<p style="text-align: justify;"><span id="result_box" lang="fr"><span class="hps">Le cheval</span> <span class="hps alt-edited">a des lèvres</span> <span class="hps">fortes</span>, <span class="hps">sensibles</span> <span class="hps">et très</span> <span class="hps">mobiles</span>. <span class="hps alt-edited">L'herbe et</span> <span class="hps">autre végétation</span> <span class="hps alt-edited">sont coupées</span> <span class="hps">en utilisant les</span> <span class="hps">dents de devant</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">et les lèvres</span> <span class="hps">et</span> <span class="hps">la langue</span> <span class="hps alt-edited">sont utilisées pour recueillir</span> <span class="hps alt-edited">et ingérer</span> <span class="hps alt-edited">les aliments</span><span>.</span> <span class="hps">Les chevaux sont des</span> <span class="hps">brouteurs</span> <span class="hps">hautement sélectifs</span> <span class="hps">et peuvent</span> <span class="hps">efficacement</span> <span class="hps">éviter</span> les <span class="hps alt-edited">herbes</span> au <span class="hps alt-edited">goût désagréable</span> <span class="hps">ou</span> <span class="hps alt-edited">indigestes.</span> <span class="hps alt-edited">La nourriture ingérée</span> <span class="hps alt-edited">est broyée</span> <span class="hps">entre les</span> <span class="hps">grandes</span> <span class="hps">surfaces émaillées</span> <span class="hps">des dents</span> <span class="hps">de la joue</span> <span class="hps atn">(</span><span class="hps">prémolaires et molaires</span><span>)</span><span>.</span> <span class="hps alt-edited">Les chevaux</span> <span class="hps alt-edited">mâchent</span> <span class="hps">sur</span> <span class="hps">un côté de la</span> <span class="hps">bouche</span> <span class="hps">à la fois ;</span> <span class="hps alt-edited">les chevaux de grande taille</span> <span class="hps alt-edited">mastiquent</span> <span class="hps">60-80</span> <span class="hps">fois par minute</span><span>.</span> <span class="hps">Le temps</span> <span class="hps">passé à manger</span> <span class="hps">varie</span> <span class="hps">considérablement en fonction de</span> <span class="hps">la structure</span> <span class="hps alt-edited">des aliments</span><span>. </span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span id="result_box" lang="fr"><span><span id="result_box" lang="fr"><span class="hps">Poneys</span> <span class="hps">prennent généralement</span> <span class="hps">plus de temps</span> <span class="hps">à consommer</span> <span class="hps">leur nourriture</span> <span class="hps">que les grands</span> <span class="hps">chevaux.</span> <span class="hps">Le temps nécessaire pour</span> <span class="hps">consommer</span> <span class="hps alt-edited">1 kg</span> <span class="hps">d'avoine ou</span> <span class="hps alt-edited">de concentrés granulés</span> <span class="hps">est d'environ 10</span> <span class="hps">min</span> <span class="hps">et 1 kg</span> <span class="hps alt-edited">foin </span> <span class="hps">est habituellement</span> <span class="hps">consommé en</span> <span class="hps">40-50</span> <span class="hps">min.</span> <span class="hps">Cependant, il existe</span> <span class="hps">une grande</span> <span class="hps">variation</span> <span class="hps alt-edited">entre chaque cheval.</span> <span class="hps">Le tableau 2</span> <span class="hps">donne des estimations</span> <span class="hps">de consommation</span> <span class="hps">pour les rations</span> <span class="hps alt-edited">ayant</span> <span class="hps">des différentes proportions </span><span class="hps">de céréales et de</span> <span class="hps alt-edited">fourrages</span>. <span class="hps">Si</span> <span class="hps alt-edited">les rations</span> <span class="hps alt-edited">sont consommées</span> <span class="hps">trop rapidement</span><span class="alt-edited">, de mauvaises habitudes</span> <span class="hps">telles que</span> <span class="hps">léchage excessif</span>, <span class="hps alt-edited">tics aérophagiques</span>, <span class="hps">et manger</span> <span class="hps alt-edited">des excréments</span> <span class="hps">peuvent se développer.</span></span><br /></span></span></p>
<p><br /><strong>Temps de consommation de différentes rations (min/kg d'aliment)</strong>&nbsp;</p>
<table style="width: 429px; height: 375px;" border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="48%">
<p class="style3">Type d'aliment</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="26%">
<p class="style3" align="center">Grands Chevaux</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="26%">
<p class="style3" align="center">Poneys</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="48%">
<p class="style3">Foin</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="26%">
<p class="style3" align="center">40</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="26%">
