 2012 - Fat in the horse\'s ration','september-2012-de','<p>The horse’s natural diet consists of leaves, stems and seeds of grasses and other plant material. In essence, such plant material consists of carbohydrates. Since most of the plants and plant ingredients are low in fat content, most diets we plan for horses will contain little fat. In forages, such as hay and haylage, there is usually 10-15 grams of digestible fat (lipids) per kg dry feed. In barley and wheat, the fat content is about 20 grams per kg, while oats are more fatty and contain about 50 grams per kg. There are also special kinds of oat available with a fat content of 90 to 100 g per kg.<br /><br />Fat is rich in energy, and fat in the form of vegetable oils such as soybean oil and corn oil, can provide an important energy supplement in the ration. Vegetable oil contains around three times as much energy as the usual cereals and animal feed mixtures. This means that 0.3 kg of oil has approximately the same energy value as 1 kg feed.</p>\r\n<p><br />Fats are digested in the small intestine of all animals. The fat is emulsified by means of substances in bile, cleaved by the enzymes from the pancreas, and subsequently transported through the intestinal wall into the bloodstream. Horses can digest vegetable oils well when given in moderate amounts, i.e. up to 1.0 decilitres (0.1 kg) per 100 kg body weight. Thus, a horse of 500 kg body weight can get up to 0.5 litres per day. However, most horses are not particularly fond of vegetable oils, so it is more common to give 0.3 to 0.5 dl per day. The oil should be given spread over at least two meals and mixed with other feed that the horse will eat readily.</p>\r\n<p><br />Some horses have trouble regulating their blood sugar (insulin resistance), or experience recurrent muscle problems (muscle paralysis, tying up). These disorders are probably linked to a rapid absorption of glucose following meals with grain and concentrates. Such meals will give periods with elevated levels of glucose in the blood (“high blood sugar”). For such horses, diets with a low content of starch and sugar are recommended. Oats, barley and corn are high in starch (500-600 g per kg). This starch is absorbed after cleavage into glucose in the intestine. It is therefore important to reduce the amount of starch-rich concentrate in rations to horses with the mentioned disorders. To achieve this, fat comes in as a useful alternative source of energy. Fat is absorbed as fatty acids which have little impact on the horse\'s blood glucose concentration, and can therefore be fed as a replacement for parts of the concentrate in the ration.</p>\r\n<p><br />Vegetable oil contains predominantly fat (triglycerides) and few other nutrients. It is therefore important to make sure that the ration provides balanced amounts of all the other nutrients needed by the horse. This is where the PC-Horse program will help. You can quickly check that the ration gives a balanced supply of nutrients, and correct any shortages or surpluses. You will also get information about how much fat the ration contains, and whether this is within the recommended range.</p>','',1,616,'2012-08-21 19:52:32',62,'','2015-01-14 12:44:19',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2012-08-31 22:55:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',14,441,'','',1,1211,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(3602,4265,'August 2012 - How do we express a horse\'s energy needs and the energy content of its feeds?','august2012-de','<p>Everyone knows that sweets and fatty foods contain many calories and can easily cause obesity, while vegetables, fruits and whole meal bread contain fewer calories (less energy) per kilogram or gram. In terms of humans, we talk about the content of calories as a measure of the amount of energy in food.</p>\r\n<p>The content of energy in horse feeds is more difficult to grasp. This is due partly to the fact that we can express the energy requirements for horses both in megajoules and feed units. In addition, energy demands and the energy content of horse feeds may also be calculated in different ways: i.e. as digestible energy, metabolisable energy, or net energy. We will return to this later, since it has practical significance, because the method of calculation of energy varies from country to country, and is in large part based on the traditions of different countries. As long as we calculate energy requirements and feed energy content in the same way, however, the horse will get the right amount of energy. We have taken this into account in the PC-Horse program.</p>\r\n<p>Let us first look at the units used to specify an amount of energy. Calories are the old unit of energy, and should not be used anymore. These days we use instead the \"Joule\" as the unit of energy. The conversion from calories to joules is simple: 1 calorie = 4.18 joules. When energy content is presented in joules, the numerical value is therefore about 4 times higher than when using the calorie.<br /> <br /> 1 joule is small amount of energy. Since the horse is a large animal and needs millions of joules per day for maintenance and work, it is more convenient to use megajoules (MJ) than joules when calculating a horse\'s energy needs. A megajoule is equivalent to one million joules.<br /> <br /> We will now try to explain the different calculation methods. Even if you do not need to understand in detail, it is important to be aware that there are different ways to calculate the energy, and that we often have to \"translate\" the energy content that is on a bag of imported horse feed to national units when comparing imports to other available feeds.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Digestible energy (DE)<br /> </strong>A digestion trial is needed to determine how much energy a particular food will make available to the horse. In digestion trials we give a group of horses a known quantity of the tested feed for several days. We collect the manure, and determine the gross energy content of the feed and the manure by combustion. When we have measured the amount of energy supplied in the diet and the amount of energy lost in the manure, we can calculate the amount digested by the horse. This difference between the gross energy in the feed and the manure is called the <strong>digestible energy content</strong> of the feed, usually abbreviated DE. In the UK, the horse\'s energy requirements and the feed energy content is given as digestible energy (DE) and expressed in MJ. In the United States energy requirements are also calculated as digestible energy (DE), but the old calorie unit (in the form of megacalorie, MCal) is still used.<br /> <br /> <strong>Metabolisable energy (ME)<br /> </strong>In some countries, such as Sweden and Germany, the energy content of feeds is calculated as metabolisable energy and expressed as megajoules (MJ). In the calculation of metabolisable energy, one incorporates both the energy content of the manure and the energy which the horse loses in urine and fecal gas (methane) into the calculation. Therefore, the energy content of a given diet will have a lower numerical value (of MJ) when it is calculated as metabolisable energy than when it is calculated as digestible energy. We must therefore always check to see if the megajoules specified for a feed is calculated as digestible energy or metabolisable energy.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Net energy (NE or feeding units)</strong></p>\r\n<p>The net energy of a feed is the proportion of the gross energy that can be used for training and work, and for reproduction and growth, after subtracting energy losses (heat) that are incurred when nutrients are digested, absorbed, and metabolized in the body. The net energy value of a feed (in MJ) is therefore an even lower number than the metabolisable energy.</p>\r\n<p>For practical purposes it is common to convert the net energy from MJ to a relative unit of energy, the \"Feed Units Horse\". This is an old tradition in countries that use the net energy system. In Europe this includes Norway, Denmark, Iceland, the Netherlands and France. When we calculate the “Feed Units Horse (FUH)”, we divide the net energy value by 9.414 MJ. Why divide by 9.414? This number represents the net energy value (MJ) in one kg of barley. When we express the energy content of a feed as FUH, we specify how much net energy a kilogram of the feed will give the horse, compared to one kilogram of barley. For example, if we have determined the energy value of a kilogram of hay to be 0.5 FUH, it means that a kilogram of this hay contains half as much energy as a kilogram of barley. In other words, we must feed 2 kg of hay to place the same amount of energy at the horse’s disposal as it gets from eating 1 kg of barley.</p>\r\n<p><strong>In summary</strong></p>\r\n<p>We have looked at several methods for the calculation of the energy content of feeds:</p>\r\n<p>digestible energy (DE), metabolisable energy (ME) and net energy (NE).</p>\r\n<p>Digestible energy and metabolisable energy requirements are expressed in MJ, while net energy is expressed in “Feed Units Horse”. In the Netherlands, the net energy unit is called VEP, and in France the UFC. As noted above, it is important to be aware that the horse\'s energy requirements must be calculated according to the same principles (i.e. digestible or net) and expressed in the same units (i.e. MJ or UFC) as the energy content of the feed.</p>\r\n<p>Here is an example to help clarify the above point:</p>\r\n<p>If you were to calculate your horse\'s needs in digestible energy, for example, by using the NRC calculations from the USA directly, and then feed MJ by MJ a concentrate where the energy is expressed as metabolisable energy, the horse will have too much energy and may easily become fat.</p>\r\n<p>In the PC-Horse program, we can recalculate the energy content of feeds produced in different countries, so that the energy values ​​will match those of your national system, whether expressed as net energy or digestible energy, and regardless of whether the units are MJ or UFC.</p>\r\n<p>This has been the first of a series of articles on how the energy content of a feed is determined and expressed. We know that the differing ways energy is handled in different countries represents a challenge to both nutritionists and feed advisors. We will therefore follow this up with more articles on related topics. Among these, we shall address the ranges of energy content we may expect in forages, and how to deal with imported animal feeds in more detail.</p>','',1,616,'2012-07-11 22:00:00',62,'','2015-01-14 12:32:20',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2012-07-31 22:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',6,530,'','',1,1243,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(3603,4266,'June/July 2012 - The dietary cation-anion balance','june-2012-de','<p>All animals need minerals. Thanks to almost 100 years of nutrition research, we know a lot about the mineral needs for each horse - whether, it is sodium (from salt), potassium or iodine. We know that a horse rarely lacks potassium, since plant foods are rich in this mineral. For sodium, however, there is a much smaller margin between what is in the plants and what the may horse needs. This explains why we must give salt supplements, but not potassium supplements. Sodium and potassium are present as positive ions (cations) in the feed, i.e. they have a positive electric charge. Since the feed as a whole is electrically neutral, cations are always accompanied by a corresponding number of negative ions (anions).</p>\r\n<p>Although the overall amounts of sodium, potassium, chlorine and sulphur in the ration are important, the horse\'s metabolism is also affected by the balance between these ions. With sports horses in particular, rations need controlling to avoid an imbalance that can lead to acidification. This may happen with horses on high concentrate rations with extra supplements of minerals. All of this explains the growing interest of horse people in the cation-anion balance of rations. It is also  why the next version of PC-Horse will enable its users to calculate cation-anion balances.</p>\r\n<p>The cation-anion balance is referred to as DCAB (dietary cation-anion balance) or CAB, and is calculated as the sum of the positively charged minerals sodium and potassium (Na + K) minus the sum of the negatively charged minerals sulphur and chloride (Cl + S). The unit used is milliequivalents (mEq). It is important to remember that the cation-anion balance is not a nutrient such as potassium or chlorine, but a calculated number that characterizes a feed or ration. With a predominance of sodium and potassium (cations) in relation to chloride and sulphur (anions) in the ration, the DCAB will be positive, and have an alkalizing effect on the body, as shown by a slight increase in blood pH. A dominance of chloride and sulphur in relation to sodium and potassium will have an acidifying effect on the body, and blood pH will decrease slightly.</p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/DCAB-scale.png\" alt=\"DCAB-scale\" width=\"145\" height=\"174\" /> <img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/DCAB-BALANS.jpg\" alt=\"DCAB-BALANS\" width=\"139\" height=\"174\" /></p>\r\n<p>The DCAB value for common roughages used for horses is in the range +250 to +450 mEq per kg dry matter. In oats, the value is around +30 and in barley +40 to +50 mEq per kg dry matter. Thus we see that forages</p>\r\n<p>have significantly more positive DCAB values than corn. The concentrate mixtures vary widely depending on the DCAB of the ingredients, and the mineral additives used. In ordinary table salt DCAB is 0 because we have just as many milliequivalents of sodium as we have chloride!</p>\r\n<p>As we have seen above, diets with plenty of forage will generally have a positive DCAB. As the proportion of concentrate increases, the DCAB value of a ration will decline. DCAB can be expressed in three ways: as per kg dry matter in a feed, as a value for the ration, or else per kg of body weight of the horse.</p>\r\n<p>A feed ration with only hay (8 kg/day) given to a 500 kg horse will typically have a DCAB of about +2500 mEq. This corresponds to +5 mEq per kg of body weight. In the case of a trained horse on a ration of 6 kg hay plus 3.5 kg oats, the DCAB-value for the ration changes to +2000 mEq, or +4 mEq per kg of body weight. Mineral supplements, commonly given to race horses, may change these values ​significantly. In fact, mineral additions are used by the feed manufacturing industry to obtain specific DCAB-values for a feed or a ration. The physiological processes underlying how metabolism is affected by the cation-anion balance are complicated. Using the new PC-Horse version, which comes in August, you can calculate DCAB values for your own feeds, and read and learn more about cation-anion balances.</p>\r\n<p><em>This article was originally written by Dr. Day Austbø.</em><br /><em> Copyright: PC-Horse International - Norway 2012.</em><br /> <em>Feel free to use and publish the material. Please indicate the source and author.</em></p>','',1,616,'2012-05-24 12:24:36',62,'','2015-01-14 12:25:24',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2012-05-31 23:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',5,526,'','',1,1408,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(3604,4267,'May 2012 - Body condition: an important factor in horse nutrition','may-2012-de','<p>When planning your horse\'s ration it\'s important to work with accurate information about the horse. Some information is easy to obtain, such as breed, age, sex and the stage of pregnancy or lactation. Correct estimates of body weight and the amount of exercise are usually harder to get, but still necessary in order to calculate requirements.</p>\r\n<p>Somewhat surprisingly, body condition itself is not included in the calculation of nutrient needs, since body condition is necessarily an effect of feeding that has been given in the past. Therefore, you have to adjust the ration according to your best assessment of current body condition, and use it as “historical” information about the adequacy of the energy supply. It is therefore important to be able to assess body condition and its changes over time.</p>\r\n<p>The horse\'s body condition (thin, moderate or fat) tells you a lot about how the amount of energy fed in recent weeks and months has met the horse\'s needs for energy. Remember, however, that body condition alone will not tell you how well the requirements for important nutrients such as protein, calcium and phosphorus have been met.</p>\r\n<p>A horse\'s condition can be assessed in several ways. The most common way uses ratings from 1 to 9, with 1 being very thin, 9 extremely fat, and 4 to 6 moderate. The ratings reflect the amount of fat on certain body parts. On the Internet you can find many descriptions of how to assess body condition by searching for “<em>body condition score, horse</em>”.</p>\r\n<p><em>Example of a 5-level body condition score:</em></p>\r\n<p><em><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/pchimages/horsecondition-score.png\" alt=\"horsecondition-score\" width=\"550\" height=\"453\" /></em></p>\r\n<p>Much of this material may at first glance seem complicated, but the most important judgment to make concerns the fat layer found between the skin and ribs in the area below the withers.  In addition, you should keep an eye on the horse\'s topline, i.e. the back and the rump.</p>\r\n<p>Young growing horses should not be fat, but should still have sufficient body condition to appear well filled out with muscle and with rounded contours along the back. All too often we see particularly that yearlings can be thin and with an excessively bony topline. With horses that have thick fur, you will need to feel carefully with your hands in order to assess the fat content correctly.</p>\r\n<p>For sports and competition horses the same rules apply: they should not be fat, but well-muscled. Broodmares require an even better body condition than that required by sports and competition horses. A little extra fat will give them energy reserves that are very important in later mating and pregnancy. Experiments have confirmed that broodmares in good body condition are more likely to become pregnant than thin mares.</p>\r\n<p>Remember to ignore the weight of the growing fetus when calculating the broodmare\'s nutritional requirements, even late in the pregnancy. Thus, in PC-Horse, you should not incorporate the weight gain that comes with fetal growth, since all the program equations are based on non-pregnant body weight.</p>\r\n<p><em>This article was originally written by Dr. Day Austbø.</em><br /><em> Copyright: PC-Horse International - Norway 2012.</em><br /> <em>Feel free to use and publish the material. Please indicate the source and author.</em></p>\r\n<p><em> </em></p>','',1,616,'2012-04-25 12:04:47',62,'','2015-01-14 12:20:41',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2012-04-30 22:55:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',8,520,'','',1,1220,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(3605,4268,'April 2012 - It\'s time to make plans for the upcoming breeding season.','april-2012-de','<p>Now April is here, most owners wanting to breed a horse will have decided what stallion they want to use for their mare.</p>\r\n<p>If your brood mare is pregnant and expecting a foal in the spring, you should inform your chosen insemination centre of your mare\'s expected foaling date. Agreement must be reached with the stud owner concerning transport of the mare before foaling and return afterwards with the foal or, if the mare is to foal at home, transporting her from home and back again after the birth of the foal. Remember that there are provisions which apply to the transport of pregnant mares and mares with young foals.</p>\r\n<p>Insemination of the mare at home.</p>\r\n<p>In the case of home insemination you must arrange with the stud owner or artificial insemination centre how you are best to be sent the semen. This is a frozen sample of semen that is collected from the stallion at the insemination centre then packed and shipped to you in the quickest way possible.</p>\r\n<p>A home insemination benefits both mare and newborn foal as they can remain throughout in familiar surroundings. It also reduces the risk of infection and stress that can be caused through transportation and the abrupt introduction of the horse into a new environment.</p>\r\n<p>If you plan to use an artificial insemination, you will have to work together with a veterinarian who is experienced in the insemination of mares and ultrasound examination of the ovaries. The veterinarian will use ultrasound to track ovarian activity and detect the right time for insemination, as well as a microscope to check the quality of the semen.</p>\r\n<p>Keep your vet well informed about your plans and when you expect it to be appropriate to perform the insemination. This means you need to know approximately when the mare will foal and whether you are looking to inseminate during the first ovulation, about 9 days after foaling or if you choose to wait for the monthly oestrus about 30 days after foaling.</p>\r\n<p>If the mare is inseminated in the first ovulation and becomes pregnant, the foal will arrive approximately 1 month earlier in next year compared to the present year. This is particularly relevant for a mare that will foal later in the year than wanted. If the mare is inseminated during its monthly oestrus and becomes pregnant, the foal will arrive about the same time next year as this year.</p>\r\n<p>If the mare is bred during its first ovulation, conditions must be optimised. The mare must be sound and healthy and foaling must have gone without any complications. The veterinarian who will perform the insemination will be able to advise you whether it is best for your mare to breed during the very first oestrus, or wait until the next. There should be no pressure to inseminate early if the vet thinks it is best for the mare to wait.</p>\r\n<p>Now that the mare is in the latter part of gestation the need for effective nutrition increases significantly. The fetus is now growing more and more rapidly as the time of foaling approaches and you must respond and follow this up with appropriate feeding. This means that it is important to pay close attention to the bodyweight and condition of the brood mare. It can grow thin very quickly if appropriate action is not taken now.</p>\r\n<p>Feel the ribs. You should feel some fat between your hand and the ribs.</p>\r\n<p>To maintain good appetite throughout parturition and on into lactation, the mare should be eating the diet you expect to use after foaling. This means that you must use a feed mixture that is specifically designed for pregnant and lactating mares.</p>\r\n<p>In the PC-Horse program, the food needs of brood mares automatically change as the pregnancy proceeds. The program knows when the mare became pregnant (you already added the date of conception) and also knows the current date (taken from your PC every time the program is opened and run). Thus the nutritional needs of the mare are calculated on a day-by-day, week-by-week  basis.</p>\r\n<p>You should therefore check the brood mare\'s ration weekly during this last period of gestation.</p>\r\n<p><em>This article was originally written by Dr. Day Austbø.</em><br /><em> Copyright: PC-Horse International - Norway 2012.</em><br /> <em>Feel free to use and publish the material. Please indicate the source and author.</em></p>\r\n<p>Other relevant topics:</p>\r\n<p><a href=\"index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=340:march2011&amp;catid=81:topics\">Now we need to think about the brood mares</a><a href=\"index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=341:april2011&amp;catid=81:topics\"><br /></a></p>\r\n<p><a href=\"index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=341:april2011&amp;catid=81:topics\">How have young horse fared through the winter</a></p>','',1,616,'2012-03-19 08:19:52',62,'','2015-01-14 12:12:11',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2012-03-31 23:50:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',8,511,'','',1,1253,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(3606,4269,'March 2012 - How can we ensure the very best ration for a horse?','mars2012-de','<p><em><img style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/haybal.jpg\" alt=\"haybal\" width=\"200\" height=\"133\" /> <span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>+</strong></span> <img style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/vatten.jpg\" alt=\"vatten\" width=\"200\" height=\"133\" /> <span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>=</strong></span> <img style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/ensilage.jpg\" alt=\"ensilage\" width=\"200\" height=\"133\" /> </em></p>\r\n<p>To feed a horse well, you must first select the particular feeds you want to use, and then decide on a daily allowance for each. This is easy enough in theory, but in practice there are some common pitfalls.</p>\r\n<p>In addition to the nutrients that a ration has to provide, there are several other requirements you have to take into account. The first is to make sure your horse has enough to eat! That is, the ration should contain sufficient feed for the horse to feel full. This feeling of fullness is vital for the horse\'s well-being and mental health, and prevents the development of stereotypical behaviour such as crib-biting, wind-sucking and tongue-rolling. Generally, a horse that feels naturally full works well in most situations, and better than a horse that is constantly searching for more food. So the question then is how much food should a horse have to feel naturally full and satisfied?</p>\r\n<p>Here are some simple guidelines:</p>\r\n<p>When considering how much a horse should be given to eat, it is of great importance to determine how dry or how moist the feed is. It is the dry matter in a feed that provides energy and nutrients, not the water. For feeds which are fed in moistened form, like beet pulp, this is generally easy, since the amount can be measured dry before the water is added. To control the amount of a water-rich feed such as haylage so that the dry matter you feed corresponds to a particular amount of a dry feed you have to make a calculation.</p>\r\n<p>Since water content is so important for overall nutrient value, you need to have, or to make, an analysis of the dry matter content of your haylage. The dry matter analysis informs us how much of the feed is dry material remaining after the drying process and how much is water.</p>\r\n<p>The water in a feed does not give the horse satiety, nor does it contribute nutrients. Therefore it is vital to be able to “compare” feeds on an equivalent dry matter basis when composing rations. Most feed analysis gives the dry matter content in any sample as a percentage. If an analysis of haylage gives a figure of 65% dry matter, you know that the roughage being fed consists of 65% dry material and 35% water.</p>\r\n<p>To assess the amount of haylage you need to feed a horse, it is customary to convert its solids content to that of standard hay. The daily ration given to a horse should contain the equivalent of about 1.5 kg hay per 100 kg body weight, in order to keep the digestive functions working optimally. Hay contains about 85% solids and 15% water.</p>\r\n<p>Here is an example that may help you with the kind of calculations you may need to do.</p>\r\n<p>If your adult horse weighs 500 kg, you are recommended to provide around 7.5 kg of dry hay per day. When using roughages with higher water content than 15%, for example haylage and macerated beet pulp, you need to calculate how many kilos of your own forage are equivalent to 7,5 kg of hay. So, to determine the equivalent amount of your own moist feed that you need to provide if your horse requires 7.5 kg dry hay per day, multiply 7.5 kg by 85 (which is the standard dry matter percentage of hay), and divide that by the dry matter percentage of your own feed. In our example above, your moist feed percentage is 65.</p>\r\n<p>This gives us the calculation: 7.5 * 85/65 = 9.8 kg.</p>\r\n<p>Therefore you must provide your horse with 9.8 kg haylage if it is to get the same amount of dry matter as it would from 7.5 kg of hay. If your haylage only contained 50% dry matter, you would have to feed 12.8 kg in order to deliver the recommended amount of dry matter.</p>\r\n<p>In this way, once you have ensured that your horse will get sufficient amounts of roughage in the ration, you can go ahead and give concentrates, vegetable oil, vitamin- and mineral-supplements plus any additional feed types to supplement the ration. Use the PC-Horse program to check that the ration provides adequate amounts of energy, protein, minerals and vitamins to meet your horse\'s needs. If horses are described and defined correctly within the PC-Horse program, it will be easy to check that rations formulated are meeting optimal requirements.</p>\r\n<p>One other question remains: How much can I expect my horse to eat per day?</p>\r\n<p>To answer this, start from the assumption that a horse will eat about 2.5 kg dry feed per 100 kg of body weight. This will apply to adult horses in the maintenance category in PC-Horse. Young growing horses, exercised horses and brood mares will eat more of both roughage and concentrates, and they will be likely to need a daily feed intake of 3.0 kg dry feed per 100 kg of body weight. Remember though, that this is only a recommendation. There are always individual differences in how much horses eat - just like people!</p>\r\n<p><em>This article was originally written by Dr. Day Austbø.</em><br /><em> Copyright: PC-Horse International - Norway 2012.</em><br /> <em>Feel free to use and publish the material. Please indicate the source and author.</em></p>','',1,616,'2012-02-16 14:30:37',62,'','2015-01-14 12:08:00',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2012-02-29 22:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',10,508,'','',1,1186,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(3607,4270,'December 2011 - Starch in horse feed rations','december2011-de','<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/12splash200x150.jpg\" alt=\"12splash200x150\" width=\"200\" height=\"150\" />  <img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/stivelse.jpg\" alt=\"stivelse\" width=\"200\" height=\"150\" /></p>\r\n<p>There is a long tradition of using grains and cereal-based concentrates, especially those derived from oats and barley, in horse rations. Such ingredients are commonly an important part of rations for work horses and horses in training, since these have increased demands for energy which are difficult to meet from forage alone. Oats are commonly fed whole or crushed, while barley and other grains are main ingredients in concentrate mixtures, whether in the form of pellets or muesli.</p>\r\n<p>The distinctive thing about grains is that they contain about 50% starch and it is this starch that is the energy-rich part of the grain. Generally, we expect grain and grain-based feed mixtures to contain about twice as much energy per kilogram as dry forages (i.e. hay). Compared with forage or silage, which contain substantive amounts of water, the food value of grain, which usually has a water content of 15%, is even greater. When comparing energy contents of feeds always remember to adjust to the same water content first. The most energy-rich ingredient we can add to the rations of horses is fat (e.g. vegetable oil). Fat gives almost 3 times more energy per kilo than corn, but cannot be used in large quantities due to limitations of digestion and absorption.</p>\r\n<p>When the horse\'s ration is predominantly forage, much of the digestion occurs in the hind gut (caecum and colon) after the feed has passed through the stomach and small intestine. Here the finely chewed plant fibres are degraded (fermented) by microbes. This fermentation produces water-soluble fatty acids, mainly acetic and propionic acid. These are absorbed easily through the intestinal wall and give the horse a steady supply of nutrients to be used as energy for work and for the production of milk or foetus.</p>\r\n<p>When we give the horse a starch-rich diet (a high proportion of grain and concentrate mixtures), a large part of that starch is digested in the small intestine. The starch is broken down by enzymes in the intestines into sugars (glucose) that are transported from the intestinal contents into the blood. This leads to an increase in the horse\'s blood sugar level. The horse\'s pancreas secretes the hormone insulin to regulate blood sugar concentration, and to ensure that the absorbed glucose is used directly for energy when needed or else stored as glycogen in liver and muscles and as fat in adipose tissue.</p>\r\n<p>When horses are fed a lot of starch-rich concentrate, blood glucose may rise substantially in spite of increased insulin secretion. They may then easily become \"hot-tempered\" and some horses may be difficult to control. However, this varies widely. It is not proven that one particular type of starch, e.g. from oats, is more likely to make a horse “hot” than another type of starch, such as from barley. Most often, it is the amount they are fed that is decisive.</p>\r\n<p>If horses in training have days off, without their rations being reduced, they can easily develop muscle problems resulting in stiffness, \"tying up\", or the more serious condition of muscle degeneration (myoglobinuria). Always remember that horses who work or exercise hard should receive a reduced concentrate volume on days off, usually about half the amount they receive in the days of training. Horses that are susceptible to these problems should preferably exercise lightly, even on their off days.</p>\r\n<p>When horses receive a large amount of concentrate in one meal, a portion of the starch passes through the small intestine without being absorbed and thus comes into the large intestines. Here, the starch is utilized rapidly by the intestinal flora and the fermentation can lead to a fall in pH, making the environment in the gut more acidic, and thus less favourable for the digestion of fibre. In addition, it may create other imbalances that, in severe cases, can lead to colic or laminitis.</p>\r\n<p>A horse in hard training, as mentioned above, will eat quite a lot of feed, and it is important that the concentrates given are distributed over the course of several meals. A common rule of thumb is that a single meal should not contain more than 1.5 grams of starch per kilogram of the horse\'s body weight. A horse of 500 kg should therefore not receive more than 750 grams of starch per meal. Consequently, 1,5 kilos of concentrate would be equivalent to the upper recommended amount of starch to be given in one meal.</p>\r\n<p>As mentioned, the most important concern when feeding a high proportion of starch-rich concentrate in your rations is to monitor the amount of starch that the horse receives in every single meal. In our PC-Horse program, we will soon include starch as a factor in our feed-calculator. For this to be meaningful, it is important that you use the program\'s function for allocation of the daily ration into meals. Then the program will calculate the amount of starch per meal and warn if the amounts exceed the recommended intake of 750 grams per meal. This way, you can easily monitor and correct the ration or the number of meals so that the risk of illness or adverse side effects is minimized.</p>\r\n<p><em>This article was originally written by Dr. Day Austbø.</em><br /><em>Copyright: PC-Horse International - Norway 2012.</em><br /><em>Feel free to use and publish the material. Please indicate the source and author.</em></p>','',1,616,'2011-02-15 16:01:48',62,'','2015-01-14 12:56:42',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-11-30 23:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',19,482,'','',1,1210,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(3608,4271,'November 2011 - Now we are coming into the cold season and the challenges it brings','november2011-de','<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/11splash200x150.jpg\" alt=\"11splash200x150\" width=\"200\" height=\"150\" /><br />In general, horses can tolerate cold well and they should preferably be allowed outside as much as possible. \"The lower critical temperature\" is the external temperature at which a horse needs to increase its heat production in order to maintain body temperature, or \"keep  warm\". When it gets colder than this temperature outside, horses will increase their feed consumption, and increase their use of body fat stores. For adult horses in normal condition and getting enough food, the \"lower critical temperature\" is around minus 15 degrees. Thin horses, old horses and young horses can tolerate cold less well and for them the lower critical temperature can range between minus 5 and minus 10 degrees Centigrade. In wind and rain, horses will lose heat more rapidly than in dry, calm weather. If they are out a lot in winter it is important that they receive enough roughage (hay or haylage). These roughages have a long retention time in the hindgut of the horse, and will contribute to heat production in more that 24 hours after being eaten. Ideally our horses should be allowed out daily also in winter, and forage or have other roughage available according to their appetites.</p>\r\n<p>Allowing our horses to be exposed to outside conditions as temperature falls in October and November will promote growth of a winter coat and prepare metabolism for colder winter conditions. A naturally dense and long winter coat will keep horses warm under most conditions. If this coat has been cut for training or competition reasons, however, extra blankets will be needed for outside in cold weather, even at temperatures considered being above the lower critical temperature. <br />Trained horses are usually sweating after a workout, and should be allowed to rest inside or be covered with a rug until they are dry. As a rule, horses should only wear blankets outside in dry weather.  </p>\r\n<p><br />A critical factor for horses kept outdoors in winter is water. Take extra care to see that your horses always have free access to water. In winter it is easier for them to develop colic? This is often because they have too little water or that the water is frozen.</p>\r\n<p>With the PC-Horse program, you can easily keep track of how much forage your horse gets. Try therefore to provide as much as possible of the basic ration as roughage during winter, and give grain and other concentrates to match the requirements calculated by PC-Horse for training and other activities.</p>\r\n<p>If horses are kept permanently outside, then stricter requirements for their welfare and environment may apply. Legislation and practical rules will vary from country to country, and it is always important that such requirements are observed. As a minimum, and in general, our horses should always have access to a dry, draft-free place where they can find comfort sheltered from wind and rain. Good shelters will lower the temperature at which horses starts shivering to maintain body temperature (the lower critical temperature), and thus enables them to cope with lower winter temperatures without having to increase feed consumption.</p>\r\n<p><em>This article was originally written by Dr. Day Austbø.</em><br /><em> Copyright: PC-Horse International - Norway 2012.</em><br /> <em>Feel free to use and publish the material. Please indicate the source and author.</em></p>\r\n<p>  </p>','',1,616,'2011-02-15 16:01:27',62,'','2015-01-14 12:52:51',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-10-31 23:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',13,480,'','',1,1157,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(3609,4272,'October 2011 - The availability of minerals in rations for horses','october2011-de','<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/10splash200x133.jpg\" alt=\"10splash200x133\" width=\"200\" height=\"133\" /><br /><br />There is a lot of discussion about the chemical form of minerals (ie. Magnesium, Phosphorus, Copper, Zinc, Selenium etc.) that are added to horse rations. When we provide extra minerals in concentrates or in a mineral supplement, this is traditionally in the form of inorganic salts.</p>\r\n<p>Minerals can, however, also be bound to an organic molecule, such as an amino acid. They can also be fed with yeast or fungi that have incorporated the minerals during their growth. Minerals bound to organic molecules are usually called chelated minerals. <br />If we search the Internet for \"chelated minerals for horses\", we get many hits. Most articles are written as part of the marketing of products containing chelated minerals. It is often claimed that chelated minerals in a given product are taken up by the horse in a much better way than is the case with the inorganic forms. Products with chelated minerals are generally more expensive than similar products with inorganic minerals.</p>\r\n<p>The picture is somewhat different in literature reporting experiments on the absorption of inorganic and chelated minerals. The official American standard of nutrition of horses (Nutrient Requirements of Horses, NRC 2007) comments on how well minerals are absorbed on the basis of published results of digestibility trials.<br /><br />The findings are not always as clear as claimed in advertisements for chelated minerals<br />Indeed, some minerals have a somewhat better absorption in chelated rather than in inorganic form, others have a similar, or even lower absorption.<br /><br />The main message in NRC 2007 is that there are no major differences between inorganic and chelated minerals in respect to sustaining adequate minerals nutrition. When calculating the need for individual minerals, NRC takes into account how well the mineral is absorbed. For a mineral where 50% of the content of the feed is absorbed, NRC puts the horse\'s daily requirements at twice the amount the body needs to absorb from the intestinal tract. Thus, when using mineral requirements as published by the NRC, PC-Horse also takes into account how well the different minerals in the total ration will be absorbed by the horse.</p>\r\n<p>Your PC-Horse program calculates the minerals needed by all types of horse according to NRC 2007 standards. In respect to minerals for horse nutrition, we consider these standards to be the very best in the world.</p>\r\n<p>As more scientific evidence becomes available on the absorption and utilization of various chemical forms of minerals, we will incorporate it in the calculation engine of the PC-Horse program, enabling us to provide ever better nutritional advice to horse owners.</p>\r\n<p><em>This article was originally written by Dr. Day Austbø.</em><br /><em> Copyright: PC-Horse International - Norway 2012.</em><br /> <em>Feel free to use and publish the material. Please indicate the source and author.</em></p>','',1,616,'2011-02-15 16:01:00',62,'','2015-01-14 12:50:19',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-09-30 23:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',14,473,'','',1,1131,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE','');
INSERT INTO `pjtfu_content` VALUES (3610,4273,'February 2012 - Feeding the older horse','february2012-de','<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/02splash200x150.jpg\" alt=\"02splash200x150\" width=\"200\" height=\"150\" /><br /><br /></p>\r\n<p>Many horse owners keep their horses until they are quite old, even when their use has become minimal. Generally, we estimate that a horse can be defined as “aged” or “old” from about 20 years onwards. As with humans, however, there are large individual differences in how well individual horses will function in a riding or sports environment as they get older.</p>\r\n<p>The nutritional literature gives us no clear-cut evidence to confirm that aged horses have a lower energy requirement than younger horses. Similarly, the effects of aging on a horse\'s protein needs are not very well known, although a reduced ability in older horses to digest protein has been reported. Ask your feed supplier about the protein source in your concentrate. Proteins with a good amino acid composition will ensure that the horse is able to maintain its muscle mass. The amino acids lysine and threonine have been identified as important in this respect.</p>\r\n<p>Information on possible changes in the mineral and vitamin requirements of aged horses is also sparse. Small declines in the utilization of phosphorus and an increased need for vitamin C have been noted. In general however, it can be assumed that the feeding of horses aged 20 years or more provides the same challenges as does the feeding of any adult horse, as long as the requirements for exercise and other activities are observed and taken into account.</p>\r\n<p>It is common for older horses to experience problems with the chewing of roughages as their teeth wear and new bone and enamel are not replenished at a sufficient rate. When horses aged 20 years or more do start to lose condition, special attention should be paid to feed quality. In particular, hay and other dried roughages should be leafy and not too hard to chew. Accordingly, some horse owners prefer to feed haylage to aged horses, thereby compensating for a reduced ability to chew dry roughage.</p>\r\n<p>As for the concentrate part of the ration, pelleted feeds or muesli mixes will need less chewing and will have higher digestibility than untreated grains. The addition of some vegetable oil in the ration will increase the energy content and help to prevent or reduce a loss in body condition.</p>\r\n<p>As with all other animals, including man, the likelihood of developing disease in horses increases with age. Cushing\'s disease is more common amongst older horses, and has consequences for feeding, since it affects both appetite and metabolism. Cushing’s disease is a metabolic disturbance caused by too high secretion of a hormone from the pituitary gland, which in turn leads to an excess of cortisol in the body. Symptoms of Cushing\'s include weight loss despite increased appetite, swollen eyes, and the development of a long and dense coat. Cushing’s may also predispose for serious conditions such as laminitis and diabetes. Horses with Cushing’s have a poor toleration of sugar or starch. Care should therefore be taken to reduce or eliminate sugary feeds or grain-based concentrates. As long as the horse’s teeth are in good condition, rations rich in fibre should be fed, since these are predominantly digested in the hind gut, and only cause limited blood sugar rises after a meal.</p>\r\n<p>In summary, there is no magic solution to feeding aged horses well!</p>\r\n<p>Use your PC-Horse program to adjust the ration based on body weight and level of exercise. Observe any change in body condition closely if you own a horse in the age group 20+. If it loses condition, be careful to monitor the teeth, and match the feed quality with the capacity for chewing. Reduce the size of the ration if the horse gets too fat. Watch out for diseases. Cushing\'s syndrome, diabetes, laminitis and recurrent colic episodes all require the advice of a veterinarian and a feed specialist.</p>\r\n<p><em>This article was originally written by Dr. Day Austbø.</em><br /><em> Copyright: PC-Horse International - Norway 2012.</em><br /> <em>Feel free to use and publish the material. Please indicate the source and author.</em></p>','',1,616,'2011-02-15 15:57:55',62,'','2015-01-14 12:04:30',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2012-01-31 23:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',13,496,'','',1,1214,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(3611,4274,'January 2012 - Winter challenges for colts and fillies','january-2012-winter-challenges-for-colts-and-fillies','<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/01splash200x150_ny.jpg\" alt=\"01splash200x150_ny\" width=\"200\" height=\"150\" /></p>\r\n<p>Raising young horses outdoors in small or larger groups during the winter months is regarded as a good way of building strong, hardy horses. With access to paddocks and natural outdoor areas, horses have opportunities for varied exercise and lots of social interaction. We would do well to remember that these conditions should not be selected simply in order to rationalize and simplify the work of raising growing horses. It should also be looked upon as an extremely valuable period for natural play and exercise, a prerequisite for developing the strengths and skills that your horses will need on the day they enter into a more systematic training programme.</p>\r\n<p>Young horses kept outside during winter should have the opportunity of finding shelter in a well-lit, dry space with sufficient floor room for all to lay down at the same time.</p>\r\n<p>When it comes to feeding, providing enough good quality roughage is a must. Youngsters raised outside under winter conditions should always have free access to roughage, whether they are fed hay or haylage. If you buy some or all of your own roughage and do not have any previous experience with its nutrient composition, you should ask the vendor for a chemical analysis so that you can supplement it with protein or minerals if the quality of the roughage is below a good standard.  </p>\r\n<p>Based on an analysis of the roughage, it is easy to plan a basic ration which may include supplementary concentrates and minerals to cover the general needs for protein, minerals and vitamins. In cold and windy weather, you can select the “Active horse” option in the PC-Horse program. This will provide for 10 % extra energy needed to accommodate the requirement for extra activity and thermoregulatory need. To customize this basic ration to the needs of individual horses, concentrate should be given individually. It is therefore best to keep the youngsters tied when they are eating their individual portions of grains or concentrates. Whilst tied, you should take the opportunity to evaluate body condition, check for wounds and injuries, and get your colt or filly accustomed to handling.</p>\r\n<p>In PC-Horse, you can adjust the targeted growth rate of individuals by selecting either a “Normal” or a “High” targeted growth rate when you define their characteristics. For young horses that are expected to compete at an early age, you should select a “High” growth rate, allowing for a 25 % higher energy intake than during “Normal” raising conditions. You may use a combination of the “Active horse” provision and the “Normal” or “High” targeted growth rate to customize the feeding for your local environment. </p>\r\n<p>In winter it also important to have a good treatment program to combat intestinal parasites. Contact your veterinarian about this. The Professional, Consultant and Education versions of PC-Horse have functions to help you plan parasite treatment, dental treatment, hoof care and other recurring treatment procedures carried out in your stable.</p>\r\n<p>In the program, you can enter the young horse’s weight, based either on the weight measurements you take yourself, or by using PC-Horse to calculate the body weight from the chest circumference taken with a measuring tape. The most important thing, however, is to regularly and carefully inspect your young horses, and pay close attention to their body condition and development during winter. This applies in particular to horses in their first year of life. Poor growth and development during this early period can become very difficult to rectify at a later stage.</p>\r\n<p><em>This article was originally written by Dr. Day Austbø.</em><br /><em> Copyright: PC-Horse International - Norway 2012.</em><br /> <em>Feel free to use and publish the material. Please indicate the source and author.</em></p>','',1,616,'2011-02-15 15:57:14',62,'','2015-01-14 11:55:39',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-12-31 23:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',12,493,'','',1,1278,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(3612,4275,'Foto des Monats','picture-of-the-month-de','<div id=\"gt-src-c\" class=\"g-unit\">&nbsp;<span lang=\"en\"><span lang=\"en\"><span class=\"hps\">Each month</span> <span class=\"hps\">we change the</span> <span class=\"hps\">aperture</span> <span class=\"hps\">image on the</span> <span class=\"hps\">PC-Horse</span>. <span class=\"hps\">We do it</span> <span class=\"hps\">for</span> <span class=\"hps\">seasons</span> <span class=\"hps\">require different</span> <span class=\"hps\">feeding</span> <span class=\"hps\">the horses</span> <span class=\"hps\">and we want to</span> <span class=\"hps\">highlight</span> <span class=\"hps\">this</span> <span class=\"hps\">by publishing</span> <span class=\"hps\">adequate</span> <span class=\"hps\">factual articles</span> <span class=\"hps\">and a monthly</span> <span class=\"hps\">picture that</span> <span class=\"hps\">visualizes</span> <span class=\"hps\">a current theme</span>.</span></span></div>\r\n<p><span class=\"hps\">Do you have a</span> <span class=\"hps\">good picture</span> <span class=\"hps\">that reflects the</span> <span class=\"hps\">coming</span> <span class=\"hps\">months</span>? <span class=\"hps\">Send</span> <span class=\"hps\">it to</span> <span class=\"hps\">us so that</span> <span class=\"hps\">we may</span> <span class=\"hps\">publish it</span> <span class=\"hps\">as a</span> <span class=\"hps\">picture of the month</span><span class=\"hps\"></span>.&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p><span class=\"hps\">Mail</span> <span class=\"hps\">your contribution to</span>: <span class=\"hps\">info@pc-horse.com</span><br /> <span class=\"hps\">Enter the name and</span> <span class=\"hps\">telephone number so we</span> <span class=\"hps\">can contact you.</span><br /> <span class=\"hps\">Submitted</span> <span class=\"hps\">photos</span> <span class=\"hps\">should have a</span> <span class=\"hps\">minimum resolution of</span> <span class=\"hps\">1000x800</span> <span class=\"hps\">pixels.</span></p>\r\n<p><span class=\"hps\">Previously published</span> <span class=\"hps\">opening</span> <span class=\"hps\">images</span>:</p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/splashes/1501splash150.jpg\" alt=\"1501splash150\" /> <img src=\"images-joomla/stories/splashes/1502splash150.jpg\" alt=\"1502splash150\" /> <img src=\"images-joomla/stories/splashes/1503splash150.jpg\" alt=\"1503splash150\" /> <img src=\"images-joomla/stories/splashes/1504splash150.jpg\" alt=\"1504splash150\" /><br /><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/0414splash150.jpg\" alt=\"0414splash150\" height=\"113\" width=\"150\" /> <img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/0514splash150.jpg\" alt=\"0514splash150\" height=\"113\" width=\"150\" /> <img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/0314splash150.jpg\" alt=\"0314splash150\" height=\"113\" width=\"150\" /> <img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/1213splash150.jpg\" alt=\"1213splash150\" height=\"113\" width=\"150\" /> <br /><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/0714splash150.jpg\" alt=\"0714splash150\" height=\"113\" width=\"150\" /> <img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/0914splash150.jpg\" alt=\"0914splash150\" height=\"113\" width=\"150\" /> <img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/0713splash150.jpg\" alt=\"0713splash150\" height=\"113\" width=\"150\" />&nbsp;<img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/0613splash150.jpg\" alt=\"0613splash150\" height=\"113\" width=\"150\" /> <br /><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/0913splash150.jpg\" alt=\"0913splash150\" height=\"113\" width=\"150\" /> <img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/0513splash150.jpg\" alt=\"0513splash150\" height=\"113\" width=\"150\" /> <img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/0413splash150.jpg\" alt=\"0413splash150\" height=\"113\" width=\"150\" /> <img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/0313splash150.jpg\" alt=\"0313splash150\" height=\"113\" width=\"150\" /> <br /><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/0213splash150.jpg\" alt=\"0213splash150\" height=\"113\" width=\"150\" /> <img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/1112splash150.jpg\" alt=\"1112splash150\" height=\"113\" width=\"150\" /> <img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/0812splash150.jpg\" alt=\"0812splash150\" height=\"113\" width=\"150\" /> <img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/0912splash150.jpg\" alt=\"0912splash150\" height=\"113\" width=\"150\" /> <br /><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/0512splash150.jpg\" alt=\"0512splash150\" height=\"113\" width=\"150\" /> <img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/0412splash150.jpg\" alt=\"0412splash150\" height=\"113\" width=\"150\" /> <img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/0612splash150.jpg\" alt=\"0612splash150\" height=\"113\" width=\"150\" /> <img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/0312splash150.jpg\" alt=\"0312splash150\" height=\"113\" width=\"150\" /> <br /><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/0212splash150.jpg\" alt=\"0212splash150\" height=\"113\" width=\"150\" /> <img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/0112splash150.jpg\" alt=\"0112splash150\" height=\"113\" width=\"150\" /> <img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/1211splash150.jpg\" alt=\"1211splash150\" height=\"113\" width=\"150\" /> <img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/1111splash150.jpg\" alt=\"1111splash150\" height=\"113\" width=\"150\" /> <br /><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/1011splash150.jpg\" alt=\"1011splash150\" height=\"113\" width=\"150\" /> <img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/0911splash150.jpg\" alt=\"0911splash150\" height=\"113\" width=\"150\" /> <img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/0811splash150.jpg\" alt=\"0811splash150\" height=\"113\" width=\"150\" /> <img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/0711splash150.jpg\" alt=\"0711splash150\" height=\"113\" width=\"150\" /> <br /><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/0611splash150.jpg\" alt=\"0611splash150\" height=\"113\" width=\"150\" /> <img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/0511splash150.jpg\" alt=\"0511splash150\" height=\"113\" width=\"150\" /> <img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/0411splash150.jpg\" alt=\"0411splash150\" height=\"113\" width=\"150\" /> <img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/0311splash150.jpg\" alt=\"0311splash150\" height=\"113\" width=\"150\" /></p>','',1,617,'2012-03-13 18:28:02',62,'','2015-05-03 07:39:56',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2012-03-13 18:28:02','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',5,1,'','',1,1616,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(3613,4276,'Energiebedarf - Wachstum','energy-requirements-young-horses-de','<p><strong>Both maintenance requirements and requirements for weight gain must be included when calculating the requirements for young and growing horses. </strong></p>\r\n<p>Scientists in the Netherlands have developed a system based on the physiology of growth for calculating the energy requirements of young horses, where breed and blood types may be included as parameters in the equations. In the PC-Horse program we have defined two levels of energy requirements for young horses in order to cater for differences in the rate of gain which is advocated under different conditions.</p>\r\n<p>When \"Rapid growth rate\" is selected, the horse is given a 20% higher energy allowance than when \"Moderate growth rate\" is selected. Rapid growth rate is recommended for horses that are put into training at an early age as well as for horses that are raised in groups and have access to lots of exercise. Further increases in energy supplies may be provided for by selecting the \"moderate exercise\" options within the program.</p>\r\n<p>Irrespective of the target for growth rate that is selected, it is impotant to monitor the body condition of the horse and adjust feeding levels accordingly. The program contains a standard growth curve which can be used to monitor the development of young horses. The following table may also help in monitoring the growth and development of young horses.</p>\r\n<p><strong><br />Growth of young horses as percentage of adult body weight</strong></p>\r\n<table style=\"width: 642px; height: 56px;\" border=\"1\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Age (months)</td>\r\n<td>0</td>\r\n<td>3</td>\r\n<td>6</td>\r\n<td>9</td>\r\n<td>12</td>\r\n<td>15</td>\r\n<td>18</td>\r\n<td>21</td>\r\n<td>24</td>\r\n<td>27</td>\r\n<td>30</td>\r\n<td>33</td>\r\n<td>36</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>% of adult body weight</td>\r\n<td>10</td>\r\n<td>30</td>\r\n<td>47</td>\r\n<td>58</td>\r\n<td>67</td>\r\n<td>75</td>\r\n<td>82</td>\r\n<td>86</td>\r\n<td>89</td>\r\n<td>92</td>\r\n<td>94</td>\r\n<td>96</td>\r\n<td>97</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>','',1,91,'2015-01-10 13:31:27',10,'','2015-02-25 09:27:00',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2015-01-10 13:31:27','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',3,12,'','',1,1656,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(3614,4277,'Energiebedarf - Arbeit/Training','energy-requirements-training','<p>Increased activity such as training, exercise or racing increases the energy requirement. The requirement can be defined within the program as a continuous function which calculates the requirement as a multiple of the maintenance energy requirement. The program provides in addition four pre-defined levels of work:</p>\r\n<table style=\"width: 460px; height: 174px;\" border=\"1\">\r\n<tbody style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Work intensity</strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Requirement</strong></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Light work</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Energy (MJ) = 1.25 * Maintenance requirement</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Moderate work</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Energy (MJ) = 1.50 * Maintenance requirement</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Hard work</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Energy (MJ) = 1.75 * Maintenance requirement</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Intense work</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Energy (MJ) = 2.00 * Maintenance requirement</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p><br />It may be difficult to judge the level of work. We recommend that you estimate a level of work calculated backwards from the ration that the horse is receiving currently. The program will help you with this process. Later, adjust the feeding if the horse is losing or gaining weight.</p>','',1,9,'2015-01-10 13:36:35',10,'','2015-02-25 09:28:55',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2015-01-10 13:36:35','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',4,31,'','',1,1599,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(3615,4278,'Energiebedarf - Trächtigkeit','energy-requirements-pregnancy','<p>The growth of the foetus speeds up during the three last months of pregnancy. Prior to that no increase in the energy requirement of the mare is required as long as the mare is in a generally good condition.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Percentage increase in energy requirement above maintenance for mares during late the last part of pregnancy. </strong></p>\r\n<table style=\"width: 100%; height: 108px;\" border=\"1\">\r\n<tbody style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Month of pregnancy</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">% increase</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">8-9</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">15%</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">10</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">25%</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">11-12</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">30%</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p>  <span class=\"article_separator\"><br /></span></p>','',1,9,'2015-01-10 13:34:06',10,'','2015-02-25 09:27:38',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2015-01-10 13:34:06','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',2,32,'','',1,1602,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(3616,4279,'Protein bedarf - Arbeit/Training','protein-requirements-work-training','<p>Training or work requires the same energy-to-protein ratio as maintenance (i.e. 5.2 grams digestible protein per MJ energy). The increases in energy intake required during work therefore increases the protein requirement proportionately. For heavily exercised horses, protein allowances are more likely to become too high rather than too low. A notable exception is when increased energy demands are met through the provision of fats or vegetable oils, which provide energy but not protein.</p>','',1,9,'2015-01-10 13:48:51',10,'','2015-02-25 09:31:46',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2015-01-10 13:48:51','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',2,9,'','',1,1665,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(3617,4280,'Protein bedarf - Laktation','protein-requirements-milk-production','<p>The protein content of milk is highest just after parturition, and declines gradually as lactation proceeds. The composition of the milk is not greatly affected by diet composition, but milk production (kg/d) depends on both protein and energy intake. Horse milk contains on the average between 2.1 and 1.8 percent protein in early and late lactation respectively.</p>\r\n<p>Protein requirement for lactation is calculated as digestible crude protein per kg of milk produced, and the total requirement is determined as the product of this value and the rate of milk production.</p>\r\n<p>Digestible crude protein (DCP) per kg of milk production in different stages of lactation</p>\r\n<table style=\"width: 366px; height: 160px;\" border=\"1\">\r\n<tbody style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Month of lactation</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">DCP, g/kg milk</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">1</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">50</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">2</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">44</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">3</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">44</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">4</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">40</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">5</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">40</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p><br /><em><strong>Note! The mare´s requirement for maintenance must be added to above requirement for milk production.</strong></em></p>','',1,9,'2015-01-10 13:45:30',10,'','2015-02-25 09:31:13',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2015-01-10 13:45:30','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',2,15,'','',1,1736,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(3618,4281,'Protein bedarf - Trächtigkeit','protein-requirements-pregnancy','<p>Pregnant mares that are not lactating do not require protein in excess of their maintenance requirement until the last third of pregnancy. However, more care than usual should be taken to ensure that the quality of the protein in the diet is acceptable. Since 60 - 65% of foetal growth occurs during the last 90 days of pregnancy, protein requirement will increase during this period.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Protein requirements for foetal growth in excess of the maintenance requirement (grams of digestible crude protein per 100 kg of bodyweight)</strong></p>\r\n<table style=\"width: 475px; height: 134px;\" border=\"1\">\r\n<tbody style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Month of pregnancy</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Protein requirement</strong></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">8</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">12g</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">9</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">25g</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">10</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">33g</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">11</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">50g</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p>Example: Digestible crude protein (g/d) for pregnancy, mare 500 kg BW in10. month of pregnancy: DCP = 5 x 33 = 165 g/d</p>','',1,9,'2015-01-10 13:43:46',10,'','2015-02-25 09:30:50',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2015-01-10 13:43:46','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',2,17,'','',1,1732,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(3619,4282,'Protein bedarf - Wachstum','protein-requirements-young-horses','<p>Both the requirement for absolute protein and the need for high quality protein are higher for growing horses than for other horses. Young horses generally have a smaller feed intake than adult animals. As a consequence, the concentration of digestible crude protein must be higher in the diets of young growing horses than of any other category.