<p class="style3" align="center">80</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="48%">
<p class="style3">Paille</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="26%">
<p class="style3" align="center">40 - 60</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="26%">
<p class="style3" align="center">100</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="48%">
<p class="style3">Avoine, entière ou concassée</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="26%">
<p class="style3" align="center">10</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="26%">
<p class="style3" align="center">40</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="48%">
<p class="style3">Concentrés (pas en granulés)</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="26%">
<p class="style3" align="center">20</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="26%">
<p class="style3" align="center">30</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="48%">
<p class="style3">Concentrés en granulés</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="26%">
<p class="style3" align="center">10</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="26%">
<p class="style3" align="center">40</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span id="result_box" lang="fr"><span class="hps">Il est</span> <span class="hps">souvent recommandé</span> <span class="hps alt-edited">que les chevaux soient</span> <span class="hps alt-edited">nourris avec au moins</span> <span class="hps">0,5 kg de</span> <span class="hps">matière sèche</span> <span class="hps alt-edited">de fourrage</span> <span class="hps">(foin,</span> <span class="hps">ensilage</span> <span class="hps">ou</span> <span class="hps">paille</span><span>)</span> <span class="hps">par 100 kg</span> <span class="hps">de poids corporel</span><span>.</span> <span class="hps alt-edited">Une alimentation normale</span> <span class="hps alt-edited">contient généralement</span> <span class="hps">plus de fourrage</span> <span class="hps">que</span> <span class="hps">ce montant</span> <span class="hps">minimal.</span> <span class="hps">Le processus de</span> <span class="hps">mastication</span> <span class="hps">broie</span> <span class="hps alt-edited">l'aliment</span> <span class="hps">entre</span> <span class="hps">les molaires</span> <span class="hps">dans les mâchoires</span> <span class="hps">supérieure et inférieure,</span> <span class="hps">et réduit</span> <span class="hps">la taille des particules</span> <span class="hps">à environ</span> <span class="hps">2</span> <span class="hps">mm de diamètre et</span> <span class="hps">de 1 à 4</span> <span class="hps">mm de longueur.</span> <span class="hps">Les jeunes</span> <span class="hps">graminées</span> <span class="hps">sont plus</span> <span class="hps alt-edited">juteuses et</span> <span class="hps">peuvent</span> <span class="hps">être avalés</span> <span class="hps">avant que la taille</span> <span class="hps">des particules</span> <span class="hps alt-edited">n'ait été</span> <span class="hps alt-edited">réduite</span> <span class="hps alt-edited">à ce point.</span><span></span> <span class="hps alt-edited">Un broyage</span> <span class="hps alt-edited">minutieux</span> <span class="hps alt-edited">des parties</span> <span class="hps">fibreuses de</span> <span class="hps">l'alimentation</span> <span class="hps">est nécessaire pour</span> <span class="hps">assurer</span> <span class="hps alt-edited">le </span> <span class="hps">passage</span> <span class="hps alt-edited">du </span> <span class="hps alt-edited">digesta</span> <span class="hps">à travers</span> <span class="hps alt-edited">le </span> <span class="hps">tube digestif</span><span>.</span> <span class="hps alt-edited">Les fourrages</span> <span class="hps">hachés</span> <span class="hps alt-edited">ayant</span> <span class="hps">une longueur</span> <span class="hps">de particules</span> <span class="hps">de moins de 2</span> <span class="hps">cm</span> <span class="hps alt-edited">ne peuvent</span> <span class="hps">pas être mâchés</span> <span class="hps">suffisamment</span><span>, ce qui peut</span> <span class="hps">provoquer des coliques</span><span>.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span id="result_box" lang="fr"><span class="hps">Pour un cheval</span> <span class="hps">avec des dents</span> <span class="hps">normales, il</span> <span class="hps alt-edited">n'y a</span> <span class="hps alt-edited">généralement pas de problème de mastication </span> <span class="hps alt-edited">des grains</span> <span class="hps">ou</span> <span class="hps alt-edited">des concentrés granulés.