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Protein requirement (DCP) for growing horses at different ages:<br /></strong></p>\r\n<table style=\"width: 100%; height: 82px;\" border=\"1\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Age, months</td>\r\n<td>3</td>\r\n<td>6</td>\r\n<td>12</td>\r\n<td>18</td>\r\n<td>24</td>\r\n<td>30</td>\r\n<td>36</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>DCP, g/d</td>\r\n<td>650</td>\r\n<td>530</td>\r\n<td>425</td>\r\n<td>380</td>\r\n<td>350</td>\r\n<td>350</td>\r\n<td>350</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>DCP, g/MJ</td>\r\n<td>13.3</td>\r\n<td>9.5</td>\r\n<td>7.1</td>\r\n<td>6.3</td>\r\n<td>6.0</td>\r\n<td>6.0</td>\r\n<td>6.0</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p>An optimal ratio between energy and protein is required for a balanced growth. The demands for protein per unit of energy decrease (see table) as the horse gets older. <em><br /></em><br />The requirement for the amino acid lysine also declines with age. At ages of 3, 6, 12 and 18 months the requirement for lysine is 0.7, 0.5, 0.4 and 0.4 grams per MJ of digestible energy, respectively.</p>','',1,9,'2015-01-10 13:42:05',10,'','2015-02-25 09:30:17',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2015-01-10 13:42:05','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',2,25,'','',1,1540,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(3620,4283,'Protein bedarf - Erhaltung','protein-requirements-maintenance','<p>Protein requirement for maintenance of adult horses is given as 3 grams of digestible protein per kg metabolic weight (BW<sup>0.75</sup>), or 5.2 grams per MJ of energy requirement.</p>','',1,9,'2015-01-10 13:39:53',10,'','2015-02-25 09:29:52',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2015-01-10 13:39:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',2,30,'','',1,1613,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(3621,4284,'NRC-berechnungen','ncr-calculations-de','<p><strong>Minerals and vitamins</strong></p>\r\n<p>The requirements for vitamins and minerals are calculated from the NRC (2007) norm (recommended amounts). The NRC norm for minerals and vitamins is the accepted norm throughout the world today and is revised at irregular intervals. It represents the cumulated results and experience of equine nutritional research globally. Some changes to the NRC norm have been included in the program following recommendations from, among others, Professor H. Meyer in Germany and from further collaboration between Nordic horse nutritionists.</p>\r\n<p>It is important to recognise that the NRC norm is a minimal norm. This means that it is advisable to increase requirements by approximately 25% to secure the provision of sufficient amounts of specific nutrients under practical feeding conditions. In the current versions of the computer program we have already created this transformation from minimal norms to what we have termed \"optimum norms\" for most nutrients. The requirements for nutrients as given in the program will therefore be the optimum norm. When the amounts of a particular nutrient provided by the diet are below a certain limit (this value is usually the NRC recommendation), the program issues a warning, and you are prompted to increase the amounts of the nutrient by changing the diet of the horse. The norms are generally provided as equations where you have to input relevant information about the particular horse you are formulating the diets for. Information usually required for this is:</p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Body weight</li>\r\n<li>Age and growth rate of young growing horses</li>\r\n<li>Stage of pregnancy or lactation of reproducing mares</li>\r\n<li>Training intensity or level of exercise</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p><br />It is common to subdivide the requirements into</p>\r\n<p><strong>Maintenance requirement:</strong> The amount of a nutrient which is required to maintain the body pool of that nutrient. The maintenance requirement for energy is the energy used to keep the cells, tissues and organs of the horse alive and running, to maintain body temperature and keep a constant body weight. <br /><strong><br />Production requirement: </strong>The amount of a nutrient which is used by the horse for production of milk, a foetus, or for carrying out a certain amount of work.</p>\r\n<p>The temperament of the horse will influence the requirement for energy and hence for other nutrients as well. Easily agitated and \"excitable\" horses have a somewhat higher energy requirement than more docile breeds. Excitable horses will also use more energy when undergoing the same work load or training intensity as more docile horses. Thus there is an important need for individualisation in the feeding requirements of horses, not only where the composition of the diet is concerned, but also when it comes to the calculation of requirements. A good computer program can provide for this level of customisation.</p>','',1,91,'2015-01-10 13:13:06',10,'','2015-02-25 09:22:19',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2015-01-10 13:13:06','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',3,11,'','',1,1687,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(3622,4285,'Nährstoffverhältnisse','quotas-de','<p><span id=\"result_box\" class=\"medium_text\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\" title=\"I PC-Horse redovisas viktiga kvoter när det gäller näringsämnen.\"><img src=\"images/Ca-P.jpg\" alt=\"\" /> <img src=\"images/Zn-Cu.jpg\" alt=\"\" /></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span id=\"result_box\" class=\"medium_text\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\" title=\"I PC-Horse redovisas viktiga kvoter när det gäller näringsämnen.\">PC-Horse reports contain ratios for relevant nutrients and we receive m</span></span><span id=\"result_box\" class=\"medium_text\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\" title=\"Många efterlyser råd om vad som bör vara ett önskvärda kvoter.\">any requests for advice on determining desirable intervals for those ratios. </span><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\" title=\"Nedan redovisar vi en sammaställning gjord av Dr Dag Austbø.\">Tables below are compiled by Dr. Dag Austbø, who is </span></span>Professor in animal nutrition with horses as a speciality<span id=\"result_box\" class=\"medium_text\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\" title=\"Nedan redovisar vi en sammaställning gjord av Dr Dag Austbø.\">.<br /><br /></span></span><strong>Units:</strong><br />Energy: MJ digestible energy (MJ DE)<br />Protein: Crude protein (CP)<br />Ca: Calcium<br />P : Phosphorus<br /><br /><strong>Comments:</strong> <br />● CP/MJ ratio should not be below the recommended values. Moderately higher values do not normally represent a problem.<br />● Ca/P ratio should not be below the recommended values and not be higher than 2,0. *The high recommended ratio for Light Work is meant for horses that come into training from a maintenance or convalescent state.</p>\r\n<p><strong><span id=\"result_box\" class=\"short_text\"><span style=\"background-color: #ebeff9;\" title=\"Rekommenderade värden i UK och Irland:\">Recommended values:<br /></span></span></strong><span id=\"result_box\" class=\"short_text\"><span style=\"background-color: #ebeff9;\" title=\"Rekommenderade värden i UK och Irland:\">MJ digestible energy /DE), Crude protein (CP)</span></span><span id=\"result_box\" class=\"short_text\"><span style=\"background-color: #ebeff9;\" title=\"Rekommenderade värden i UK och Irland:\"></span></span></p>\r\n<table style=\"width: 522px; border-collapse: collapse;\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"><colgroup> <col style=\"width: 68pt;\" width=\"90\" /> <col style=\"width: 165pt;\" width=\"220\" /> <col style=\"width: 60pt;\" span=\"2\" width=\"80\" /> <col style=\"width: 39pt;\" width=\"52\" /></colgroup>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 15pt; width: 293pt;\" colspan=\"3\" width=\"390\" height=\"20\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"></span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl66\" style=\"width: 60pt;\" width=\"80\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"></span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl66\" style=\"width: 39pt;\" width=\"52\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"></span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\r\n<td class=\"xl65\" style=\"height: 15pt;\" height=\"20\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Category</span></td>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Type</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl66\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">CP/MJ</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl66\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Ca/P</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl66\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Zn/Cu</span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 15pt;\" height=\"20\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Maintenance</span></td>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Minimum</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl67\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">8,5</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl67\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1,4</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl68\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">4</span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 15pt;\" height=\"20\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Maintenance</span></td>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Elevated</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl67\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">9,5</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl67\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1,4</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl68\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">4</span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 15pt;\" height=\"20\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Working</span></td>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Light</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl67\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">8,4</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl67\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1,7</span><span class=\"font5\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">*</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl68\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">4</span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 15pt;\" height=\"20\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Working</span></td>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Heavy</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl67\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">7,0</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl67\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1,4</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl68\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">4</span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 15pt;\" height=\"20\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Pregnant</span></td>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">8 months</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl67\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">9,8</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl67\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1,4</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl68\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">4</span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 15pt;\" height=\"20\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Pregnant</span></td>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">11 months</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl67\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">10,0</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl67\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1,4</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl68\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">3</span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 15pt;\" height=\"20\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Lactating</span></td>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1 month</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl67\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">11,6</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl67\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1,5</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl68\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">4</span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 15pt;\" height=\"20\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Lactating</span></td>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">3 months</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl67\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">11,5</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl67\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1,6</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl68\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">4</span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 15pt;\" height=\"20\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Growing</span></td>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">4 months</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl67\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">12,0</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl67\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1,8</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl68\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">4</span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 15pt;\" height=\"20\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Growing</span></td>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">6 months</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl67\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">10,4</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl67\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1,8</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl68\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">4</span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 15pt;\" height=\"20\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Growing</span></td>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">12 months</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl67\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">10,8</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl67\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1,8</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl68\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">4</span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 15pt;\" height=\"20\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Growing</span></td>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">18 months</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl67\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">9,9</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl67\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1,8</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl68\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">4</span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 15pt;\" height=\"20\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Growing</span></td>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">18 months, moderate exercise</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl67\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">8,7</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl67\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1,8</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl68\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">4</span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 15pt;\" height=\"20\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Growing</span></td>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">24 months, moderate exercise </span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl67\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">8,6</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl67\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1,8</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl68\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">4</span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>','',1,9,'2010-01-13 13:24:26',62,'','2015-02-25 09:22:54',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-01-13 13:24:26','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',4,1,'','',1,1618,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(3623,4286,'Stallbesitzer und kontaktbuch','stable-owner-de','<p>In the stable window you provide names for the stable and the owner of the stable. <br />Click \"R\"  <img style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" src=\"images-joomla/stories/44-images/44-198 r.jpg\" alt=\"44-198 r\" width=\"64\" height=\"57\" /> to open the contact register and enter more detailed information.</p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/49-images/49-contactregister.png\" alt=\"49 contactregister\" /></p>','',1,46,'2009-01-19 12:04:16',62,'','2015-02-23 10:10:25',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2009-01-19 12:04:16','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',4,38,'','',1,1788,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(3624,4287,'Pferde im Stall','horses-in-the-stable-de','<p>This page shows data on the horses in the stable. The page will not be visible until you have entered one or more horses. Then it may look like this:</p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/49-images/49-horsesinstable.png\" alt=\"49 horsesinstable\" /></p>\r\n<p>You may print or email this information, for instance, to the owner of the stable, to other persons in your contact register, or to anyone else.</p>\r\n<p> </p>','',1,46,'2009-01-19 12:06:34',62,'','2015-02-23 10:17:14',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2009-01-19 12:06:34','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',3,32,'','',1,1818,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(3625,4288,'Tagebuch für den Stall','diary-de','<p>Use the Stable diary to store information relating to the operation of the stable. Select colours or fonts according to your own taste. Every horse has a diary of its own. Use this to store information relating specifically to that horse. You may print the diary at any time, or copy its contents and transfer to a word processing program.</p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/49-images/49-stablediary.png\" alt=\"49 stablediary\" /></p>\r\n<p>In each horse there is a similar diary.</p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/49-images/49-horsediary.png\" alt=\"49 horsediary\" /></p>','',1,46,'2009-01-19 12:08:44',62,'','2015-02-23 10:50:36',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2009-01-19 12:08:44','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',5,28,'','',1,1789,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(3626,4289,'Stall Berichte','amounts-of-feed-needed-in-stable-2','<p>From the STABLE window you can choose 3 different printable reports provides information from the stable.</p>\r\n<p>Depending on the version different alternatives will be provided for how the reports can be distributed. (i.e. printout, saved to memory, saved to disk or mailed).<br /><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/pchimages/alternativedistribution-buttons.png\" alt=\"alternativedistribution buttons\" /></p>\r\n<p>1. Costs - a report on the total daily, weekly and monthly feed requirements in the stable. If you have entered the <br />prices of your feeds, the report will show you the current feed costs in the stable.</p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/49-images/49-stablereport_1.png\" alt=\"49 stablereport 1\" /></p>\r\n<p>2 Rations - showing the content in each ration for the horses.</p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/49-images/49-stablereport_2.png\" alt=\"49 stablereport 2\" /></p>\r\n<p>3. Plan de distribution - When you have finished the details in your meal planning it will be presented here for <br />each meal and horse.</p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/49-images/49-stablereport_3.png\" alt=\"49 stablereport 3\" /></p>','',1,46,'2009-01-19 12:10:29',62,'','2015-02-23 11:14:12',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2009-01-19 12:10:29','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"created_by\":62,\"created_by_alias\":\"\",\"access\":0,\"created\":\"\",\"publish_up\":\"\",\"publish_down\":\"\",\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"show_section\":\"\",\"link_section\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_pdf_icon\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"language\":\"\",\"keyref\":\"\",\"readmore\":\"\"}',9,50,'','',1,1842,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"tags\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(3627,4290,'Fütterungszeiten im Stall','feeding-hours-and-meals-in-the-stable-2','<p>Enter how many meals you provide in the stable, then use the \"Time\" dialog window to enter your feeding hours.</p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/49-images/49-mealtime.png\" alt=\"49 mealtime\" /></p>','',1,46,'2009-01-19 12:11:47',62,'','2015-02-24 10:35:26',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2009-01-19 12:11:47','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"created_by\":62,\"created_by_alias\":\"\",\"access\":0,\"created\":\"\",\"publish_up\":\"\",\"publish_down\":\"\",\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"show_section\":\"\",\"link_section\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_pdf_icon\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"language\":\"\",\"keyref\":\"\",\"readmore\":\"\"}',9,42,'','',1,1778,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"tags\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(3628,4291,'Behandlung planen','plan-a-treatment-2','<p><strong>Use the Treatments feature to plan treatments for any of your horses:</strong><br /><br />1.&nbsp; Double-click the type of treatment you want for your horse from the \"List of treatments\" box. Creating new and unlisted treatment types is dealt with in the \"New treatment name\" tab below.</p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/49-images/49-treatmentplanning_1.png\" alt=\"49 treatmentplanning 1\" /></p>\r\n<p><br />2.&nbsp; Select either a planned or a completed treatment.</p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/49-images/49-treatmentplanning_2.png\" alt=\"49 treatmentplanning 2\" /></p>\r\n<p><br />3.&nbsp; The treatment window opens and you may now adjust your choice and complete it with your own information</p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/49-images/49-treatmentplanning_3.png\" alt=\"49 treatmentplanning 3\" /></p>\r\n<p>When saved, your treatment will be shown as planned or completed (done)&nbsp;in the information window.</p>\r\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff9900;\"><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><strong>GREEN </strong>= Planned treatment more than X days ahead</span><br /><strong>YELLOW</strong> = Planned treatment within X days</span><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><br />RED</strong> = Planned treatment is overdue</span><strong><br />NONE</strong>= Treatment is completed</p>\r\n<p>The default link creates a Google search. Use the information field to add useful links or information.</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>','',1,65,'2010-03-15 10:39:36',62,'','2015-04-05 08:27:27',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-03-15 10:39:36','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"created_by\":62,\"created_by_alias\":\"\",\"access\":0,\"created\":\"\",\"publish_up\":\"\",\"publish_down\":\"\",\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"show_section\":\"\",\"link_section\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_pdf_icon\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"language\":\"\",\"keyref\":\"\",\"readmore\":\"\"}',37,86,'','',1,1773,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"tags\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(3629,4292,'Behandlung aufzeichnen','fullfill-a-treatment-2','<p><strong>Recording the completion of a treatment:</strong>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>1.&nbsp; Open the treatment record you wish to complete, then click the \"DONE\" button.</p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/49-images/49-treatmentplanning_4.png\" alt=\"49 treatmentplanning 4\" /></p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>2.&nbsp; Enter a date for the completion of treatment. Use the calendar provided or your own date format. Save the treatment record.</p>\r\n<p><br /><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/49-images/49-treatmentplanning_5.png\" alt=\"49 treatmentplanning 5\" /></p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>3.&nbsp; When you click to save, the list will be updated. The warning circle disappears indicating that the treatment is done.</p>','',1,65,'2010-03-22 14:22:06',62,'','2015-04-05 08:36:46',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-03-22 14:22:06','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"created_by\":62,\"created_by_alias\":\"\",\"access\":0,\"created\":\"\",\"publish_up\":\"\",\"publish_down\":\"\",\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"show_section\":\"\",\"link_section\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_pdf_icon\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"language\":\"\",\"keyref\":\"\",\"readmore\":\"\"}',17,75,'','',1,1963,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"tags\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(3630,4293,'Neuer Behandlungsname','create-a-new-treatment-name-2','<p>In the treatment window for a horse you may create a new treatment name for a particular (default) treatment type by clicking the \"plus-button\".</p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/49-images/49-treatmentname_1.png\" alt=\"49 treatmentname 1\" /></p>\r\n<p>After clicking&nbsp;\"OK\", the configuration window for global treatments opens. From here, you can make the newly-created treatment name available for all horses in the PC-Horse program.&nbsp;It will also be accessible from the top menu under \"Configurations/Treatment information\"</p>\r\n<p><strong>The numbered diagram below shows the steps involved:</strong></p>\r\n<p>1. Enter the number of days you choose before warnings are triggered<br /><br />.. add more treatment names with:<br /><br />2. Select treatment type<br /><br />.. and <br /><br />3. Click \"New name\"</p>\r\n<p>You may add a webadress to make your treatmentinformation even easier to use.<br />Finish by clicking \"OK\" and saving the&nbsp;new treatment name.</p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/49-images/49-treatmentname_3.png\" alt=\"49 treatmentname 3\" /></p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>','',1,65,'2010-03-22 14:23:05',62,'','2015-04-05 08:54:58',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-03-22 14:23:05','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"created_by\":62,\"created_by_alias\":\"\",\"access\":0,\"created\":\"\",\"publish_up\":\"\",\"publish_down\":\"\",\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"show_section\":\"\",\"link_section\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_pdf_icon\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"language\":\"\",\"keyref\":\"\",\"readmore\":\"\"}',19,67,'','',1,1987,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"tags\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(3631,4294,'Stallbehandlung','treatments-in-the-stable-2','<p>On the stable front page there is a list of all actual treatments. If any horse is in quarantine a warning sign will appear.</p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/49-images/49-stabletreatments_1.png\" alt=\"49 stabletreatments 1\" /></p>\r\n<p><strong>Click </strong>on the little arrow to open each horse or Double-click on the Stable- or Horse-icons to open.</p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/49-images/49-stabletreatments_2.png\" alt=\"49 stabletreatments 2\" /></p>\r\n<p><strong>Double-click again </strong>and the actual treatment will be opened...</p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/49-images/49-stabletreatments_3.png\" alt=\"49 stabletreatments 3\" /></p>','',1,65,'2010-03-22 14:28:39',62,'','2015-04-05 09:28:20',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-03-22 14:28:39','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"created_by\":62,\"created_by_alias\":\"\",\"access\":0,\"created\":\"\",\"publish_up\":\"\",\"publish_down\":\"\",\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"show_section\":\"\",\"link_section\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_pdf_icon\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"language\":\"\",\"keyref\":\"\",\"readmore\":\"\"}',10,57,'','',1,1765,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"tags\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(3632,4295,'Behandlungsbericht','treatment-reports-2','<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/49-images/49_treatmentreports_1.png\" alt=\"49 treatmentreports 1\" /></p>\r\n<p>A report on all treatments for a horse can be easily produced in PC-Horse. The report can be printed, saved, copied to the clipboard or mailed. By erasing old treatments, your report will be kept up date.</p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/49-images/49-treatmentreports_3.png\" alt=\"49 treatmentreports 3\" /></p>\r\n<p>In the&nbsp; stable, there is a report for all horses in the stable.</p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/49-images/49_treatmentreports_2.png\" alt=\"49 treatmentreports 2\" /></p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>','',1,65,'2010-03-22 14:29:28',62,'','2015-04-05 09:39:35',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-03-22 14:29:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"created_by\":62,\"created_by_alias\":\"\",\"access\":0,\"created\":\"\",\"publish_up\":\"\",\"publish_down\":\"\",\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"show_section\":\"\",\"link_section\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_pdf_icon\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"language\":\"\",\"keyref\":\"\",\"readmore\":\"\"}',15,45,'','',1,1748,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"tags\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(3633,4296,'Almost free!','mini-release-fr','<p><img src=\"images/Minipuff-euro.jpg\" alt=\"\" /></p>\r\n<hr />\r\n<p>With PC-Horse Mini, we can now offer you the perfect tool for planning the feeding of your own horse. Using the same calculation engines that drive our professional multi-horse version programs, you can access all the feeds included in higher versions of PC-Horse.</p>\r\n<p>Formulate your horse\'s diet with the same toolbox used by professional feed advisors - and adjust it whenever changes in activity and nutrient requirements dictate ... <strong>All for less than £1 per month <a href=\"index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=328:foderstatsraeknare-mini&amp;catid=1:programversioner&amp;Itemid=307\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"></span></a><a href=\"index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=2394&amp;Itemid=3513&amp;lang=en\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Read more here</span></a></strong></p>\r\n<hr />\r\n<p> </p>','',0,14,'2010-09-15 13:36:45',62,'','2015-01-15 15:42:15',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-15 13:36:45','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"1\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',3,5,'Horse diet, horse feeding, horse nutrition, nutrition software','',1,3,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'fr-FR',''),(3634,4297,'Almost free!','mini-release-de','<p><img src=\"images/Minipuff-euro.jpg\" alt=\"\" /></p>\r\n<hr />\r\n<p>With PC-Horse Mini, we can now offer you the perfect tool for planning the feeding of your own horse. Using the same calculation engines that drive our professional multi-horse version programs, you can access all the feeds included in higher versions of PC-Horse.</p>\r\n<p>Formulate your horse\'s diet with the same toolbox used by professional feed advisors - and adjust it whenever changes in activity and nutrient requirements dictate ... <strong>All for less than £1 per month <a href=\"index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=328:foderstatsraeknare-mini&amp;catid=1:programversioner&amp;Itemid=307\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"></span></a><a href=\"index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=2394&amp;Itemid=3513&amp;lang=en\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Read more here</span></a></strong></p>\r\n<hr />\r\n<p> </p>','',0,14,'2010-09-15 13:36:45',62,'','2015-01-15 15:42:52',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-15 13:36:45','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"1\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',4,4,'Horse diet, horse feeding, horse nutrition, nutrition software','',1,4,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(3635,4298,'Almost free!','mini-release-nl','<p><img src=\"images/Minipuff-euro.jpg\" alt=\"\" /></p>\r\n<hr />\r\n<p>With PC-Horse Mini, we can now offer you the perfect tool for planning the feeding of your own horse. Using the same calculation engines that drive our professional multi-horse version programs, you can access all the feeds included in higher versions of PC-Horse.</p>\r\n<p>Formulate your horse\'s diet with the same toolbox used by professional feed advisors - and adjust it whenever changes in activity and nutrient requirements dictate ... <strong>All for less than £1 per month <a href=\"index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=3647&amp;Itemid=4241&amp;lang=nl\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"></span><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Read more here</span></a></strong></p>\r\n<hr />\r\n<p> </p>','',1,14,'2010-09-15 13:36:45',62,'','2015-01-15 15:55:43',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-15 13:36:45','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"1\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',5,3,'Horse diet, horse feeding, horse nutrition, nutrition software','',1,199,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'nl-NL',''),(3637,4300,'Die \"perfekte\" Fütterungsplan','the-perfect-horse-diet-de','<div>\r\n<p><strong>Optimal diet rations for horses</strong> can be obtained with PC-Horse, the advanced pc-program for&nbsp;the formulation of&nbsp; horse diets!</p>\r\n<div dir=\"ltr\"><strong><img style=\"display: block; margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto;\" src=\"http://pc-horse.com/images-joomla/stories/47-images/forplaner%20for%20vinnende%20hester.jpg\" alt=\"forplaner for vinnende hester\" width=\"300\" height=\"98\" /></strong></div>\r\n<div dir=\"ltr\"><strong><br />Ration formulation based on science</strong> – Our goal is to apply the best of accepted knowledge to all calculations made by PC-Horse. To reach this goal we are continuously updating the program based on current thinking in equine nutrition. It is our responsibility as publishers and researchers to provide tools for calculation of the very best rations for your horse.</div>\r\n</div>','',1,91,'2008-08-21 12:50:35',62,'','2015-09-23 10:29:06',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2008-08-21 12:50:35','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"1\",\"link_titles\":\"1\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"1\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"0\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"0\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"0\",\"show_modify_date\":\"0\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"0\",\"show_email_icon\":\"0\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',5,10,'FütterungsplanFütterungspläneFütterungsplan PferdFütterungsplan wachsendes PferdFütterungsplan TurnierpferdFütterungsplan trächtige StuteFütterungsplan laktierende StuteFütterungsplan FohlenFütterungsplan berechnenFütterungsplan Pferd berechnenFütterungsplanberechnungFütterungsplanberechnungenFutterberechnungFütterungsplanprogrammBerechnung von einem FütterungsplanFütterungsplan berechnenberechnen+Fütterungsplan+PferdUmsonst+FütterungsplanFütterungsplan+Pferdberechnen+Fütterungsplanberechnen+Fütterungsplan+PferdFütterungsplan+wachsendes PferdBerechnung+von+einem+Fütterungsplanrechnen+FütterungsplanFütterungsplan+wachsendes PferdFütterungsplan+TurnierpferdFütterungsplan+FohlenFütterungsplan+trächtige StuteFütterungsplan+laktierende Stute','PC-Horse is a pc-program for formulation of horse diets, and helps you get a grip on the magic involved in horse nutrition. Perfect for horse professionals, larger stables handling several horse owners, and for horse businesses where cost efficient feeding is important',1,3785,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',1,'de-DE','Fütterungsplan'),(3638,4301,'The \"perfect\" horse diet','the-perfect-horse-diet-nl','<div>\r\n<p><strong>Optimal diet rations for horses</strong> can be obtained with PC-Horse, the advanced pc-program for the formulation of  horse diets!</p>\r\n<div dir=\"ltr\"><strong><img style=\"display: block; margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto;\" src=\"http://pc-horse.com/images-joomla/stories/47-images/forplaner%20for%20vinnende%20hester.jpg\" alt=\"forplaner for vinnende hester\" height=\"98\" width=\"300\" /></strong></div>\r\n<div dir=\"ltr\"><strong><br />Ration formulation based on science</strong> – Our goal is to apply the best of accepted knowledge to all calculations made by PC-Horse. To reach this goal we are continuously updating the program based on current thinking in equine nutrition. It is our responsibility as publishers and researchers to provide tools for calculation of the very best rations for your horse.</div>\r\n</div>','',1,91,'2008-08-21 12:50:35',62,'','2015-01-31 08:27:45',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2008-08-21 12:50:35','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"1\",\"link_titles\":\"1\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"1\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"0\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"0\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"0\",\"show_modify_date\":\"0\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"0\",\"show_email_icon\":\"0\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',4,9,'horse diet, horse diets, horse feeding, feed rations, feed rations for horses, formulation rations, rations for horses, Equine Feed, Horse Nutrition, horse diet plan, feeding plan for horses, feeding schedule for horses','PC-Horse is a pc-program for formulation of horse diets, and helps you get a grip on the magic involved in horse nutrition. Perfect for horse professionals, larger stables handling several horse owners, and for horse businesses where cost efficient feeding is important',1,3724,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',1,'nl-NL',''),(3639,4324,'Five versions','versions-nl','<table border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"20\" cellpadding=\"20\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/pchimages/PCHlogo-Mini-165px.jpg\" alt=\"PCHlogo Mini 165px\" /></td>\r\n<td><a href=\"index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=62:foderstatsprogram-standard&amp;catid=1:programversioner&amp;Itemid=86\"><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/pchimages/standard.jpg\" alt=\"standard\" width=\"180\" height=\"66\" /></a></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong><span class=\"Fetstilsvart\">For the single-horse owner</span></strong></td>\r\n<td><strong><span class=\"Fetstilsvart\">For horse owners, small stables, breeders and students of equine nutrition</span></strong></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><a href=\"index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=328:foderstatsraeknare-mini&amp;catid=1:programversioner&amp;Itemid=307\" style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/pchimages/PCHlogo-Professional-165px.jpg\" alt=\"PCHlogo Professional 165px\" width=\"165\" height=\"66\" /></a></td>\r\n<td><a href=\"index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=64:konsulentversjonen&amp;catid=1:programversioner&amp;Itemid=88\"><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/pchimages/consultant44.jpg\" alt=\"consultant44\" width=\"180\" height=\"66\" /></a></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong><span class=\"Fetstilsvart\">For horse professionals,&nbsp;larger stables&nbsp;serving several horse owners and operations <br />where&nbsp;cost efficient feeding is&nbsp;important </span></strong></td>\r\n<td><strong><span class=\"Fetstilsvart\">Optimized for feed companies, advisors, helpdesk workers, consultants and veterinarians </span></strong></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><a href=\"index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=330:foderstatsprogram-skola&amp;catid=1:programversioner&amp;Itemid=317\"><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/pchimages/education44.jpg\" alt=\"education44\" width=\"180\" height=\"66\" /></a></td>\r\n<td>&nbsp;</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong><span class=\"Fetstilsvart\">A specialized version for educational institutions</span></strong></td>\r\n<td><strong><span id=\"result_box\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\"></span><span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\"></span></span></strong></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>','',1,90,'2008-09-11 10:06:43',62,'','2018-05-24 12:07:25',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2008-09-11 10:06:43','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_associations\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_page_title\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',4,7,'','',1,1995,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'nl-NL',''),(3640,4325,'Download Dutch version','download-dutch','<p><span id=\"result_box\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"hps\">It is good practice to regularly download the latest version of the software. The program is developed continuously. When you download the latest version, the latest feed list is automatically included.</span></span></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http://download.pc-horse.com/install/31install.exe\"><img src=\"images/PCHlogo31.jpg\" alt=\"\" /></a></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http://download.pc-horse.com/install/31install.exe\">Download dutch <span class=\"hps\">version</span></a><br /><a href=\"http://download.pc-horse.com/install/31install.exe\">Dutch Feedlist will be downloaded at program start</a></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"text-align: center;\">1. If you want to download and install the latest version now, you must first choose to save the installation file on your computer and exit PC-Horse prior to installing it. It is not possible to install the PC-Horse-upgrade while running the program.</span></p>\r\n<p>2. The MINI version can only work with one (1) horse. If the installer is in a MINI-license of a former \"higher\" version and contains more horses and / or livestock, these are automatically saved. Note that these cannot be activated until you have purchased a higher version again and re-imported all horses to the program. No horses will disappear if you have backed up or totally uninstalled PC-Horse from your computer.</p>\r\n<p>3. Ordering a license, license extension or up- or down-grading to another version can only be done from within the program. Our licensing system automatically recognizes which version you have and how many days are left of your license. This is so that you only pay the difference between the license period already paid and the new.</p>','',1,13,'2015-01-10 12:18:04',10,'','2016-09-14 12:55:39',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2015-01-10 12:18:04','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',6,1,'','',1,4155,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'nl-NL',''),(3641,4326,'The Dutch feed list','the-dutch-feed-list','<p> <img src=\"images/31-nationalfeedlistflag.png\" alt=\"\" /></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p>The Dutchfeed list includes at the moment a smaller amount analysed feeds plus 39 generic feeds. <span id=\"result_box\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"hps\">New</span> <span class=\"hps\">feeds</span> <span class=\"hps\">will be added added</span> <span class=\"hps\">as new</span> <span class=\"hps\">suppliers</span> <span class=\"hps\">join the</span> <span class=\"hps\">PC-Horse system.</span></span></p>\r\n<p>You may add your own brands into your feed lists in PC-Horse, but we recommend you always check with your supplier to be sure you are using latest updates.</p>\r\n<p> Present (v.10015) Dutch National feedlist contains:</p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Standard feeds (39)</li>\r\n</ul>','',-2,15,'2015-01-08 17:10:49',10,'','2015-01-15 10:04:14',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2015-01-08 17:10:49','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',2,0,'','',1,0,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'*',''),(3642,4327,'Built-in-expertise','expertise-nl','<p><span id=\"result_box\" lang=\"en\"><span></span><span>PC-Horse is based on a genuine knowledge of horses and horses\' needs. </span><span>Although our estimates and calculations are derived from current scientific knowledge, the horse\'s welfare is always at the centre. </span><span>The more you understand your horse and the more knowledge you have, the more common sense you can apply to the horse and its situation. </span><span>The producers of the PC-Horse program are active in the field of  horses and feeding. </span><span>To make it easier for you we have built in the following help features into the program:<br /><br /></span><span>* Program help - links to the appropriate section in the manual (how the program works)<br /></span><span>* Feed help - advice and guidance on selected nutrients, accessed directly from the  ration screens<br /></span><span>* Worth reading - links to our article database for information on nutrients and norms<br /></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span lang=\"en\"><span><span id=\"result_box\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"hps\">Use the</span> <span class=\"hps\">search assistance</span> (upper right) <span class=\"hps\">to find</span> <span class=\"hps\">things you</span> <span class=\"hps\">are</span> <span class=\"hps\">particularly interested in</span><span>.</span></span><br /></span></span></p>','',-2,37,'2008-10-28 17:33:56',62,'','2015-01-15 10:04:14',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2008-10-28 17:33:56','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',2,0,'','',1,0,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'*',''),(3643,4328,'Consultant','consultant-nl','<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong><span class=\"Fetstilsvart\">An optimized version for feed advisors, help desks, consultants and veterinarians </span></strong></span></p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/situations/00-8-education.jpg\" alt=\"00-8-education\" width=\"150\" height=\"100\" /> <img src=\"images-joomla/stories/situations/00-7-advice.jpg\" alt=\"00-7-advice\" width=\"150\" height=\"100\" /><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/situations/00-5-veterinarian.jpg\" alt=\"00-5-veterinarian\" width=\"150\" height=\"100\" /></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong><span class=\"Fetstilsvart\"></span></strong></span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong><span class=\"h1\"><strong>General functions:<br /></strong></span></strong></span></p>\r\n<table border=\"0\" class=\"font-small\" style=\"background-color: #ccffcc; width: 100%;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong>Horses: <br /></strong></span></td>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong>Unlimited<br /></strong></span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong>Stables: </strong></span></strong></span></td>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong>Unlimited</strong></span></strong></span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong><span class=\"h1\">Nutrients in the </span><span class=\"h1\">diet</span></strong><strong>: </strong></span></strong></span></td>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong>32</strong></span></strong></span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong><span class=\"h1\">Nutrients:</span></strong><strong><br /></strong></span></td>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">Energy, Crude protein, Lysine, Calcium, Phosphorus, Ca/P, Magnesium, Sodium, Iron, Copper, Manganese, Zinc, Cobalt, Iodine, Niacine, Folic acid, Selenium, Biotin, Potassium, Sulphur, A-, D-, E-, B1-, B2-, B6-,B12- and C- vitamins plus Fibre, Starch, Sugar and Fat</span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong><span class=\"h1\"><strong><span id=\"result_box\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"hps\">Several</span> <span class=\"hps\">storage locations</span>.</span></strong></span></strong></span></td>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span id=\"result_box\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"hps\">In addition to</span> <span class=\"hps\">the default location</span> <span class=\"hps\">under My Documents</span>, you can create <span class=\"hps\">any number of alternate</span> <span class=\"hps\">storage location</span>s <span class=\"hps\">elsewhere on</span> <span class=\"hps\">your computer or</span> in the <span class=\"hps\">network.</span></span></span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span class=\"h1\"><br /></span><strong>All PROFESSIONAL-version features are included. Additional features include:</strong></span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Model stables</li>\r\n<li>Model horses</li>\r\n<li>Selection of nutrients to be shown and printed</li>\r\n<li>Several users per license</li>\r\n<li>Name, address and logo of consultant presented on the reports</li>\r\n<li>Search function for horses, stables and stable owners</li>\r\n<li>Multiple reports per horse on the same date</li>\r\n<li>Quick Start can be selected - Initial download of the Guaranty feed list can be turned on or off.</li>\r\n</ul>','',1,90,'2015-01-08 16:35:56',10,'','2016-01-11 09:50:39',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2015-01-08 16:35:56','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',6,12,'','',1,1676,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'nl-NL',''),(3644,4329,'Professional','professional-en-3','<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong><span class=\"Fetstilsvart\">For professionals who want to increase their efficiency in managing many horses and horse owners</span></strong></span></p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/situations/00-2-training-jump.jpg\" alt=\"00-2-training-jump\" width=\"150\" height=\"100\" /> <img src=\"images-joomla/stories/situations/00-3-start.jpg\" alt=\"00-3-start\" width=\"150\" height=\"100\" /> <img src=\"images-joomla/stories/situations/00-4-dressyr.jpg\" alt=\"00-4-dressyr\" width=\"150\" height=\"100\" /></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong><span class=\"Fetstilsvart\"></span><span class=\"h1\"><strong>General functions:<br /></strong></span></strong></span></p>\r\n<table border=\"0\" class=\"font-small\" style=\"background-color: #ccffcc; width: 100%;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong>Horses: <br /></strong></span></td>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong>Unlimited<br /></strong></span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong>Stables:</strong></span></strong></span></td>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong>Unlimited</strong></span></strong></span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong><span class=\"h1\">Nutrients in the </span><span class=\"h1\">diet</span></strong><strong>: <br /></strong></span></strong></span></td>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong>24</strong></span></strong></span></strong></span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong><span class=\"h1\">Nutrients:</span><span class=\"h1\"></span></strong></span></td>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">Energy, Crude protein, Lysine, Calcium, Phosphorus, Ca/P, Magnesium, Sodium, Iron, Copper, Manganese, Zinc, Cobalt, Iodine, Niacin, Folic acid, Selenium, A-, D-, E-, B1-, B2-, B6- and B12 vitamins</span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong><span class=\"h1\">Storage locations: 2</span></strong></span></td>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span id=\"result_box\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"hps\">In addition to</span> <span class=\"hps\">the default location</span> <span class=\"hps\">under My Documents</span>, you can create <span class=\"hps\">an alternate</span> <span class=\"hps\">storage location</span> <span class=\"hps\">elsewhere on</span> <span class=\"hps\">your computer or</span> in the <span class=\"hps\">network.</span></span></span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p><span class=\"h1\" style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><br /></span><span class=\"h1\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">All STANDARD-version features are included. Additional features include:</span> <span class=\"h1 style2\"><br /></span></strong></span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span class=\"h1\"><span class=\"h1 style2\">Treatments: vaccinations, worming, reproduction, farrier and more</span></span></li>\r\n<li><span class=\"h1\"><span class=\"h1 style2\">Several stables<br /></span></span></li>\r\n<li><span class=\"h1\"><span class=\"h1 style2\">Email and printout of stable reports<br /></span></span></li>\r\n<li><span class=\"h1\"><span class=\"h1 style2\">Meals report for all horses in the stable</span></span></li>\r\n<li><span class=\"h1\"><span class=\"h1 style2\">Export of stable data<br /></span></span></li>\r\n<li><span class=\"h1\"><span class=\"h1 style2\">Email weight and nutrient reports<br /></span></span></li>\r\n<li><span class=\"h1\"><span class=\"h1 style2\">Own feed list for each stable<br /></span></span></li>\r\n<li><span class=\"h1\"><span class=\"h1 style2\">Pricing can be done for the entire feed list<br /></span></span></li>\r\n<li><span class=\"h1\">Email of rations<br /></span></li>\r\n<li><span class=\"h1\">Export and import of feed lists<br /></span></li>\r\n<li><span class=\"h1\">Cost calculation of feeds per day/week/month</span></li>\r\n<li><span class=\"h1\">Comparison of nutrients between different feeds<br /></span></li>\r\n<li><span class=\"h1\">Detailed printout of nutritient data<br /></span></li>\r\n<li><span class=\"h1\">Email several reports at the same time</span></li>\r\n<li><span class=\"h1\">Feed calculation (making your own recipes)</span></li>\r\n<li>Quick Start can be selected - Initial download of the Guaranty feed list can be turned on or off.</li>\r\n</ul>','',1,90,'2015-01-08 16:34:11',10,'','2016-01-11 09:50:08',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2015-01-08 16:34:11','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',5,17,'','',1,1756,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'nl-NL',''),(3645,4330,'Shop (3)','shop-en-3','<p><span lang=\"en\"><span lang=\"en\"><span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">Let customers test your feeds!</span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span lang=\"en\"><span lang=\"en\"><span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">A \"Shop\" </span><span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">version of</span> <span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">PC</span><span class=\"atn\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">-</span><span title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">Horse</span> is now available for use in retail shops and on stands in fairs and exhibitions. We have designed PC-Horse Shop as a tool to allow your customers to <span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">make</span> well-balanced rations for their horse(s) based on<span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\"> the</span> <span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">feeds you are promoting. </span><span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">When</span> a customer has decided on a <span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\"> ration that suits them, <span title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">it can</span> <span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">be printed</span> <span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">on</span> a local printer,<span title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\"> or</span> <span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">sent </span><span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">to the</span> <span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">customer</span><span title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">\'s own</span> <span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">email address</span><span title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">.</span><br /><br /><span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">A </span><span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">data file</span> with information of the horse <span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">may be attached</span><span title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">,</span> in order to allow the <span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">customer</span> to <span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">continue</span> <span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">to work</span> <span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">with</span> <span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">the </span>ration <span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">at home, using </span><span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">their own</span> <span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">version of</span> <span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">PC</span><span class=\"atn\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">-</span><span title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">Horse</span><span title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">.</span><br /><br /><span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">Our </span><span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">Shop </span><span title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">solution</span> will be <span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">tailored</span> <span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">to</span> <span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">your</span> <span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">company\'s</span> <span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">particular</span> <span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">needs</span><span title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">.</span> <span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">Whether a</span> <span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">retail chain</span> <span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">or an</span> <span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">independent</span> <span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">shop</span><span title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">, we</span> shall be<span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\"> happy to </span><span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">find the best </span><span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">solution</span> <span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">for</span> <span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">you</span><span title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">.</span><span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\"> Please</span> <a href=\"mailto:knut.hove@pc-horse.com\"><span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">contact</span></a> <span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">us</span> <span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">for</span> <span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">a quote</span><span title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">.</span><br /><br /><span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">The PC-Horse Shop </span><span title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">version</span> <span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">can</span> <span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">be used</span> <span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">at</span> <span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">fairs</span> <span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">and</span> <span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">exhibitions</span> <span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">where </span><span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">potential customers</span> <span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">can independently</span> <span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">make</span> <span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">their own ration</span> <span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">based</span> <span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">on</span> <span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">your products and without needing continuous attention from your stand personell. You just need to provide a PC with PC-Horse Shop installed, a printer, and an Internet connection for sending emails. </span></span> </span></span></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/pchimages/eurohorse.jpg\" alt=\"eurohorse\" width=\"460\" height=\"290\" /></p>\r\n<p> </p>','',1,90,'2011-04-03 08:28:22',62,'','2015-01-15 10:40:34',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-04-03 08:28:22','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',19,30,'','',1,478,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'nl-NL',''),(3646,4331,'Education (3)','education-en-3','<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong>Educational software for training in horse nutrition. </strong></span><br /><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">Designed for equine colleges, veterinary education and equine university studies.</span></p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/situations/00-8-education.jpg\" alt=\"00-8-education\" height=\"100\" width=\"150\" /> <img src=\"images-joomla/stories/situations/00-5-veterinarian.jpg\" alt=\"00-5-veterinarian\" height=\"100\" width=\"150\" /></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong><br /></strong></span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"></span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong><span class=\"h1\"><strong>General functions:<br /></strong></span></strong></span></p>\r\n<table class=\"font-small\" style=\"background-color: #ccffcc; width: 100%;\" border=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong>Horses: <br /></strong></span></td>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong>Unlimited<br /></strong></span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong>Stables: </strong></span></strong></span></td>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong>Unlimited</strong></span></strong></span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong><span class=\"h1\">Nutrients in the </span><span class=\"h1\">diet</span></strong><strong>: <br /></strong></span></strong></span></td>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong>32</strong></span></strong></span></strong></span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong><span class=\"h1\">Nutrients: </span></strong><strong></strong></span></td>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">Energy, Crude protein, Lysine, Calcium, Phosphorus, Ca/P, Magnesium, Sodium, Iron, Copper, Manganese, Zinc, Cobalt, Iodine, Niacine, Folic acid, Selenium, Biotin, Potassium, Sulphur, A-, D-, E-, B1-, B2-, B6-,B12- and C- vitamins plus Fibre, Starch, Sugar, Fat<br /></span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong><span class=\"h1\">Several storage locations</span></strong></span></td>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span id=\"result_box\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"hps\">In addition to</span> <span class=\"hps\">the default location</span> <span class=\"hps\">under My Documents</span>, you can create <span class=\"hps\">any number of alternate</span> <span class=\"hps\">storage location</span>s <span class=\"hps\">elsewhere on</span> <span class=\"hps\">your computer or</span> in the <span class=\"hps\">network.</span></span></span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong><span class=\"h1\"></span></strong><strong><span class=\"style2\"><span class=\"Fetstilsvart\"></span></span><span class=\"h1\"><br /></span></strong><strong><span class=\"Fetstilsvart\"></span></strong><strong><span class=\"h1\"></span><span class=\"h1\"></span>All features in the CONSULTANT-version of PC-Horse are included. Additional features include:</strong></span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Personal licenses for a requested number of teachers</li>\r\n<li>Unlimited student licenses</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p>We continue to develop PC-Horse in close collaboration with leading higher education institutions</p>\r\n<noscript> </noscript>','',1,90,'2008-09-11 11:08:07',62,'','2015-01-15 10:40:34',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2008-09-11 11:08:07','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',14,26,'','',1,1723,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'nl-NL',''),(3647,4332,'Mini','mini-en-3','<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong><span class=\"Fetstilsvart\"></span></strong></span><strong><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">With PC-Horse Mini, we can now offer you the perfect tool for planning the feeding of your own horse. Using the same calculation engines that drive our professional multi-horse version programs, you can access all the feeds included in higher versions of PC-Horse.</span></strong></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong><span class=\"Fetstilsvart\"></span></strong></span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong><span class=\"Fetstilsvart\"><strong>All for less than £1 per month!