</span> <span class="hps">Il est recommandé</span> <span class="hps">que les dents</span> <span class="hps alt-edited">soient inspectées et</span> <span class="hps">si nécessaire</span> <span class="hps alt-edited">râpées</span> <span class="hps">deux fois par an</span> <span class="hps">pour éviter</span> <span class="hps alt-edited">des bords saillants</span> <span class="hps">qui peuvent</span> <span class="hps">meurtrir</span> <span class="hps">ou couper</span> <span class="hps">l'épithélium</span> <span class="hps">des joues</span> <span class="hps atn">(</span><span>mâchoire supérieure</span><span>) ou</span> <span class="hps">la langue</span> <span class="hps atn">(</span><span>mâchoire inférieure</span><span>)</span><span>.</span> <span class="hps alt-edited">Les jeunes chevaux</span> <span class="hps">peuvent</span> <span class="hps">régulièrement</span> <span class="hps">rencontrer des problèmes</span> <span class="hps">avec</span> <span class="hps alt-edited">la mastication</span> <span class="hps">quand les dents</span> <span class="hps">de lait</span> <span class="hps alt-edited">ont été perdues et</span> <span class="hps">les dents permanentes</span> <span class="hps alt-edited">sortent</span>. <span class="hps alt-edited"> De mauvaises</span> <span class="hps">dents</span> <span class="hps alt-edited">entraînent</span> une <span class="hps alt-edited">réduction de la consommation</span><span class="alt-edited">, des temps</span> <span class="hps alt-edited">mastication</span> <span class="hps alt-edited">et de la digestion</span>. <span class="hps">Les</span> <span class="hps">périodes</span> <span class="hps">de pertes ou de sorties des dents</span> <span class="hps"></span><span class="hps alt-edited"></span> <span class="hps alt-edited">sont indiquées</span> <span class="hps">dans le Tableau</span> <span class="hps">3</span><span>.</span></span><br /><br /></p>
<p><strong>Age auquel les dents sont perdues ou sortent chez le cheval </strong><strong>:</strong></p>
<table style="width: 477px;" border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="22%">
<p class="style3" align="center">Dent</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="38%">
<p class="style3" align="center">Changement</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="41%">
<p class="style3" align="center">Type</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="22%">
<p class="style3" align="center">I1</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="38%">
<p class="style3" align="center">2 ½ ans</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="41%">
<p class="style3" align="center">Devant</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="22%">
<p class="style3" align="center">I2</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="38%">
<p class="style3" align="center">3 ½ ans</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="41%">
<p class="style3" align="center">Devant</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="22%">
<p class="style3" align="center">I3</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="38%">
<p class="style3" align="center">4 ½ ans</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="41%">
<p class="style3" align="center">Devant</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="22%">
<p class="style3" align="center">p1</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="38%">
<p class="style3" align="center">2 ½ ans</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="41%">
<p class="style3" align="center">Prémolaire</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="22%">
<p class="style3" align="center">p2</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="38%">
<p class="style3" align="center">2 ½ ans</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="41%">
<p class="style3" align="center">Prémolaire</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="22%">
<p class="style3" align="center">M1</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="38%">
<p class="style3" align="center">6 - 9 mois</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="41%">
<p class="style3" align="center">Molaire</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="22%">
<p class="style3" align="center">M2</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="38%">
<p class="style3" align="center">2 - 2 ½ ans</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="41%">
<p class="style3" align="center">Molaire</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="22%">
<p class="style3" align="center">M3</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="38%">
<p class="style3" align="center">3 ½ - 4 ½ ans</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="41%">
<p class="style3" align="center">Molaire</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><em>Prémolaires (P) et molaires (M) <span id="result_box" lang="fr"><span class="hps">sont les dents</span> <span class="hps">de la joue</span> <span class="hps">du cheval</span> <span class="hps">et</span> <span class="hps">les</span> <span class="hps">dents</span> <span class="hps">qui doivent être</span> <span class="hps alt-edited">râpées</span></span>. Incisives (I) sont les dents de devant.<br /></em></p>