<br /></strong>A versatile version for the single-horse owner</span></strong></span></p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/situations/00-12-myhorse.jpg\" alt=\"00-12-myhorse\" height=\"100\" width=\"150\" /> <img src=\"images-joomla/stories/situations/00-10-foal.jpg\" alt=\"00-10-foal\" height=\"100\" width=\"150\" /><strong><span class=\"Fetstilsvart\"></span><span class=\"Fetstilsvart\"></span></strong><strong><span class=\"Fetstilsvart\"></span></strong></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong><span class=\"Fetstilsvart\"></span><span class=\"h1\"><strong>General functions:<br /></strong></span></strong></span></p>\r\n<table class=\"font-small\" style=\"background-color: #ccffcc; width: 100%;\" border=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong>Horses: <br /></strong></span></td>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong><strong>1</strong></strong></span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong><strong><span class=\"h1\">Nutrients in the </span><span class=\"h1\">diet</span></strong><strong>: <br /></strong></strong></span></td>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong><strong><strong>8</strong></strong></strong></span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong><span class=\"h1\">Nutrients:</span></strong></span></td>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">Energy, Protein, Calcium, Phosphorus, Ca/P, Sodium, Selenium, E-vitamin</span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong><span class=\"h1\"></span></strong><strong><span class=\"style2\"><span class=\"Fetstilsvart\"></span></span></strong><span class=\"h1\"><br /></span><strong><span class=\"Fetstilsvart\"></span></strong></span><strong><strong><span class=\"h1\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong>Other features:</strong></span><strong><br /></strong></span></strong></strong></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span class=\"h1\">8 nutrients will be shown and calculated in the diet</span></li>\r\n<li><span class=\"h1\">24 nutrients will be shown in the need window for the horse</span></li>\r\n<li><span class=\"h1\">All national breeds with picture and data<br /></span></li>\r\n<li><span class=\"h1\">Picture and definitions of your horses<br /></span></li>\r\n<li><span class=\"h1\">Overview of the horse´s nutritient need<br /></span></li>\r\n<li><span class=\"h1\">Calculator for weight and </span>chest girth</li>\r\n<li><span class=\"h1\">Training intensity regulator </span></li>\r\n<li><span class=\"h1\">National feed list guaranteed by leading suppliers</span></li>\r\n<li><span class=\"h1\">Warning for feeds lacking data<br /></span></li>\r\n<li><span class=\"h1\">Select and delete brands (feeds)</span></li>\r\n<li><span class=\"h1\">Printable ration charts<br /></span></li>\r\n<li><span class=\"h1\">Overview of nutrients in the chart<br /></span></li>\r\n<li><span class=\"h1\">Hot links to leading suppliers </span></li>\r\n<li><span class=\"h1\">Backup</span></li>\r\n<li><span class=\"h1\">Weight history and normal curve (growing horses)<br /></span></li>\r\n<li><span class=\"h1\">Defining your own feeds </span></li>\r\n<li><span class=\"h1\">Archive for rations<br /></span></li>\r\n<li><span class=\"h1\">Feed prices and cost calculations (per day/week/month)<br /></span></li>\r\n<li><span class=\"h1\"></span>Special feature for lactating mares to be mated</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p><span class=\"h1\"></span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p><strong><strong><span class=\"h1\"></span></strong></strong></p>\r\n<noscript> </noscript>','',1,90,'2008-09-11 10:56:00',62,'','2015-01-23 13:29:47',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2008-09-11 10:56:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',26,31,'pc-horse, standard, standardversjon, fôrplan','Avansert program for private hesteeiere, private staller og mindre oppdrettere',1,2287,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'nl-NL',''),(3648,4333,'Six versions (2)','versions-en-2','<table border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"20\" cellpadding=\"20\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><a href=\"index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=328:foderstatsraeknare-mini&amp;catid=1:programversioner&amp;Itemid=307\"><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/pchimages/mini.jpg\" alt=\"mini\" width=\"180\" height=\"66\" /></a></td>\r\n<td><a href=\"index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=62:foderstatsprogram-standard&amp;catid=1:programversioner&amp;Itemid=86\"><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/pchimages/standard.jpg\" alt=\"standard\" width=\"180\" height=\"66\" /></a></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong><span class=\"Fetstilsvart\">For the single-horse owner</span></strong></td>\r\n<td><strong><span class=\"Fetstilsvart\">For horse owners, small stables, breeders and students of equine nutrition</span></strong></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><a href=\"index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=63:foderstatsprogram-pro&amp;catid=1:programversioner&amp;Itemid=87\"><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/pchimages/professional.jpg\" alt=\"professional\" width=\"180\" height=\"66\" /></a></td>\r\n<td><a href=\"index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=64:konsulentversjonen&amp;catid=1:programversioner&amp;Itemid=88\"><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/pchimages/consultant44.jpg\" alt=\"consultant44\" width=\"180\" height=\"66\" /></a></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong><span class=\"Fetstilsvart\">For horse professionals, larger stables serving several horse owners and operations <br />where cost efficient feeding is important </span></strong></td>\r\n<td><strong><span class=\"Fetstilsvart\">Optimized for feed companies, advisors, helpdesk workers, consultants and veterinarians </span></strong></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><a href=\"index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=330:foderstatsprogram-skola&amp;catid=1:programversioner&amp;Itemid=317\"><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/pchimages/education44.jpg\" alt=\"education44\" width=\"180\" height=\"66\" /></a></td>\r\n<td><a href=\"index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=364:shop&amp;catid=1:programversioner&amp;Itemid=318\"><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/44-images/shop44.jpg\" alt=\"shop44\" width=\"180\" height=\"66\" /></a></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong><span class=\"Fetstilsvart\">A specialized version for educational institutions</span></strong></td>\r\n<td><strong><span id=\"result_box\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">Self-Service</span> <span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">version</span> <span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">for</span> <span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">feed</span> <span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">stores</span><span title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">,</span> <span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">fairs</span> <span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">and</span> <span class=\"hps\" title=\"Klicka om du vill visa alternativa översättningar\">exhibitions</span></span></strong></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>','',-2,90,'2008-09-11 10:06:43',62,'','2015-01-15 10:40:34',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2008-09-11 10:06:43','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',24,21,'','',1,0,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'nl-NL',''),(3649,4334,'Standard (3)','standard-3','<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong><span class=\"Fetstilsvart\">For private horse owners, small stables and breeders with few horses</span></strong></span></p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/situations/00-12-myhorse.jpg\" alt=\"00-12-myhorse\" height=\"100\" width=\"150\" /> <img src=\"images-joomla/stories/situations/00-9-newborn.jpg\" alt=\"00-9-newborn\" height=\"100\" width=\"150\" /> <img src=\"images-joomla/stories/situations/00-10-foal.jpg\" alt=\"00-10-foal\" height=\"100\" width=\"150\" /><strong><span class=\"Fetstilsvart\"><br /></span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\" class=\"Fetstilsvart\"></span></strong></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong><span class=\"Fetstilsvart\"></span></strong><strong><span class=\"h1\"><strong>General functions:<br /></strong></span></strong></span></p>\r\n<table class=\"font-small\" style=\"background-color: #ccffcc; width: 100%;\" border=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong>Horses: <br /></strong></span></td>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong>Unlimited</strong></span><br /></strong></span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong>Stables:</strong></span></strong></span></td>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong>1</strong></span></strong></span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong><span class=\"h1\">Nutrients in the </span><span class=\"h1\">diet</span></strong><strong>: <br /></strong></span></td>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong>24</strong></span></strong><strong></strong></span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong><span class=\"h1\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong><span class=\"h1\">Nutrients</span></strong></span>:</span></strong></span></td>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">Energy, Crude protein, Lysine, Calcium, Phosphorus, Ca/P, Magnesium, Sodium, Iron, Copper, Manganese, Zinc, Cobalt, Iodine, Niacine, Folic acid, Selenium, A-, D-, E-, B1-, B2-, B6- and B12 vitamins</span></span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong><span class=\"h1\"></span></strong><strong><span class=\"style2\"><span class=\"Fetstilsvart\"></span></span></strong><span class=\"h1\"><br /></span><strong><span class=\"Fetstilsvart\"></span></strong><strong><strong><span class=\"h1\"><strong>Other features:</strong></span></strong></strong></span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span class=\"h1\">All national breeds with picture and data<br /></span></li>\r\n<li><span class=\"h1\">Picture and definitions of your horses<br /></span></li>\r\n<li><span class=\"h1\">Overview of the horse´s nutritient needs<br /></span></li>\r\n<li><span class=\"h1\">Calculator for weight and </span>chest girth</li>\r\n<li><span class=\"h1\">Training intensity regulator </span></li>\r\n<li><span class=\"h1\">National feed list guaranteed by leading suppliers</span></li>\r\n<li><span class=\"h1\">Warning for feeds lacking data<br /></span></li>\r\n<li><span class=\"h1\">Select and delete brands (feeds)</span></li>\r\n<li><span class=\"h1\">Printable ration charts<br /></span></li>\r\n<li><span class=\"h1\">Overview of nutrients in the chart<br /></span></li>\r\n<li><span class=\"h1\">Hot links to leading suppliers </span></li>\r\n<li><span class=\"h1\">Backup</span></li>\r\n<li><span class=\"h1\">Several horses </span></li>\r\n<li><span class=\"h1\">Stable reports<br /></span></li>\r\n<li><span class=\"h1\">Extra information about the horse (identity, signs, etc)<br /></span></li>\r\n<li><span class=\"h1\">Horse diary<br /></span></li>\r\n<li><span class=\"h1\">Weight history and normal curve (growing horses)<br /></span></li>\r\n<li><span class=\"h1\">Defining your own feeds </span></li>\r\n<li><span class=\"h1\">Archive for rations<br /></span></li>\r\n<li><span class=\"h1\">Feed prices and cost calculations (per day/week/month)<br /></span></li>\r\n<li><span class=\"h1\">Contact register<br /></span></li>\r\n<li><span class=\"h1\"></span>Special feature for lactating mares to be mated</li>\r\n<li>Dry Matter-control  monitor the roughage level in the ration</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p><span class=\"h1\"></span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p><strong><strong><span class=\"h1\"></span></strong></strong></p>\r\n<noscript> </noscript>','',1,90,'2008-09-11 10:56:00',62,'','2015-01-15 10:40:34',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2008-09-11 10:56:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',31,24,'pc-horse, standard, standardversjon, fôrplan','Avansert program for private hesteeiere, private staller og mindre oppdrettere',1,1659,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'nl-NL',''),(3650,4335,'Protein requirements - Work / Training ','protein-requirements-work-training-2','<p>Training or work requires the same energy-to-protein ratio as maintenance (i.e. 5.2 grams digestible protein per MJ energy). The increases in energy intake required during work therefore increases the protein requirement proportionately. For heavily exercised horses, protein allowances are more likely to become too high rather than too low. A notable exception is when increased energy demands are met through the provision of fats or vegetable oils, which provide energy but not protein.</p>','',1,9,'2015-01-10 13:48:51',10,'','2015-01-15 16:09:08',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2015-01-10 13:48:51','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',2,10,'','',1,1648,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'nl-NL',''),(3651,4336,'Protein requirements - Milk production','protein-requirements-milk-production-2','<p>The protein content of milk is highest just after parturition, and declines gradually as lactation proceeds. The composition of the milk is not greatly affected by diet composition, but milk production (kg/d) depends on both protein and energy intake. Horse milk contains on the average between 2.1 and 1.8 percent protein in early and late lactation respectively.</p>\r\n<p>Protein requirement for lactation is calculated as digestible crude protein per kg of milk produced, and the total requirement is determined as the product of this value and the rate of milk production.</p>\r\n<p>Digestible crude protein (DCP) per kg of milk production in different stages of lactation</p>\r\n<table style=\"width: 366px; height: 160px;\" border=\"1\">\r\n<tbody style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Month of lactation</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">DCP, g/kg milk</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">1</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">50</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">2</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">44</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">3</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">44</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">4</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">40</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">5</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">40</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p><br /><em><strong>Note! The mare´s requirement for maintenance must be added to above requirement for milk production.</strong></em></p>','',1,9,'2015-01-10 13:45:30',10,'','2015-01-15 16:08:44',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2015-01-10 13:45:30','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',2,13,'','',1,1685,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'nl-NL',''),(3652,4337,'Protein requirements - Pregnancy ','protein-requirements-pregnancy-2','<p>Pregnant mares that are not lactating do not require protein in excess of their maintenance requirement until the last third of pregnancy. However, more care than usual should be taken to ensure that the quality of the protein in the diet is acceptable. Since 60 - 65% of foetal growth occurs during the last 90 days of pregnancy, protein requirement will increase during this period.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Protein requirements for foetal growth in excess of the maintenance requirement (grams of digestible crude protein per 100 kg of bodyweight)</strong></p>\r\n<table style=\"width: 475px; height: 134px;\" border=\"1\">\r\n<tbody style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Month of pregnancy</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Protein requirement</strong></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">8</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">12g</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">9</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">25g</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">10</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">33g</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">11</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">50g</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p>Example: Digestible crude protein (g/d) for pregnancy, mare 500 kg BW in10. month of pregnancy: DCP = 5 x 33 = 165 g/d</p>','',1,9,'2015-01-10 13:43:46',10,'','2015-01-15 16:08:23',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2015-01-10 13:43:46','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',2,14,'','',1,1570,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'nl-NL',''),(3653,4338,'Protein requirements - Young horses ','protein-requirements-young-horses-2','<p>Both the requirement for absolute protein and the need for high quality protein are higher for growing horses than for other horses. Young horses generally have a smaller feed intake than adult animals. As a consequence, the concentration of digestible crude protein must be higher in the diets of young growing horses than of any other category.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Protein requirement (DCP) for growing horses at different ages:<br /></strong></p>\r\n<table style=\"width: 100%; height: 82px;\" border=\"1\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Age, months</td>\r\n<td>3</td>\r\n<td>6</td>\r\n<td>12</td>\r\n<td>18</td>\r\n<td>24</td>\r\n<td>30</td>\r\n<td>36</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>DCP, g/d</td>\r\n<td>650</td>\r\n<td>530</td>\r\n<td>425</td>\r\n<td>380</td>\r\n<td>350</td>\r\n<td>350</td>\r\n<td>350</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>DCP, g/MJ</td>\r\n<td>13.3</td>\r\n<td>9.5</td>\r\n<td>7.1</td>\r\n<td>6.3</td>\r\n<td>6.0</td>\r\n<td>6.0</td>\r\n<td>6.0</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p>An optimal ratio between energy and protein is required for a balanced growth. The demands for protein per unit of energy decrease (see table) as the horse gets older. <em><br /></em><br />The requirement for the amino acid lysine also declines with age. At ages of 3, 6, 12 and 18 months the requirement for lysine is 0.7, 0.5, 0.4 and 0.4 grams per MJ of digestible energy, respectively.</p>','',1,9,'2015-01-10 13:42:05',10,'','2015-01-15 16:07:57',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2015-01-10 13:42:05','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',2,16,'','',1,1590,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'nl-NL',''),(3654,4339,'Protein requirements - Maintenance','protein-requirements-maintenance-2','<p>Protein requirement for maintenance of adult horses is given as 3 grams of digestible protein per kg metabolic weight (BW<sup>0.75</sup>), or 5.2 grams per MJ of energy requirement.</p>','',1,9,'2015-01-10 13:39:53',10,'','2015-01-15 16:07:36',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2015-01-10 13:39:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',2,18,'','',1,1639,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'nl-NL',''),(3655,4340,'Energy requirements - Training','energy-requirements-training-2','<p>Increased activity such as training, exercise or racing increases the energy requirement. The requirement can be defined within the program as a continuous function which calculates the requirement as a multiple of the maintenance energy requirement. The program provides in addition four pre-defined levels of work:</p>\r\n<table style=\"width: 460px; height: 174px;\" border=\"1\">\r\n<tbody style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Work intensity</strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Requirement</strong></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Light work</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Energy (MJ) = 1.25 * Maintenance requirement</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Moderate work</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Energy (MJ) = 1.50 * Maintenance requirement</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Hard work</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Energy (MJ) = 1.75 * Maintenance requirement</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Intense work</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Energy (MJ) = 2.00 * Maintenance requirement</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p><br />It may be difficult to judge the level of work. We recommend that you estimate a level of work calculated backwards from the ration that the horse is receiving currently. The program will help you with this process. Later, adjust the feeding if the horse is losing or gaining weight.</p>','',1,9,'2015-01-10 13:36:35',10,'','2015-01-15 16:06:47',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2015-01-10 13:36:35','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',3,23,'','',1,1677,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'nl-NL',''),(3656,4341,'Energy requirements - Pregnancy','energy-requirements-pregnancy-2','<p>The growth of the foetus speeds up during the three last months of pregnancy. Prior to that no increase in the energy requirement of the mare is required as long as the mare is in a generally good condition.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Percentage increase in energy requirement above maintenance for mares during late the last part of pregnancy. </strong></p>\r\n<table style=\"width: 100%; height: 108px;\" border=\"1\">\r\n<tbody style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Month of pregnancy</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">% increase</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">8-9</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">15%</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">10</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">25%</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">11-12</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">30%</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p>  <span class=\"article_separator\"><br /></span></p>','',1,9,'2015-01-10 13:34:06',10,'','2015-01-15 16:05:45',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2015-01-10 13:34:06','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',2,24,'','',1,1693,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'nl-NL',''),(3657,4342,'Energy requirements - Young horses','energy-requirements-young-horses','<p><strong>Both maintenance requirements and requirements for weight gain must be included when calculating the requirements for young and growing horses. </strong></p>\r\n<p>Scientists in the Netherlands have developed a system based on the physiology of growth for calculating the energy requirements of young horses, where breed and blood types may be included as parameters in the equations. In the PC-Horse program we have defined two levels of energy requirements for young horses in order to cater for differences in the rate of gain which is advocated under different conditions.</p>\r\n<p>When \"Rapid growth rate\" is selected, the horse is given a 20% higher energy allowance than when \"Moderate growth rate\" is selected. Rapid growth rate is recommended for horses that are put into training at an early age as well as for horses that are raised in groups and have access to lots of exercise. Further increases in energy supplies may be provided for by selecting the \"moderate exercise\" options within the program.</p>\r\n<p>Irrespective of the target for growth rate that is selected, it is impotant to monitor the body condition of the horse and adjust feeding levels accordingly. The program contains a standard growth curve which can be used to monitor the development of young horses. The following table may also help in monitoring the growth and development of young horses.</p>\r\n<p><strong><br />Growth of young horses as percentage of adult body weight</strong></p>\r\n<table style=\"width: 642px; height: 56px;\" border=\"1\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Age (months)</td>\r\n<td>0</td>\r\n<td>3</td>\r\n<td>6</td>\r\n<td>9</td>\r\n<td>12</td>\r\n<td>15</td>\r\n<td>18</td>\r\n<td>21</td>\r\n<td>24</td>\r\n<td>27</td>\r\n<td>30</td>\r\n<td>33</td>\r\n<td>36</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>% of adult body weight</td>\r\n<td>10</td>\r\n<td>30</td>\r\n<td>47</td>\r\n<td>58</td>\r\n<td>67</td>\r\n<td>75</td>\r\n<td>82</td>\r\n<td>86</td>\r\n<td>89</td>\r\n<td>92</td>\r\n<td>94</td>\r\n<td>96</td>\r\n<td>97</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>','',1,9,'2015-01-10 13:31:27',10,'','2015-01-15 10:41:37',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2015-01-10 13:31:27','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',1,26,'','',1,1786,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'nl-NL',''),(3658,4343,'NCR calculations','ncr-calculations','<p><strong>Minerals and vitamins</strong></p>\r\n<p>The requirements for vitamins and minerals are calculated from the NRC (2007) norm (recommended amounts). The NRC norm for minerals and vitamins is the accepted norm throughout the world today and is revised at irregular intervals. It represents the cumulated results and experience of equine nutritional research globally. Some changes to the NRC norm have been included in the program following recommendations from, among others, Professor H. Meyer in Germany and from further collaboration between Nordic horse nutritionists.</p>\r\n<p>It is important to recognise that the NRC norm is a minimal norm. This means that it is advisable to increase requirements by approximately 25% to secure the provision of sufficient amounts of specific nutrients under practical feeding conditions. In the current versions of the computer program we have already created this transformation from minimal norms to what we have termed \"optimum norms\" for most nutrients. The requirements for nutrients as given in the program will therefore be the optimum norm. When the amounts of a particular nutrient provided by the diet are below a certain limit (this value is usually the NRC recommendation), the program issues a warning, and you are prompted to increase the amounts of the nutrient by changing the diet of the horse. The norms are generally provided as equations where you have to input relevant information about the particular horse you are formulating the diets for. Information usually required for this is:</p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Body weight</li>\r\n<li>Age and growth rate of young growing horses</li>\r\n<li>Stage of pregnancy or lactation of reproducing mares</li>\r\n<li>Training intensity or level of exercise</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p><br />It is common to subdivide the requirements into</p>\r\n<p><strong>Maintenance requirement:</strong> The amount of a nutrient which is required to maintain the body pool of that nutrient. The maintenance requirement for energy is the energy used to keep the cells, tissues and organs of the horse alive and running, to maintain body temperature and keep a constant body weight. <br /><strong><br />Production requirement: </strong>The amount of a nutrient which is used by the horse for production of milk, a foetus, or for carrying out a certain amount of work.</p>\r\n<p>The temperament of the horse will influence the requirement for energy and hence for other nutrients as well. Easily agitated and \"excitable\" horses have a somewhat higher energy requirement than more docile breeds. Excitable horses will also use more energy when undergoing the same work load or training intensity as more docile horses. Thus there is an important need for individualisation in the feeding requirements of horses, not only where the composition of the diet is concerned, but also when it comes to the calculation of requirements. A good computer program can provide for this level of customisation.</p>','',1,9,'2015-01-10 13:13:06',10,'','2015-01-15 10:42:31',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2015-01-10 13:13:06','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',1,28,'','',1,2624,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'nl-NL',''),(3659,4344,'How to order a new license for PC-Horse (3)','how-to-order-a-new-license-for-pc-horse-3','<p>You order a new licence, an extension or an upgrade <em>from within</em> PC-Horse. Even when ordering for the first time you do this from within the PC-Horse program.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><img src=\"http://www.pc-horse.com/images-joomla/stories/46-images/46-licensewindow1.jpg\" alt=\"46-licensewindow1\" height=\"237\" width=\"350\" /></p>\r\n<p>When extending or upgrading your licence, our web server keeps track of the version number of your program and how many days are left before the licence expires. Any time that remains is added to the duration of the new license.</p>','',1,3,'2015-01-10 12:50:29',10,'','2015-01-15 10:43:01',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2015-01-10 12:50:29','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',1,3,'','',1,1832,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'nl-NL',''),(3660,4345,'What´s new in the latest versions of PC-Horse ','news-nl','<p>Do always install the latest version. In addition to the changes mentioned under each version, the PC-Horse team will currently fix bugs and introduce other improvements.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/44-images/new.jpg\" alt=\"new\" width=\"102\" height=\"97\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" /></p>\r\n<p><strong>Version 2.32 published January 2017</strong><br />1. Import of feed analyses (xml-file) from Eurofins/BLgg in Sweden, Netherlands, Germany. Ofotlab in Norway<br />2. Potassium and Chloride requirements and ration balances calculated according to NRC 2007 (Not in Mini and Standard versions).<br />3. Screen for making feed mixes improved<br />4. Import of horses and stables overhauled<br />a. Stables can be imported (only in the Consultant version), when energy- and protein calculations are identical with the current country-version.<br />b. Horses can be imported to a stable from all other PC-Horse country-versions (Consultant version only). Feed energy and protein values will be recalculated.<br />c. Feed lists can be imported from all other PC-Horse country-versions. Energy and protein values will be recalculated.<br />5. Bug fixes (e.g. Horse treatments and naming of stables). Langauge corrections</p>\r\n<p><strong>Versie 2.30 gepubliseerd September 2016</strong><br />1. Invoerscherm voor jonge paarden nu mogelijk om tot 36 maanden leeftijd in te voeren.<br />2. Nieuwe layout van het invoerscherm voor training. Training intensiteit nomenclatuur veranderd om overeen te komen met de NRC als NRC 2007 aanbevelingen worden gebruikt.<br />3. Eerst Finse versie van PC-Horse. Samenwerking met Eurofins Finland met XML-files voor diervoer analyses.<br />4. Kationen-Anionen balans waardes (DCAB) worden meteen geüpdatet als K, Cl, Na of S in het voer worden veranderd.<br />5. Voer analysen (XML-files) van granen, krachtvoer, en vitaminen/mineralen worden nu gelezen.<br />6. Back-up functie is verbeterd (UK bug).</p>\r\n<p><strong>Version 2.29 published February 2016 </strong>(Minor update)<br />1. Import of stable from file (menu selection). All saved horses and reporfiles now included during import<br />2. Consultantversion: A userdefined root folder enabled in company installations where the \"My Documents\" folder is unavailable. Contact PC-Horse for information.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Version 2.28 published January 2016</strong><br /><strong>All versions:</strong><br />1. Licenses: Due to increased safety requirements in internet commerce, ordering and renewal of licenses<br />is done from the user\'s default web browser (Internet Explorer, FireFox, Chrome...).<br />2. Reading of feed analyses data (in XML format) enabled from new Laboratories (contact PC-Horse for information)<br />3. Imports of German roughages (guaranty feeds) is made possible to countries that use metabolisable and net energy.<br />4. Custom feeds can now be used when comparing nutrient contents<br />5. Corrections of reported errors.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Professional and Consultant</strong><br />5. Ratios of several new minerals in the horse\'s ration is reported.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Consultant</strong><br />6. Company logos for ration- and other reports can be downloaded from PC-Horse server.<br />The appropriate size of a banner is 175 x 40 pixels. Send your logo in an email to PC-Horse.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Importfeeds</strong><br />7. PC-Horse wil express energy and protein values in imported guarantyfeeds in local units,<br />and optionally show the local name of the feed, feeding guidance and point to the importers local website (Contact PC-Horse for details).</p>\r\n<p><strong>Version 2.27 published September 2015<br /></strong></p>\r\n<ol>\r\n<li>A \"Quick start\" is available in Consultant and Professional versions of PC-Horse through a menu item on the main menu. Synchronization with PC-Horse feed center will be dropped to speed up program start in cases of a slow internet connection. A warning will be given as long as the quick start mode is selected</li>\r\n<li>Internationalization of Branded feeds: Energy and protein units of a guaranty feed from the PC-Horse Feed Center will be expressed in the official units of the home country of the PC-Horse user. (i.e. A feed produced in the UK will be shown with Swedish energy and protein units when used by a Swedish PC-Horse user. Contact PC-Horse for more information)</li>\r\n<li>Support is given for internationalization of feed names, feed descriptions and references to feed homepages (URLs). Contact PC-Horse for more information.</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p><strong>Version 2.26 published February 2015<br /></strong></p>\r\n<ol>\r\n<li>PC-Horse will now create new feeds and use the template feed mechanism also when internet is unavailable (bugfix)</li>\r\n<li>New graphic control monitoring roughage and dry matter intake when formulating rations</li>\r\n<li>New download of OpenSource feed lists (Feeds without an agreement with PC-Horse) in some countries</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p><strong>Version 2.25 published September 2014</strong></p>\r\n<p><span id=\"result_box\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"hps\">U</span><span class=\"hps\">pdate</span> <span class=\"hps\">only required</span> <span class=\"hps\">for</span> <span class=\"hps\">MINI</span>-version. <span class=\"hps\">Fixate</span> a <span class=\"hps\">bug that</span> <span class=\"hps\">stopped</span> <span class=\"hps\">storage of</span> <span class=\"hps\">own</span> <span class=\"hps\">feed. Minor language corrections in all versions.<br /></span></span></p>\r\n<p><strong>Version 2.24 published August 2014</strong></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">1. Limit for warning on too much fat in ration now at 1.5 g/kg (from 1.0 g/kg)<br />2. Improved handling of license download. PC-Horse Campaign Codes<br />3. Improved handling of feed information when PC-Horse is off-line</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>Version 2.22 published June 2014</strong></p>\r\n<ol>\r\n<li>Improved user choices when importing feed analyses through XML-files (i.e. from Eurofins)</li>\r\n<li>Improved search fascilities for finding horses and stables (Relevant for professional users with a large number of stables and horses per stable).</li>\r\n<li>Added functionality for using «Campaign codes» when ordering your PC-Horse license. Examples for use are among others i) Feed companies will give their retailers and competent customers opportunities to test their feeds in PC-Horse, and ii) Students at education institutions who wish to use PC-Horse on their own PCs.</li>\r\n<li>Possibilities to configure Proxy-settings when PC-Horse is being used inside a company firewall.</li>\r\n<li>Online information about what\'s to be expected in the newest version of PC-Horse (This page).</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p><strong>Version 2.21 published May 2014</strong></p>\r\n<ol>\r\n<li>Added window to warn about the presence of a new version of PC-Horse</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p><strong>Version 2.20 published April 2014</strong></p>\r\n<ol>\r\n<li>New and improved model for handling of feeds in PC-Horse</li>\r\n<li>Download of all new and modified guaranty feeds from the PC-Horse webserver when PC-Horse starts. Secures that the PC-Horse always has a collection of feeds with updated composition from feed companies which collaborate with PC-Horse.</li>\r\n<li>«Feed direct» - a new service allowing PC-Horse users to import roughage analyses from collaborating hay producers directly into the feed lists of PC-Horse</li>\r\n</ol>','',1,14,'2015-01-10 12:41:27',10,'','2017-01-19 08:37:27',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2015-01-10 12:41:27','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',9,7,'','',1,3079,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'nl-NL',''),(3661,4346,'Sorry! (4)','sorry85397-4','<p><img alt=\"sv\" src=\"images-joomla/stories/symboler/flags/sv.gif\" height=\"14\" width=\"20\" /><br />Vi beklagar att vi har en störning i systemet just nu. Vi arbetar på att lösa problemet så snart som möjligt. Vi ber om överseende. Försök igen lite senare.</p>\r\n<p><img alt=\"no\" src=\"images-joomla/stories/symboler/flags/no.gif\" height=\"14\" width=\"20\" /><br />Vi beklager at vi har en forstyrrelse i systemet akkurat nå. Vi jobber med å løse problemet så snart som mulig. Vi beklager eventuelle ulemper dette medfører. Prøv igjen senere.</p>\r\n<p><img alt=\"da\" src=\"images-joomla/stories/symboler/flags/da.gif\" height=\"14\" width=\"20\" /><br />Vi beklager, at vi har en forstyrrelse i systemet lige nu. Vi arbejder på at løse problemet så hurtigt som muligt. Vi beklager ulejligheden. Prøv igen senere.</p>\r\n<p><img alt=\"en\" src=\"images-joomla/stories/symboler/flags/en.gif\" height=\"14\" width=\"20\" /><br />We regret that we have a disturbance in the system right now. We are working to resolve the issue as soon as possible. We apologize for any inconvenience. Try again later.</p>\r\n<p><img alt=\"fr\" src=\"images-joomla/stories/symboler/flags/fr.gif\" height=\"14\" width=\"20\" /><br />Nous regrettons que nous avons une perturbation dans le système actuel. Nous travaillons à résoudre le problème dès que possible. Nous nous excusons pour tout inconvénient. Réessayez plus tard.</p>','',1,14,'2012-09-22 11:04:23',62,'','2015-01-15 10:44:44',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2012-09-22 11:04:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"show_section\":\"\",\"link_section\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_pdf_icon\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"language\":\"\",\"keyref\":\"\",\"readmore\":\"\"}',2,22,'','',1,190,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"tags\":\"\"}',0,'nl-NL',''),(3662,4347,'When downloading','whendownloading-nl','<p>Be ready for any security issue questions asked by Windows and/or your web browser and/or your firewall during the downloading process.</p>\r\n<p>1. Select RUN or OPEN to start the installation immediately (recommended)<br />2. SAVE means that you are first saving the downloaded installation file to your computer.  Subsequently, you will have to doubleclick the saved file ( <img style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" src=\"images-joomla/stories/pchimages/blueicon.jpg\" alt=\"blueicon\" width=\"40\" height=\"33\" />31install.exe) to start the installation process.</p>\r\n<p>In some cases you may receive a warning about an unknown program. This is normal, and you should choose the RUN option</p>','',1,13,'2015-01-10 12:44:50',10,'','2015-02-02 12:20:35',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2015-01-10 12:44:50','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',3,4,'','',1,1677,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'nl-NL',''),(3663,4348,'Prices in EURO','price-web-nl','<table border=\"1\" style=\"height: 260px; border-width: 1px; border-color: #ffffff; width: 100%;\" cellspacing=\"5\" cellpadding=\"5\">\r\n<tbody style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\"><th style=\"background-color: #000000; width: 140px; text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Version</span></strong></th><th style=\"background-color: #000000; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Months</span> </strong> </span></th><th style=\"background-color: #000000; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">New license<br /></span> </strong> </span></th><th style=\"background-color: #000000; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Extension *<br /></span> </strong> </span></th></tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/pchimages/mini.jpg\" alt=\"mini\" width=\"140\" height=\"51\" /></td>\r\n<td style=\"background-color: #c9020e;\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #ffffff;\"><strong>3<br /></strong></span></td>\r\n<td style=\"background-color: #c9020e;\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">9 €<br /></span> </strong> </span></td>\r\n<td style=\"background-color: #c9020e;\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">9 €<br /></span> </strong> </span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align: left; background-color: #ffffff;\"><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/pchimages/standard.jpg\" alt=\"standard\" width=\"140\" height=\"51\" /></td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #0000ff;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #ffffff;\"><strong>6<br /></strong></span></td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #0000ff;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">70 <strong>€</strong><br /></span> </strong> </span></td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #0000ff;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">50 <strong>€</strong><br /></span> </strong> </span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #0000ff;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">12<br /></span> </strong> </span></td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #0000ff;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">110 <strong>€</strong><br /></span> </strong> </span></td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #0000ff;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">90 <strong>€</strong><br /></span> </strong> </span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left; background-color: #ffffff;\"><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/pchimages/professional.jpg\" alt=\"professional\" width=\"140\" height=\"51\" /></td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #006600;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">12<br /></span> </strong> </span></td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #006600;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">240 <strong>€</strong></span> </strong><br /> </span></td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #006600;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">150 <strong>€</strong><br /></span> </strong> </span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"background-color: #ffffff; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/44-images/PCHlogo-Consultant-165px.jpg\" alt=\"PCHlogo-Consultant-165px\" width=\"140\" height=\"56\" /></td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #cc6600;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">12<br /></span> </strong> </span></td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #cc6600;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"> 500 <strong>€</strong><br /></span> </strong> </span></td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #cc6600;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">250 <strong>€</strong><br /></span> </strong> </span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/44-images/PCHlogo-Education.jpg\" alt=\"PCHlogo-Education\" width=\"140\" height=\"53\" /></td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #c207f7;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>12<br /> </strong> </span></span></td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #c207f7;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">550 <strong>€</strong>&nbsp; **<br /></span> </strong> </span></td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #c207f7;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">550 <strong>€</strong></span><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"></span> </strong><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"></span></span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong>EURO</strong></span><span class=\"style2\">(from 2012-02-01) </span><span class=\"h1\"><strong>Prices exclusive VAT. No VAT for sales to EU countries</strong><strong><br /></strong></span></p>\r\n<p>Licence costs are calculated based on a fixed basic price for the version, plus a per diem cost for the duration of the license. When ordering you may see minor deviations (1-3%) from the shown price. This&nbsp;relates to the actual number of days in the&nbsp;months your license spans. When you order for the first time we add some extra days to allow you time to get acquainted with PC-Horse. <br />Our server calculates and shows the actual price as soon as you have filled in the order form.</p>\r\n<p>* Any remaining time will be added to a renewal or upgrade.<br />** We are giving special offers for schools and other multi-user environments. <a href=\"mailto:kh@pc-horse.com\">Please contact us.</a></p>','',1,2,'2008-10-29 11:05:58',62,'','2016-03-02 08:21:22',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2008-10-29 11:05:58','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',8,8,'','',1,4419,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'nl-NL',''),(3664,4349,'Minerals','mineraler27246-4','<p><strong>Sodium and chloride</strong></p>\r\n<p><strong>Sodium and chloride</strong> are secreted intensively into the digestive tract with saliva, pancreatic juice, and intestinal secretions. Up to 99% of the content of these minerals is absorbed in the hind-gut. The gut is not an excretory organ. Any dietary surplus of sodium and chloride is instead excreted in the urine. Dietary potassium passes through the gut wall of the small intestine (65-70%). In the large intestine, potassium may both be absorbed from the gut contents and secreted from the blood into the gut contents.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Calcium </strong>is absorbed in the small intestine. The efficiency of the absorptive process is regulated according to the bodily needs for calcium. Absorption is high when calcium losses are increased, such as during lactation, or when bone mineralization requires large amounts of calcium in young growing horses. Calcium absorption is stimulated by vitamin D and impaired in vitamin D deficiency. </p>\r\n<p><strong>Magnesium </strong>metabolism is much less tightly controlled than calcium metabolism. Magnesium is absorbed more or less proportionately to the magnesium content in the diet. Magnesium surplus is excreted with urine.<strong> </strong></p>\r\n<p><strong>Phosphorus </strong>is secreted into the digestive tract with saliva and other digestive juices. In roughage-rich rations the secretion of phosphorus with the digestive juices may exceed the dietary intake of phosphorus. In such cases it is first in the hind-gut that there is net absorption of phosphorus. In low-fibre rations, the secretory loss of phosphorus to the intestine is smaller, and net absorption takes place in the small intestine. Calcium is absorbed only in the small intestine, while phosphorus can be  absorbed both in the small intestine and the hind-gut. too high phosphorus contents relative to calcium may reduce calcium absorption in the small intestine, and thus cause secondary calcium deficiency. Phosphorus is less influenced by the calcium content of the diet.  </p>','',1,11,'2008-09-09 11:55:12',62,'','2015-01-15 16:12:05',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2008-09-09 11:55:12','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',14,33,'','',1,1697,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'nl-NL',''),(3665,4350,'Research on horses (3)','haestforskning31573-4','<p><br /><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/pchimages/cavepainting2.png\" alt=\"cavepainting2\" width=\"150\" height=\"125\" /> <img src=\"images-joomla/stories/pchimages/eng_fullblod.png\" alt=\"eng_fullblod\" width=\"150\" height=\"125\" /></p>\r\n<p><span id=\"result_box\" lang=\"en\"><span>The modern horse has much in common with the old horse. </span><span>Its anatomy and digestive system is very functional. </span><span>Modern research builds on the old well-established knowledge but with the help of modern technology you can now better identify and document the processes in the horse\'s digestive system.</span></span></p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/pchimages/911 dag A.jpg\" alt=\"911 dag A\" width=\"75\" height=\"100\" /></p>\r\n<p><strong>Dag Austbø. </strong>Professor in animal nutrition with horses as a speciality. Dag has been an active researcher in horse nutrition during the last 20 years, and teaches horse nutrition at the Norwegian life science university. He is a member of the \"Horse nutrition group\" in the European Association for Animal Production (EAAP), and has a broad international network.</p>','',1,11,'2008-09-09 12:21:21',62,'','2015-01-15 10:48:29',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2008-09-09 12:21:21','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',10,70,'','',1,166,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'nl-NL',''),(3666,4351,'The stomach','the-stomach-of-the-horse-4','<p>The stomach is adapted to a continuous feed intake, and has a comparatively small volume (15-20 litre for a medium sized, 500 kg, horse). The stomach can be subdivided into three main parts:<br /><br />1. The oesophageal part which has no glands<br />2. The fundic part which has glands producing hydrochloric acid, enzymes and mucus<br />3. The pyloric part which has gland-producing mucus<br /><br />The oesophageal part of the stomach usually has a high concentration of microbes (up to 1000 millions per gram). These ferment (break down) ingested feeds. The high temperature in the stomach, and the liquids which are mixed into the feed during chewing together with the neutral or moderately acidic pH provides an excellent environment for bacteria. (This part of the stomach is also inhabited by the bots fly larvae (Gastrophilus) which lives and overwinters in the stomach of the horse. When fully grown, the 1-2 cm long larvae are passed with faeces, pupate in the soil and emerge as flies which lay their yellow eggs on the legs of the horse.)<br /><br />This microbial activity leads to a partial digestion of carbohydrates and sugars, and begins the hydrolysis of soluble proteins. The fermentation produces lactic acid, short-chain fatty acids, and some carbon dioxide gas. Gas is potentially harmful because the horse has a poor ability to expel it from the stomach. <br /><br />Fermentation stops as the gastric contents gradually become acidified by the fundic secretions which contain pepsin, a protein-cleaving enzyme, and hydrochloric acid which rapidly reduces the pH of the ingested feed to between 2 and 3. It is in the pyloric part of the stomach (the lower half) that the muscles in the wall first produce sufficiently strong contractions to mix the contents fully. In horses fed infrequent, large meals, gas production and over distension of the stomach can become a problem. Horses should therefore be fed many small meals, particularly when they are exercised heavily and need large quantities of hard feed. <br /><br />In the horse\'s stomach, the only breakdown of carbohydrates, such as starch, occurs as a result of microbial fermentation since the stomach does not produce any carbohydrate- or fat-digesting enzymes. <br /><br />The secretion of hydrochloric acid is regulated by the hormone gastrin in a negative feedback manner. Increased secretion of gastrin leads to increased concentrations of HCl in the stomach, which in turn reduces the secretion of gastrin. The secretion of gastrin is primarily stimulated by the presence of food in the stomach through specific receptors in the stomach wall which react to being stretched and to chemical substances such as amino acids in the feed. The lower section of the stomach is the pyloric part where glands produce mucus which lubricate the digesta. <br /><br />The stomach starts to empty its contents into the small intestine whilst the horse is still eating. Stomach contents with a dry matter percentage below 18% will pass rapidly, and may overtake fibrous contents by following the small curvature of the stomach towards the pylorus. Generally, fibre-rich diets will remain longer in the stomach. Proper mixing of the feed with digestive juices is necessary for normal digestion. Failure in mixing may be caused by: <br /><br />- Too few gastric secretions, often resulting from too much physical or psychological stress soon after feeding.<br />- The feed being consumed too rapidly (the horse is too hungry)<br />- Too much feed being given (in particular concentrates and grains)<br />- Concentrates containing cooked (micronized) wheat or rye-starch which may prevent the hydrochloric acid from sufficiently reducing the pH of the gastric contents to stop microbial fermentation, resulting in excessive gas formation, stomach dilatation and colic.</p>','',1,11,'2008-09-09 12:44:08',62,'','2015-01-15 16:12:34',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2008-09-09 12:44:08','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',8,86,'','',1,2772,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'nl-NL',''),(3667,4352,'Saliva','saliv88143-4','<p>During chewing, feed is mixed with saliva, which is secreted in copious amounts (Table 4). Horses may secrete 40-90 ml saliva per minute, ponies comparatively less (20-60 ml). The jaw movements, and the taste and the smell of feed stimulate salivary secretion. The structure of the feed will affect the amounts of saliva which are produced. Both the chewing time and salivary secretion are much greater when roughages are fed because of their much higher fibre content (Table 4). <br /><br /><strong>Salivary secretion whilst chewing different feeds:</strong><br /><br /></p>\r\n<table style=\"width: 264px; height: 108px;\" border=\"1\">\r\n<tbody style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Feed type</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Saliva production</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Hay and straw</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">3 - 4</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Concentrate</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">1</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Grass</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">1</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p><br />The saliva of horses does not contain digestive enzymes, but provides minerals and a buffer (sodium bicarbonate) which neutralises acids produced during the fermentation of carbohydrates which may occur in the upper part of the stomach.<br />Saliva is required for lubricating food before it is swallowed. When eating, balls of saliva and food of between 30 and 70 grams form, these are swallowed about every 30 seconds. The dry matter content of these balls varies with the type of feed and the chewing time. Typical values for concentrates are 40-50% and for roughage 20-30% (Meyer 1986).</p>','',1,11,'2008-09-09 12:50:02',62,'','2015-01-15 16:12:59',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2008-09-09 12:50:02','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',4,105,'','',1,1842,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'nl-NL',''),(3668,4353,'Small intestine','the-small-intestine-4','<p>The small intestine of an average sized horse (450 kg) is about 20 metres long. It is anatomically divided into 3 segments: <br /><br /><strong>Duodenum </strong>- the first 1-1.5 meters. The bile duct and pancreatic duct empty their contents into the duodenum at the junction with the jejunum.<br /><strong>Jejunum </strong>- the middle part of the intestine (&gt; 80% of the length). The wall of the jejunum has an abundance of digestive glands that secrete enzymes and buffers into the lumen. The jejunum has a large absorptive surface, and is the major site for the absorption of nutrients including vitamins and minerals.<br /><strong>Ileum</strong> - the final 1-2 meters of the small intestine. The ileum\'s structure and function is much like that of the jejunum.<br /><br />The horse has no gall bladder. The bile, which is produced by the liver, is therefore secreted continuously into the small intestine. Bile solids (phospholipids and bile salts) help in the emulsification of fat, and are a pre-requisite for lipid digestion. The pancreas secretes a bicarbonate-rich fluid which neutralises the acidic contents of the stomach digesta. Gastric contents are neutralised within a few metres of their emergence into the small intestine. The pancreas also secretes enzymes that hydrolyse proteins (trypsin), fats (lipase) and starch (amylase). Enzymes secreted by the glands of the intestinal wall continue to digest end products from pancreatic enzyme reactions into small components that can be absorbed by the cells of the intestinal epithelium. <br /><br />The transport velocity through the small intestine is approximately 20 cm per minute, thus giving the small intestine about 1.5 hours to digest the feed and extract nutrients. In the last part of the ileum the digesta accumulates before it is squirted under pressure into the large intestine at the junction between the colon and the caecum. Emptying of the ileum appears to take place 3-6 times per hour, and delivers 0.2 to 1.5 litres of intestinal contents to the hind-gut at a time. <br /><br />The digestive secretions increase the water content of the digesta until it has the consistency of a thick soup that can be propelled through the long and curving intestine. At the terminal ileum the water content is about 96% (4% dry matter) on a roughage diet, and in the range 90% to 96% on diets with a greater proportion of grains and commercial concentrates.</p>','',1,11,'2008-09-09 12:53:42',62,'','2015-01-15 16:13:25',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2008-09-09 12:53:42','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',6,98,'','',1,1606,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'nl-NL',''),(3669,4354,'Hind-gut','hind-gut-4','<p>The horse is technically referred to as a hind-gut fermenter. Herbivores which are hind-gut fermenters are characterised by the development of one or more large fermentation chambers in the distal parts of their digestive tract. In the horse both the caecum and the colon are used as fermentation chambers. <br /><br />The caecum is a blind sac starting at the point where the ileum empties into the hind-gut. It is about 1 m long and contains, in an average-sized horse, 30 litres of digesta. The colon has a complex anatomy and passes in a double horseshoe-like fashion from the junction with the caecum towards the liver in the foremost part of the abdominal cavity. Next it continuesto the pelvic flexure at the rear of the abdominal cavity, then forward again to empty finally into the rectum.</p>\r\n<p>The fermentation chambers have dense population of microbes (bacteria and protozoa, Table 5) which digest fibrous carbohydrates such as cellulose, hemicellulose and pectines none of which are broken down in the small intestines. The horse, like all other plant-eating animals, depends on microbial enzymes to extract the energy from these fibrous carbohydrates. No digestion of cellulose could take place in a sterile hind-gut. <br /><br /><strong>pH, ammonia concentration, and number of microbes in the digesta in different parts of the digestive tract of a horse on a hay ration :</strong></p>\r\n<table style=\"width: 453px; height: 160px;\" border=\"1\">\r\n<tbody style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Small intestine</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Caecum</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Colon</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">pH</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">7.4</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">6.6</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">6.6</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">pH</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">52</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">29</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">54</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Ammonia-N, mg/l</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">36</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">492</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">363</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Bacteria/gram x 10E+6</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">0.9</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">2.6</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">21.4</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">E. Coli/ gram x 10E+6</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">0</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">5600</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">0</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Protozoa/ gram</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p><br />The concentration of microbes in the hind-gut of the horse is approximately the same as that found in ruminant stomachs. The activity and number of microbes are strongly dependent on the nutrients which reach the hind-gut with the ileal contents, the passage rate, and the buffering capacity of the glands of the intestinal wall. Efficient microbial growth depends on an adequate supply of nitrogen (as protein, amino acids or ammonium ions). A certain amount of readily fermentable carbohydrates (starch and monosaccharides) will speed up bacterial growth and protein synthesis. <br /><br />Short-chain fatty acids (acetate, propionate, lactate and butyrate) which are produced by bacteria during fibre digestion are absorbed into the blood stream and utilised as energy sources by the horse. The bacteria also synthesise large quantities of water soluble vitamins of the B-complex (Table 6), but the extent to which these are absorbed is not known. However, horses with a normal workload do not experience vitamin B or C deficiencies. Horses which are used for hard exercise or endurance competitions are often treated with extra vitamins, although no exact requirements for these vitamins has been given in the international literature.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Concentrations of B-vitamins in feeds and intestinal contents in mg/kg of dry matter</strong></p>\r\n<table style=\"width: 492px; height: 212px;\" border=\"1\">\r\n<tbody style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Vitamin</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Feed</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Caecum</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Colon Start</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Colon End</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">B1</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">1.1</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">7.1</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">7.8</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">7.8</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">B2</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">0.4</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">7.0</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">9.2</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">12.2</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">B6</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">0.2</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">2.4</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">6.1</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">6.2</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Nicotinic acid</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">3.0</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">121.0</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">96.0</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">119.0</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Pantothenic acid</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">0.8</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">39.2</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">34.4</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">20.5</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Biotin</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">0.01</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">0.2</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">3.8</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">2.3</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Folic acid</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">0.1</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">3.0</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">4.7</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">\r\n<p>2.7</p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p><br />In the second half of the digestive tract the faeces gradually dries due to the absorption of water and ions.</p>','',1,11,'2008-09-09 12:55:59',62,'','2015-01-15 16:13:51',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2008-09-09 12:55:59','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',9,74,'','',1,1834,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'nl-NL',''),(3670,4355,'Water and electrolytes','water-and-electrolytes-3','<p>Large amounts of water and electrolytes are exchanged daily between the contents of the gastrointestinal tract and the blood. The amount of water secreted into the gastrointestinal tract is 15-20 litres per 100 kg of body weight per day (Table 9).This fluid contains high concentrations of sodium and chloride, but efficient absorption mechanisms in the small and large intestines effectively re-absorb both water and minerals back to the blood. The ingestion of 1 kg of dry matter as hay or straw requires the secretion of 12-14 litres of water while 1 kg of concentrate requires only 7 litres. <br /><br /><strong>Flows of liquid and electrolytes in the gut of the horse:</strong><br /><br /></p>\r\n<table style=\"width: 394px; height: 169px;\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"1\" cellpadding=\"4\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"style1\" valign=\"top\" width=\"35%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\">Secretion</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style1\" valign=\"top\" width=\"65%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"center\">kg / 100 kg body weight / day</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"style1\" valign=\"top\" width=\"35%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\">Saliva</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style1\" valign=\"top\" width=\"65%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"center\">3 - 4</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"style1\" valign=\"top\" width=\"35%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\">Gastic juice</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style1\" valign=\"top\" width=\"65%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"center\">1-2</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"style1\" valign=\"top\" width=\"35%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\">Pancreatic juice</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style1\" valign=\"top\" width=\"65%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"center\">6 - 10</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"style1\" valign=\"top\" width=\"35%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\">Bile</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style1\" valign=\"top\" width=\"65%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"center\">3</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"style1\" valign=\"top\" width=\"35%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\">Intestinal secretions</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style1\" valign=\"top\" width=\"65%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"center\">2 - 4</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"style1\" valign=\"top\" width=\"35%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\">Total</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style1\" valign=\"top\" width=\"65%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"center\">15 - 20</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p class=\"Bildtext\"><strong><br />Daily flow of liquid and electrolytes from the small to the large inte</strong><strong>stine:</strong></p>\r\n<table style=\"width: 581px; height: 151px;\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"1\" cellpadding=\"4\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"style1\" valign=\"top\" width=\"35%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\">Diet</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style1\" valign=\"top\" width=\"22%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"center\">Water kg</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style1\" valign=\"top\" width=\"25%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"center\">Sodium g</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style1\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"center\">Chloride g</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"style1\" valign=\"top\" width=\"35%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\">10 kg Hay</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style1\" valign=\"top\" width=\"22%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"center\">110</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style1\" valign=\"top\" width=\"25%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"center\">360</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style1\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"center\">190</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"style1\" valign=\"top\" width=\"35%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\">5 kg Hay + 3 kg concentrate</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style1\" valign=\"top\" width=\"22%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"center\">75</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style1\" valign=\"top\" width=\"25%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"center\">250</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style1\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"center\">130</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"style1\" valign=\"top\" width=\"35%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\">4 kg straw + 5 kg concentrate</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style1\" valign=\"top\" width=\"22%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"center\">85</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style1\" valign=\"top\" width=\"25%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"center\">280</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style1\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"center\">145</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p>In the large intestine 70-90% of secreted water is re-absorbed, depending upon the rate of passage of the intestinal digesta and the water-binding capacity of the undigested parts of the feed. The highest loss of water with faeces occurs on roughage diets. Sodium and chloride absorption in caecum and colon provided the osmotic potential to facilitate water resorption - osmosis. When the dietary supply of salt is marginal compared to requirements, the horse can absorb as much as 99% of these minerals from the faeces. It is the kidneys, and not the gut, which regulate the body stores of minerals such as sodium, potassium and chloride. <br /><br />Potassium is absorbed in the small intestine (65-70%) and may be absorbed or secreted in the hind-gut depending on mineral status. <br /><br />Calcium is absorbed in the first part of the small intestine where the gut contents are acidic, while phosphorus is absorbed in the middle and terminal parts of the small intestine. Both minerals are secreted into the digestive tract by saliva and gastric and intestinal juices. Absorption is controlled homeostatically, and vitamin D takes part in the regulation of both calcium and phosphorus absorption. Absorption of these minerals from the hind-gut is negligible.</p>','',1,11,'2008-10-29 19:58:55',62,'','2015-01-15 16:11:41',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2008-10-29 19:58:55','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"created_by\":62,\"created_by_alias\":\"\",\"access\":0,\"created\":\"\",\"publish_up\":\"\",\"publish_down\":\"\",\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"show_section\":\"\",\"link_section\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_pdf_icon\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"language\":\"\",\"keyref\":\"\",\"readmore\":\"\"}',5,5,'','',1,1750,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"tags\":\"\"}',0,'nl-NL',''),(3671,4356,'Proteins','protein-digestion-3','<p>The digestion of proteins starts in the stomach, and is continued in the intestine by the pancreatic enzymes. The proteins need to be broken down to their building blocks, the amino acids, before they can be absorbed and utilised. <br /><br />When the digesta reaches the end of the small intestine approximately 2/3 of the digestible protein from grains and protein supplements will have been absorbed compared with only 1/3 of that in roughage. In addition to undigested feed nitrogen, the contents of the ileum also contain nitrogen of endogenous origin, i.e. nitrogen which is derived from blood urea, secreted in to the digestive tract, and from sloughed epithelial cells. <br /><br />Bacteria inhabiting the hind gut have a short life, just a few hours. All bacteria and protozoa are continuously transported with the digesta towards the anus. Only bacteria which have a high rate of multiplication (or mechanisms for attachment to the gut wall) will therefore be able to live in the large intestines for extended periods of time. The bacteria require nitrogenous compounds for the production of amino acids which are integral components of their enzymes and structural proteins. Nitrogen-containing compounds which enter the hind-gut will be broken down by microbial enzymes to amino acids or further degraded to ammonia. Both amino acids and ammonia are utilised by the same types of bacteria in the production of bacterial proteins. In contrast to ruminants, horses are not able to utilise bacterial proteins, since the absorption of amino acids in the hind-gut, where the microbial amino acids are located, is negligible. Ammonia formed from microbial proteins is nevertheless recycled to the gut as urea, and may provide a significant nitrogen source to horses that are fed diets low in nitrogen. As a consequence of their ability to synthesise amino acids from ammonia, bacteria significantly change the amino acid composition of the digesta (table 8)<br /><br /><strong>Content of amino acids in feed, caecal content and in microbes from the caecum of horses.</strong> <br /><br />Concentrations of each amino acid given in % of total amino acids (molar concentrations):</p>\r\n<table style=\"width: 602px; height: 186px;\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"1\" cellpadding=\"4\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"style1\" valign=\"top\" width=\"37%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\">Amino acid</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style1\" valign=\"top\" width=\"17%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\">Feed</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style1\" valign=\"top\" width=\"26%\">Contents</td>\r\n<td class=\"style1\" valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\">Bacteria</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"style1\" valign=\"top\" width=\"37%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\">Lysine</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style1\" valign=\"top\" width=\"17%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\">3.13</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style1\" valign=\"top\" width=\"26%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\">5.82</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style1\" valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\">7.06</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"style1\" valign=\"top\" width=\"37%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\">Treonine</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style1\" valign=\"top\" width=\"17%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\">4.28</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style1\" valign=\"top\" width=\"26%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\">5.37</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style1\" valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\">6.70</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"style1\" valign=\"top\" width=\"37%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\">Isoleucine</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style1\" valign=\"top\" width=\"17%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\">3.84</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style1\" valign=\"top\" width=\"26%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\">4.61</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style1\" valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\">5.49</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"style1\" valign=\"top\" width=\"37%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\">Methionine</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style1\" valign=\"top\" width=\"17%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\">1.37</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style1\" valign=\"top\" width=\"26%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\">1.43</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style1\" valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\">1.72</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"style1\" valign=\"top\" width=\"37%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\">Alanine</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style1\" valign=\"top\" width=\"17%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\">8.47</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style1\" valign=\"top\" width=\"26%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\">13.60</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style1\" valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\">10.70</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p class=\"Fetstilsvart\"> </p>\r\n<p class=\"Fetstilsvart\"> </p>','',1,11,'2008-10-29 19:57:14',62,'','2015-01-15 16:10:59',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2008-10-29 19:57:14','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"created_by\":62,\"created_by_alias\":\"\",\"access\":0,\"created\":\"\",\"publish_up\":\"\",\"publish_down\":\"\",\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"show_section\":\"\",\"link_section\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_pdf_icon\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"language\":\"\",\"keyref\":\"\",\"readmore\":\"\"}',8,13,'','',1,1602,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"tags\":\"\"}',0,'nl-NL',''),(3672,4357,'The digestive system','the-digestive-system-of-the-horse-3','<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/situations/00-10-foal.jpg\" alt=\"00-10-foal\" width=\"150\" height=\"100\" /></p>\r\n<p>The horse is a single-stomached animal that shares with the ruminants (cattle, sheep and deer) the ability to digest fibrous plant materials. The stomach is small, and the fermentation chamber is in the hind guts. The horse is thus classified as a hind gut fermenter. Some basic information on the physiology of the equine digestive system is given in  the table below.<br /><br /><strong>Length, volume and passage time through different parts of the digestive tract of a 500 kg horse</strong></p>\r\n<center>\r\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"1\" cellpadding=\"4\" align=\"left\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"19%\">\r\n<p align=\"left\"> </p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"26%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"left\">Length in meters</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"31%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"left\">Maximal capacity in litres</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"24%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"left\">Passage-time</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"19%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"left\">Pharynyx</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"26%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"left\">Up to 1.5</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"31%\">\r\n<p align=\"left\"> </p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"24%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"left\">10 - 15 seconds</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"19%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"left\">Stomach</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"26%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"left\">-----</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"31%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"left\">18*</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"24%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"left\">1 - 5 hours</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"19%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"left\">Small intestine</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"26%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"left\">16 - 24</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"31%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"left\">64</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"24%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"left\">1.5 hours</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"19%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"left\">Caecum</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"26%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"left\">1</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"31%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"left\">34</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"24%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"left\">7 - 15 hours</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"19%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"left\">Colon</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"26%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"left\">6 - 8</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"31%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"left\">96</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"24%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"left\">8 - 16 hours</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"19%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"left\">Rectum</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"26%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"left\">0.2 - 0.3</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"31%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"left\">---</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"24%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"left\">1 - 2 hours</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"19%\" height=\"20\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"left\">TOTAL</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"26%\" height=\"20\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"left\">---</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"31%\" height=\"20\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"left\">---</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"24%\" height=\"20\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"left\">20 - 30 hours</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n</center>\r\n<p><span class=\"Bildtext\">*Normal volume about 1/3 of maximal capacity</span></p>','',1,11,'2008-10-29 19:44:03',62,'','2015-01-15 16:10:00',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2008-10-29 19:44:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"created_by\":62,\"created_by_alias\":\"\",\"access\":0,\"created\":\"\",\"publish_up\":\"\",\"publish_down\":\"\",\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"show_section\":\"\",\"link_section\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_pdf_icon\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"language\":\"\",\"keyref\":\"\",\"readmore\":\"\"}',14,25,'','',1,1868,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"tags\":\"\"}',0,'nl-NL',''),(3673,4358,'Mouth cavity','mouth-cavity-3','<p>The horse has strong, sensitive and highly moveable lips. Grass and other vegetation is cut using the front teeth, and the lips and the tongue are used to collect and ingest feed. Horses are highly selective grazers and can efficiently avoid unpalatable or indigestible herbage. Ingested food is ground between the large enamelled surfaces of the cheek teeth (premolars and molars). Horses chew on one side of the mouth at a time; large horses chewing 60-80 times per minute. The time spent eating varies greatly depending on the structure of the feed. Ponies usually take more time to consume their feed than larger horses. The time taken to consume 1 kg of oats or pelleted concentrate is about 10 min and 1 kg hay is usually consumed in 40-50 min. However, there is a large variation between individual horses. Table 2 gives estimates of consumption for rations with different proportions of grains and roughage. If rations are consumed too quickly, bad habits such as excessive licking, crib biting, and eating dung may develop. <br /><br /><strong>Consumption time of different rations (min/kg feed)</strong> </p>\r\n<table style=\"width: 429px; height: 375px;\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"1\" cellpadding=\"4\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"48%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\">Type of feed</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"26%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"center\">Large horses</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"26%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"center\">Ponies</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"48%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\">Hay</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"26%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"center\">40</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"26%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"center\">80</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"48%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\">Straw</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"26%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"center\">40 - 60</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"26%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"center\">100</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"48%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\">Oats, whole or crushed</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"26%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"center\">10</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"26%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"center\">40</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"48%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\">Concentrate (non-pelleted)</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"26%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"center\">20</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"26%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"center\">30</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"48%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\">Pelleted concentrates</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"26%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"center\">10</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"26%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"center\">40</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p>It is commonly recommended that horses are fed at least 0.5 kg of roughage dry matter (hay, haylage or straw) per 100 kg of body weight. Normal diets usually contain more roughage than this minimal amount. The chewing process grinds the feed between the molars in the upper and lower jaws, and reduces the particle size to about 2 mm diameter and 1-4 mm length. Young grasses are more juicy and may be swallowed before the particle size has been reduced by this much. Thorough grinding of the fibrous parts of the diet is required to ensure the passage of the digesta through the alimentary canal. Chopped roughages with a particle length shorter than 2 cm may not be chewed sufficiently, and this may cause colic. <br />For a horse with normal teeth there is usually no problem with chewing grains or pelleted concentrates It is recommended that teeth are inspected and if necessary rasped twice a year to prevent protruding edges which may bruise or cut the epithelium of the cheeks (upper jaws) or the tongue (lower jaw). Young horses may periodically experience problems with chewing when milk teeth have been lost and permanent teeth are emerging. Bad teeth result in reduced consumption, chewing rates and digestion. The periods when teeth are lost or emerge are shown in Table 3.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Age at which teeth are lost or emerge in the horse:</strong></p>\r\n<table style=\"width: 477px;\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"1\" cellpadding=\"4\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"22%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"center\">Tooth</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"38%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"center\">Change</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"41%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"center\">Type</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"22%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"center\">I1</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"38%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"center\">2 ½ years</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"41%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"center\">Front</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"22%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"center\">I2</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"38%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"center\">3 ½ years</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"41%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"center\">Front</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"22%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"center\">I3</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"38%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"center\">4 ½ years</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"41%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"center\">Front</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"22%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"center\">p1</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"38%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"center\">2 ½ years</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"41%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"center\">Premolar</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"22%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"center\">p2</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"38%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"center\">2 ½ years</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"41%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"center\">Premolar</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"22%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"center\">M1</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"38%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"center\">6 - 9 months</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"41%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"center\">Molar</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"22%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"center\">M2</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"38%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"center\">2 - 2 ½ years</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"41%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"center\">Molar</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"22%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"center\">M3</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"38%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"center\">3 ½ - 4 ½ years</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"41%\">\r\n<p class=\"style3\" align=\"center\">Molar</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p><em>Premolars (P) and molars (M) are the cheek teeth of the horse and are the teeth that need to be rasped. Incisors (I) are the front teeth.</em></p>','',1,11,'2008-10-29 19:27:48',62,'','2015-01-15 16:14:18',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2008-10-29 19:27:48','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"created_by\":62,\"created_by_alias\":\"\",\"access\":0,\"created\":\"\",\"publish_up\":\"\",\"publish_down\":\"\",\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"show_section\":\"\",\"link_section\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_pdf_icon\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"language\":\"\",\"keyref\":\"\",\"readmore\":\"\"}',7,43,'','',1,1726,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"tags\":\"\"}',0,'nl-NL',''),(3674,4359,'Carbohydrates','carbohydrates-in-the-horse-3','<p><strong>Digestion of carbohydrates (sugar, starch, cellulose and other fibres) </strong>- Soluble sugars are broken down and absorbed in the small intestine. Monosaccharides such as glucose and fructose will be absorbed directly by the intestinal cells. Disaccharide\'s and starch will be hydrolysed by the enzymes in the small intestine (amylase and various disaccharidases) before absorption. The small intestine has a large capacity for absorption of simple sugars and starch. The cleavage of common dietary carbohydrates leads to monosaccharides which can be absorbed (glucose, fructose and galactose) according to the following general scheme:<br /><br />Sugar (Sucrose) -&gt; glucose + fructose<br />Milk sugar (Lactose) -&gt; glucose + galactose<br />Maltose -&gt; glucose<br />Starch -&gt; maltose -&gt; glucose<br /><br />Young foals cannot digest sucrose in larger quantities until about 7 months of age. Lactose, which is the natural sugar in milk, is digested well until weaning, and then the production of the lactase enzyme which is required for the cleavage of lactose is gradually reduced. At 2 years of age the activity is so low that large quantities of milk should not be fed. Small amounts of lactose can nevertheless be fed to adult horses. It will pass unchanged to the hind-gut, where it will provide a source of energy for the microbes. Larger amounts will invariably upset digestion and may lead to diarrhoea. <br /><br />A major part of the starch will be broken down to glucose by the enzymes in the small intestine and absorbed. Variation exists however, depending on the type of starch and the amounts fed per meal. More than 95% of the starch in oats and barley is absorbed in the small intestine and about 80% of the starch from maize. Potato starch is much less digestible and will be transported in significant quantities to the hind-gut where it is fermented. When large meals of concentrates are fed, significant amounts of starch reach the hind-gut and undergo fermentation. The energy is absorbed as short-chain fatty acids, but only after a substantial part of the energy is lost as gas and as feed for the micro-organisms. <br /><br />The horse does not produce enzymes which can break down complex, so called structural plant carbohydrates like cellulose, hemicellulose, pectines and pentosanes. These compounds pass through the small intestine, and will first be digested by microbes in the hind-gut. The end products of this fermentation are the short-chain fatty acids: <br /><br />Acetic acid (C2) Propionic acid (C3), Lactic acid (C3, usually formed in smaller quantities) Butyric acid (C4). <br /><br />When the diet contains little or no concentrate, acetic acid will represent a major part of the energy which is absorbed from the gut. Butyric acid will also be used in energy metabolism and to produce tissue fats. In addition to these uses, propionic acid is metabolised to glucose and provides an important component of the horses\' blood glucose. <br /><br />The concentrations of the short-chain fatty acids vary with the feed types and the time after feeding. The ratio between the concentration of these acids in the caecum varies in such a way that high roughage diets will give a high acetate concentration relative to propionate, while high grain diets will favour production of propionate over acetate. In the colon the ratio between the acids is less influenced by the type of feeds given. <br /><br />The acids which are produced lower the pH of the contents in the hind-gut. A pH in the range between 6.6 and 7.5 is maintained by the numerous glands in all of the hind-gut walls which secrete a bicarbonate rich (alkaline) fluid. A diet with little roughage and large proportions of concentrates may ferment too rapidly producing lactic acid and causing the pH in the hind-gut to drop below normal (lactic acid is more acidic than propionate, acetate and butyrate). A low pH in the hind-gut can be detrimental to fibre-digesting microbes that are less tolerant to a low pH than the starch digesting species. In such situations, gas formation is increased, resulting in gas accumulation and possibly colic. <br /><br />Diets containing poor quality roughage with a low nitrogen content can starve the microbes to such an extent that low digestive efficiency may result. Mixed rations with some starchy material therefore also benefits fibre digestion by providing a readily available energy source for the microbes.<br /><br />Ratio between short-chain fatty acids in caecum and colon of animals fed diets with different roughage to concentrate ratios:</p>\r\n<table style=\"width: 599px; height: 238px;\" border=\"1\">\r\n<tbody style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Hay: Concentrate</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Acetic%</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Propionic%</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Butyric%</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: center;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"4\">Caecum</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">1:0</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">76.2</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">14.8</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">8.0</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">3:2</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">70.4</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">21.2</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">7.2</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">1:4</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">61.2</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">26.0</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">10.2</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: center;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"4\">Colon</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">1:0</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">69.5</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">16.2</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">7.6</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">3:2</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">68.2</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">15.0</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">8.8</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">1:4</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">67.0</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">17.0</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">9.0</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>','',1,11,'2008-09-09 10:15:04',62,'','2015-01-15 16:10:31',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2008-09-09 10:15:04','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',7,47,'','',1,1779,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'nl-NL',''),(3675,4360,'Fats','fats-in-the-horse-3','<p>Fats are nearly completely utilised as they are usually more than 90% digestible. Both fatty acids and glycerol are predominantly absorbed in the jejunum and ileum. When large concentrations of fat are included in the diet e.g. of horses used for long distance riding, it is important to restrict the amounts so that the digestive capacity of the small intestine is not exceeded, since long-chain fatty acids (C16, C18 and above) are not absorbed in the hind gut. Excess fats which are transferred to the hind gut may reduce the digestion of fibrous carbohydrate. It is therefore strongly recommended to divide larger quantities of fats (vegetable oils at the rate of 0.5 litre or more per day) over several meals during the day. <br /><br />Carbohydrates are fermented by microbes to short-chain fatty acids which are then absorbed in the caecum and colon. Fats cannot form glucose in the body of the horse, but must be utilised directly as an energy source or stored temporarily in the fat depots for later use. Because fats are not transformed into carbohydrate and stored as glycogen in the muscles, they are beneficial for horses that are prone to myoglobinuria and benefit from a larger proportion of their energy requirements being given as fats. Both myoglobinuria and some other muscle problems are related to the accumulation of large deposits of glycogen in the muscles. In particular, horses that are receiving large amounts of grains or commercial concentrates are prone to contracting myoglobinuria when exercise levels are reduced for several consecutive days without restricting their intake.</p>','',1,11,'2008-09-09 10:14:01',62,'','2015-01-15 16:11:20',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2008-09-09 10:14:01','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',6,62,'','',1,1644,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'nl-NL',''),(3676,4361,'Macrominerals','makromineraler43240-5','<p>NRC gives formulas for calculation of the requirements for calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg) and potassium (K). The roughages and concentrates which are used in regular horse feeding contain sufficient potassium to prevent deficiency occuring. We will from 2012 nevertheless include potassium  in the analyses of nutrients in the feeds shown in PC-Horse, since K is an important cation which is required for calculation of the cation-anion balance of a ration.</p>\r\n<p>Calculations of mineral requirements for maintenance are generally based on endogenous losses and the efficiency of absorption of the nutrient in question. For exercising horses, mineral requirements are related to energy requirements. In addition, for young horses the formulae contain a component which relates mineral requirement to kg weight gain. </p>','',1,9,'2008-09-11 08:20:32',62,'','2015-01-15 16:14:45',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2008-09-11 08:20:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',3,4,'','',1,2196,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'nl-NL',''),(3677,4362,'Nutrient ratios ','quotas46047-4','<p><span id=\"result_box\" class=\"medium_text\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\" title=\"I PC-Horse redovisas viktiga kvoter när det gäller näringsämnen.\">PC-Horse reports contain ratios for relevant nutrients and we receive m</span></span><span id=\"result_box\" class=\"medium_text\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\" title=\"Många efterlyser råd om vad som bör vara ett önskvärda kvoter.\">any requests for advice on determining desirable intervals for those ratios. </span><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\" title=\"Nedan redovisar vi en sammaställning gjord av Dr Dag Austbø.\">Tables below are compiled by Dr. Dag Austbø, who is </span></span>Professor in animal nutrition with horses as a speciality<span id=\"result_box\" class=\"medium_text\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\" title=\"Nedan redovisar vi en sammaställning gjord av Dr Dag Austbø.\">.<br /><br /></span></span><strong>Units:</strong><br />Energy: MJ digestible energy (MJ DE)<br />Protein: Crude protein (CP)<br />Ca: Calcium<br />P : Phosphorus<br /><br /><strong>Comments:</strong> <br />● CP/MJ ratio should not be below the recommended values. Moderately higher values do not normally represent a problem.<br />● Ca/P ratio should not be below the recommended values and not be higher than 2,0. *The high recommended ratio for Light Work is meant for horses that come into training from a maintenance or convalescent state.</p>\r\n<p><strong><span id=\"result_box\" class=\"short_text\"><span style=\"background-color: #ebeff9;\" title=\"Rekommenderade värden i UK och Irland:\">Recommended values:<br /></span></span></strong><span id=\"result_box\" class=\"short_text\"><span style=\"background-color: #ebeff9;\" title=\"Rekommenderade värden i UK och Irland:\">MJ digestible energy /DE), Crude protein (CP)</span></span><span id=\"result_box\" class=\"short_text\"><span style=\"background-color: #ebeff9;\" title=\"Rekommenderade värden i UK och Irland:\"></span></span></p>\r\n<table style=\"width: 522px; border-collapse: collapse;\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"><colgroup> <col style=\"width: 68pt;\" width=\"90\" /> <col style=\"width: 165pt;\" width=\"220\" /> <col style=\"width: 60pt;\" span=\"2\" width=\"80\" /> <col style=\"width: 39pt;\" width=\"52\" /></colgroup>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 15pt; width: 293pt;\" colspan=\"3\" width=\"390\" height=\"20\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"></span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl66\" style=\"width: 60pt;\" width=\"80\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"></span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl66\" style=\"width: 39pt;\" width=\"52\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"></span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\r\n<td class=\"xl65\" style=\"height: 15pt;\" height=\"20\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Category</span></td>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Type</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl66\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">CP/MJ</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl66\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Ca/P</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl66\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Zn/Cu</span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 15pt;\" height=\"20\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Maintenance</span></td>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Minimum</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl67\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">8,5</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl67\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1,4</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl68\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">4</span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 15pt;\" height=\"20\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Maintenance</span></td>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Elevated</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl67\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">9,5</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl67\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1,4</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl68\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">4</span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 15pt;\" height=\"20\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Working</span></td>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Light</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl67\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">8,4</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl67\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1,7</span><span class=\"font5\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">*</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl68\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">4</span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 15pt;\" height=\"20\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Working</span></td>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Heavy</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl67\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">7,0</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl67\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1,4</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl68\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">4</span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 15pt;\" height=\"20\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Pregnant</span></td>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">8 months</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl67\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">9,8</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl67\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1,4</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl68\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">4</span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 15pt;\" height=\"20\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Pregnant</span></td>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">11 months</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl67\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">10,0</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl67\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1,4</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl68\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">3</span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 15pt;\" height=\"20\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Lactating</span></td>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1 month</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl67\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">11,6</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl67\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1,5</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl68\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">4</span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 15pt;\" height=\"20\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Lactating</span></td>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">3 months</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl67\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">11,5</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl67\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1,6</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl68\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">4</span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 15pt;\" height=\"20\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Growing</span></td>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">4 months</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl67\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">12,0</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl67\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1,8</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl68\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">4</span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 15pt;\" height=\"20\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Growing</span></td>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">6 months</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl67\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">10,4</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl67\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1,8</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl68\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">4</span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 15pt;\" height=\"20\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Growing</span></td>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">12 months</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl67\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">10,8</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl67\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1,8</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl68\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">4</span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 15pt;\" height=\"20\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Growing</span></td>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">18 months</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl67\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">9,9</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl67\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1,8</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl68\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">4</span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 15pt;\" height=\"20\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Growing</span></td>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">18 months, moderate exercise</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl67\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">8,7</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl67\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1,8</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl68\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">4</span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 15pt;\" height=\"20\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Growing</span></td>\r\n<td><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">24 months, moderate exercise </span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl67\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">8,6</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl67\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1,8</span></td>\r\n<td class=\"xl68\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">4</span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>','',1,9,'2010-01-13 13:24:26',62,'','2015-01-15 16:04:21',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-01-13 13:24:26','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"created_by\":62,\"created_by_alias\":\"\",\"access\":0,\"created\":\"\",\"publish_up\":\"\",\"publish_down\":\"\",\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"show_section\":\"\",\"link_section\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_pdf_icon\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"language\":\"\",\"keyref\":\"\",\"readmore\":\"\"}',14,20,'','',1,1751,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"tags\":\"\"}',0,'nl-NL',''),(3678,4363,'Norms and requirements','overview-4','<p>A number of systems exist to calculate the requirements for nutrients and energy of  different categories of horse. Not only are the predominant breeds and the climates they live in different, but the way nutritionists express their requirements also differs greatly. This can be confusing to the horse owner interested in trying to calculate the requirements of energy, protein and minerals for his/her horse, especially when trying to compare requirements across national borders or to communicate standards of energy and protein requirements under circumstances where the basis for the calculation of requirements differs. Different methods may also express the same requirement in different ways and with different units. For example: requirements of energy may be expressed as <em>digestible energy</em>, metabolisable energy or net energy, and even more confusingly, the units of energy themselves may be expressed in <em>Megacalories (MCal)</em>, <em>Megajoules (MJ)</em> or <em>Feed units</em>.</p>\r\n<p>The rules (equations) for the calculation of energy requirements are derived from large-scale digestive trials with horses and other farm animals. Fortunately, it is possible to interconvert requirements expressed as digestible, metabolisable or net energy terms from one to the other, and to re-calculate from megacalories into feed units or megajoules.</p>\r\n<p>The PC-Horse program allows the user to select between the two most important systems presently used throughout the world to calculate protein and energy requirements: <br /><br />1: The \"European standard\" is based on the system for energy and protein requirements for horses developed in France over the last 20 years, and further adjusted by the Dutch. This system is presently recommended by a Nordic group of scientists as a common standard for the Nordic countries. The \"European standard\" is the default choice for versions of the PC-Horse program compiled for sale in European countries. Apart from energy and protein, PC-Horse uses the NRC system (see below) for minerals and vitamins. <br /><br />2: The National Research Council recommendations (NRC 2007) are developed in the USA and used in many other countries worldwide. The NRC system expresses protein requirements as crude protein.</p>\r\n<p>In the European countries we have chosen to express the requirements for protein as digestible protein, which is a more biologically relevant entity than crude protein, since the latter only takes into account the nitrogen content of the ration. PC-Horse  is delivered to license-holders with feed lists that are matched to their corresponding energy and protein calculations. In the Consultant version, you may re-calculate the nutrient concentrations among the two systems. When importing feeds into PC-Horse, it is important for the user to ascertain that feed analyses and nutrient requirements are expressed in the same units.</p>\r\n<p>For more information on the units that PC-Horse is using, see the \"configure page\" of the program.</p>\r\n<p><strong> </strong></p>','',1,9,'2008-10-30 10:01:25',62,'','2015-01-15 16:03:50',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2008-10-30 10:01:25','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"created_by\":62,\"created_by_alias\":\"\",\"access\":0,\"created\":\"\",\"publish_up\":\"\",\"publish_down\":\"\",\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"show_section\":\"\",\"link_section\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_pdf_icon\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"language\":\"\",\"keyref\":\"\",\"readmore\":\"\"}',10,37,'','',1,2263,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"tags\":\"\"}',0,'nl-NL',''),(3679,4364,'Maintenance ','energy-requirements-for-maintenance-4','<p>In the \"European standard\" (French/Dutch system) as implemented in this program, the maintenance requirement of energy is expressed in digestible energy as 0.58 MJ per kg of metabolic body weight. The metabolic body weight is a common way to scale energy requirements for differently sized animals, and is expressed as body weight (BW) exponentiated to a power of 0.75 (i.e. BW<sup>0.75</sup>). For example, a horse with a body weight of 500 kg has a metabolic body weight of 103 kg. The maintenance requirement for energy is linearly related to the metabolic body weight. </p>\r\n<p><br />In the program we have used the value of 0.58 MJ per kg metabolic body weight as the basic energy requirement for cold-blooded ponies and heavy breeds. Warm blooded horses are given 5% more, and thoroughbred horses 10% more. In addition stallions are given 10% above mares and geldings.<br /><br />Maintenance requirements for energy (MJ digestible energy/day) for adult horses:<br /><br /></p>\r\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"1\" cellpadding=\"4\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr bgcolor=\"#cccccc\">\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"10%\">\r\n<p> </p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">Cold-blooded</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">Warm-blooded</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">Thoroughbred</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr bgcolor=\"#cccccc\">\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15%\">\r\n<p>BW, kg</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">Mare/gelding</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">Stallion</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">Mare/gelding</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">Stallion</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">Mare/gelding</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">Stallion</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr bgcolor=\"#cccccc\">\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"10%\">\r\n<p>100</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">16</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">17</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">17</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">18</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">17</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">19</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr bgcolor=\"#cccccc\">\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"10%\">\r\n<p>200</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">26</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">29</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">28</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">31</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">29</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">32</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr bgcolor=\"#cccccc\">\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"10%\">\r\n<p>300</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">36</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">40</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">38</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">42</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">40</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">44</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr bgcolor=\"#cccccc\">\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"10%\">\r\n<p>400</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">45</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">49</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">47</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">52</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">49</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">54</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr bgcolor=\"#cccccc\">\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"10%\">\r\n<p>500</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">53</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">58</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">56</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">61</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">58</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">64</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr bgcolor=\"#cccccc\">\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"10%\">\r\n<p>600</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">61</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">61</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">64</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">70</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">67</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">73</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p><strong><span class=\"style3\">BW=Body weight<br /></span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"Styckerubrik\"> </p>\r\n<p class=\"Styckerubrik\"> </p>','',1,9,'2008-10-29 17:52:50',62,'','2015-01-15 16:05:17',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2008-10-29 17:52:50','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"created_by\":62,\"created_by_alias\":\"\",\"access\":0,\"created\":\"\",\"publish_up\":\"\",\"publish_down\":\"\",\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"show_section\":\"\",\"link_section\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_pdf_icon\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"language\":\"\",\"keyref\":\"\",\"readmore\":\"\"}',11,56,'','',1,1574,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"tags\":\"\"}',0,'nl-NL',''),(3680,4365,'Energy requirements - Milk production ','energy-requirements-for-milk-production-4','<p>The requirement for energy during lactation is determined by the rate of milk production and the composition of the milk. Smaller breeds usually have a higher rate of milk production relative to body weight than larger horses. This is provided for in the program. <br /><br />Milk production in mares, per 100 kg body weight</p>\r\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"1\" cellpadding=\"4\">\r\n<tbody style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"25%\">\r\n<p>Body weight</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"25%\">1. month</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"25%\">\r\n<p>2. month</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"25%\">\r\n<p>3. month</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"25%\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Less than 200 kg</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"25%\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">3.0</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"25%\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">3.5</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"25%\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">3.0</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"25%\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">More than 200 kg</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"25%\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">2.5</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"25%\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">3.0</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"25%\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">2.5</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p>Energy requirements for milk production, MJ per 100 kg body weight</p>\r\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"1\" cellpadding=\"4\">\r\n<tbody style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"31%\"> </td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" width=\"69%\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Month of lactation</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"31%\">\r\n<p>Body weight</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"23%\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">1</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"23%\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">2-3</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"23%\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">4-5</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"31%\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Less than 200 kg</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"23%\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">12.9MJ</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"23%\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">13.0MJ</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"23%\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">10.6MJ</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"31%\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">More than 200 kg</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"23%\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">10.8MJ</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"23%\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">11.2MJ</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"23%\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">8.9MJ</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p><strong><a name=\"B8\"></a></strong></p>\r\n<p> </p>','',1,9,'2008-10-29 17:34:43',62,'','2015-01-15 16:06:26',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2008-10-29 17:34:43','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"created_by\":62,\"created_by_alias\":\"\",\"access\":0,\"created\":\"\",\"publish_up\":\"\",\"publish_down\":\"\",\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"show_section\":\"\",\"link_section\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_pdf_icon\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"language\":\"\",\"keyref\":\"\",\"readmore\":\"\"}',8,47,'','',1,1569,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"tags\":\"\"}',0,'nl-NL',''),(3681,4366,'Protein requirements','requirements-for-proteini-pc-horse-4','<p>The requirement for protein depends upon the physiological state of the animal, and characteristics of the protein itself. In addition, the quality of the protein characterised, for example, by amino acid composition and digestibility, will interfere with the amounts of protein that you have to give the horse. The quality is of particular importance for growing horses. Lysine is usually the first limiting amino acid (the first amino acid to come into short supply in the diet).</p>','',1,9,'2008-10-29 17:20:00',62,'','2015-01-15 16:07:13',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2008-10-29 17:20:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"created_by\":62,\"created_by_alias\":\"\",\"access\":0,\"created\":\"\",\"publish_up\":\"\",\"publish_down\":\"\",\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"show_section\":\"\",\"link_section\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_pdf_icon\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"language\":\"\",\"keyref\":\"\",\"readmore\":\"\"}',6,65,'','',1,2292,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"tags\":\"\"}',0,'nl-NL',''),(3682,4367,'Energy requirements ','energy-requirements-in-pc-horse-4','<p>In the \"European standard\" (French/Dutch system) as implemented in this program, the maintenance requirement of energy is expressed in digestible energy as 0.58 MJ per kg of metabolic body weight. The metabolic body weight is a common way to scale energy requirements for differently sized animals, and is expressed as body weight (BW) exponentiated to a power of 0.75 (i.e. BW<sup>0.75</sup>). For example, a horse with a body weight of 500 kg has a metabolic body weight of 103 kg. The maintenance requirement for energy is linearly related to the metabolic body weight.</p>\r\n<p>In the program we use the value of 0.58 MJ per kg metabolic body weight as the basic energy requirement for cold-blooded ponies and heavy breeds. Warm blooded horses are given 5% more energy, and thoroughbred horses 10% more. Stallions are given 10% higher energy requirements than mares and geldings irrespective of their blood type.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Maintenance requirements for energy (MJ digestible energy/day) for adult horses</strong></p>\r\n<table style=\"width: 558px; height: 211px;\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"1\" cellpadding=\"4\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr bgcolor=\"#cccccc\">\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"10%\"> </td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">Cold-blooded</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">Warm-blooded</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">Thoroughbred</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr bgcolor=\"#cccccc\">\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15%\">\r\n<p>BW, kg</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">Mare/gelding</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">Stallion</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">Mare/gelding</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">Stallion</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">Mare/gelding</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">Stallion</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr bgcolor=\"#cccccc\">\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"10%\">\r\n<p>100</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">16</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">17</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">17</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">18</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">17</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">19</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr bgcolor=\"#cccccc\">\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"10%\">\r\n<p>200</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">26</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">29</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">28</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">31</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">29</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">32</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr bgcolor=\"#cccccc\">\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"10%\">\r\n<p>300</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">36</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">40</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">38</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">42</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">40</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">44</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr bgcolor=\"#cccccc\">\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"10%\">\r\n<p>400</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">45</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">49</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">47</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">52</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">49</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">54</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr bgcolor=\"#cccccc\">\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"10%\">\r\n<p>500</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">53</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">58</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">56</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">61</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">58</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">64</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr bgcolor=\"#cccccc\">\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"10%\">\r\n<p>600</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">61</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">61</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">64</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">70</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">67</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"style2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19%\">\r\n<p align=\"center\">73</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p><strong>BW=Body weight</strong></p>','',1,9,'2008-10-29 17:18:14',62,'','2015-01-15 16:04:53',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2008-10-29 17:18:14','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"created_by\":62,\"created_by_alias\":\"\",\"access\":0,\"created\":\"\",\"publish_up\":\"\",\"publish_down\":\"\",\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"show_section\":\"\",\"link_section\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_pdf_icon\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"language\":\"\",\"keyref\":\"\",\"readmore\":\"\"}',16,72,'','',1,2029,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"tags\":\"\"}',0,'nl-NL',''),(3683,4368,'Microminerals ','microminerals-6','<p>The requirements for microminerals are expressed as milligram per kg dry matter in the ration by NRC-2007. This is related to certain standard rations as defined by the NRC. In PC-Horse we have added a safety margin to the net requirements given by NRC. This allows us also to calculate the requirements without having to to take particular standard rations into account.</p>','',1,9,'2008-09-11 08:42:04',62,'','2015-01-15 16:17:18',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2008-09-11 08:42:04','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"created_by\":62,\"created_by_alias\":\"\",\"access\":0,\"created\":\"\",\"publish_up\":\"\",\"publish_down\":\"\",\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"show_section\":\"\",\"link_section\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_pdf_icon\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"language\":\"\",\"keyref\":\"\",\"readmore\":\"\"}',4,82,'','',1,1812,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"tags\":\"\"}',0,'nl-NL',''),(3684,4369,'Calcium ','calcium-requirements-4','<p>The skeleton is comprised of 35 % calcium. In addition, calcium is required for the normal functioning of muscle and glands. In particular, in young horses calcium deficiencies and excesses can lead to abnormal skeletal development (see the online help for calcium). Too much calcium will reduce the uptake of a number of minerals including iron and zinc. Good sources of calcium for the horse are clover hay, alfalfa and most commercial concentrate mixes which contain 6-14 g Ca/kg. Grass hay varies in calcium content from 1.5 - &gt;15 g Ca/kg (if you are buying hay in bulk, consider having it analysed). <br /><br />Maintenance: Ca (g/d) = 0.04*BW <br /><br />Young growing horses: calcium requirements are calculated from the maintenance requirement with an added allowance for growth. Typically, a young horse will deposit 16 g Ca per kg of weight gained. With a 50 % absorption digestibility of calcium, the diet must provide 32 g of Ca/kg of weight gained. <br /><br />Ca (g/d) = 0.04*BW + 32*DWG <br /><br />Young horses which are exercised need an additional calcium intake which is related to the maintenance requirement:. <br /><br />Ca (g/d) = (0.04*BW + 32*Daily gain) * (DE for horses in training / DE for horses not trained) <br /><br />Pregnancy: Pregnant mares require extra calcium during the 9th-11th months. <br /><br />Months 1-8: Ca = 0.04*BW <br />Months 9-11: Ca = 7.95 * DE (MJ) <br /><br />Milk Production: The calcium content of mare\'s milk declines during lactation from circa 1.2 g/kg to 0.8 g/kg. When producing 15 kg/d of milk, a mare that absorbed 50 % of the calcium in her diet will need, in addition to 20 g/d for maintenance, 36 g/d of Ca for milk. <br /><br />1st - 2nd month of lactation: <br /><br />Mare 200 kg: Ca(g/d) = 0.04*BW + (0.04*BW*1.2/0.5) <br />Mare above 400 kg: Ca(g/d) = 0.04*BW + (0.03*BW*1.2/0.5) <br /><br />3rd month of lactation to weaning: <br /><br />Mare 200 kg: Ca (g/d) = 0.04*BW + (0.03*BW*0.8/0.5) <br />Mare above 400 kg: Ca (g/d) = 0.04*BW + (0.02*BW*0.8/0.5) <br /><br />Exercise: The calcium requirement for horses in work is given as a proportion of the energy requirement: <br /><br />Ca (g/d) = 5.1 * DE (MJ)</p>','',1,8,'2008-09-11 08:22:45',62,'','2015-01-15 16:15:05',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2008-09-11 08:22:45','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',3,0,'','',1,1674,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'nl-NL',''),