(4235,4982,'May 2016 - Prepare for good grazing','may2016-de','<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/yearlingflock.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" /></p>\r\n<p>After a long winter horses will again be back on lush pastures. The transition from indoor feeding to grazing requires proper preparations, if you are to avoid digestive problems and maintain a good health.</p>\r\n<p>Needless to say, fences and gates must be in good technical condition. Take some time to tidy up the field. Remove accumulated trash (plastic, bottles, sharp items) that have \"stranded\" in the pasture during winter. Control the water supplies, and provide salt licks (sodium chloride). Horses should be wormed before they are let out to graze. Contact your veterinarian and get a plan for anthelmintic treatment schedules that functions in your district and matches your horses. The latest version of PC-Horse contains a planning module that allows you to enter your parasite treatments.</p>\r\n<p>A gradual transition from indoor feeding to pasture is crucial. During this transition period, when the horses gradually gain access to more and more grass, you should continue to give roughage (hay or silage) in the morning (before pasture) and in the evening, while reducing the amounts of concentrate. Allow for a gradual increase in the time on pasture over one to two weeks, before the horse will be out all day.</p>\r\n<p>Horses graze pastures unevenly, and have favorite areas where they quickly eat most of the available grass, whilst avoiding other areas (typically where manure is dropped). Often it looks as if there is plenty of grass left in a field, while in reality there is much less that the horses will eat. Monitor the amounts of \"available\" grass carefully, and be sure to move the horses to new pastures in time.</p>\r\n<p>Mares with foals and young horses should have the best pastures. It is important to monitor grass abundance and quality. There should always be plenty of grass available in the pasture, or you will find that both broodmares and young horses quickly lose body condition. If practical, large pastures should be subdivided and the smaller plots be used on a rotational basis.</p>\r\n<p>Adult horses and ponies can do well on pastures of lower quality, provided that they are not trained or used excessively for riding. For horses with a history of laminitis more extensive pastures will be convenient.</p>\r\n<p>Periods of drought may be expected at different times during the spring and summer season. Pasture quality drops quickly when the soil humidity is low. Look carefully for changes in grass availability and reduced body condition during a draught period !</p>\r\n<p>In PC-Horse you can calculate the approximate intake of pasture grass based on the time spent on pasture and the pasture conditions. We will explain how you can your use grazing information to formulate balanced rations for your horses in a later monthly letter on <a>www.pc-horse.com</a>.</p>\r\n<p><em>This article was originally written by Dr. Day Austbø.</em><br /><em> Copyright: PC-Horse International - Norway 2013.</em><br /><em>Feel free to use and publish the material. Please indicate the source and author.</em></p>','',1,616,'2011-02-15 15:59:09',62,'','2016-06-01 07:34:22',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-04-30 23:55:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',4,136,'','',1,1051,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(4236,4983,'May 2016 - Prepare for good grazing','may2016-eng','<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/yearlingflock.jpg\" alt=\"yearlingflock\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" />&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>After a long winter horses will again be back on lush pastures. The transition from indoor feeding to grazing requires proper preparations, if you are to avoid digestive problems and maintain a good health.</p>\r\n<p>Needless to say, fences and gates must be in good technical condition. Take some time to tidy up the field. Remove accumulated trash (plastic, bottles, sharp items) that have \"stranded\" in the pasture during winter. Control the water supplies, and provide salt licks (sodium chloride). Horses should be wormed before they are let out to graze. Contact your veterinarian and get a plan for anthelmintic treatment schedules that functions in your district and matches your horses. The latest version of PC-Horse contains a planning module that allows you to enter your parasite treatments.</p>\r\n<p>A gradual transition from indoor feeding to pasture is crucial. During this transition period, when the horses gradually gain access to more and more grass, you should continue to give roughage (hay or silage) in the morning (before pasture) and in the evening, while reducing the amounts of concentrate. Allow for a gradual increase in the time on pasture over one to two weeks, before the horse will be out all day.</p>\r\n<p>Horses graze pastures unevenly, and have favorite areas where they quickly eat most of the available grass, whilst avoiding other areas (typically where manure is dropped). Often it looks as if there is plenty of grass left in a field, while in reality there is much less that the horses will eat. Monitor the amounts of \"available\" grass carefully, and be sure to move the horses to new pastures in time.</p>\r\n<p>Mares with foals and young horses should have the best pastures. It is important to monitor grass abundance and quality. There should always be plenty of grass available in the pasture, or you will find that both broodmares and young horses quickly lose body condition. If practical, large pastures should be subdivided and the smaller plots be used on a rotational basis.</p>\r\n<p>Adult horses and ponies can do well on pastures of lower quality, provided that they are not trained or used excessively for riding. For horses with a history of laminitis more extensive pastures will be convenient.</p>\r\n<p>Periods of drought may be expected at different times during the spring and summer season. Pasture quality drops quickly when the soil humidity is low. Look carefully for changes in grass availability and reduced body condition during a draught period !</p>\r\n<p>In PC-Horse you can calculate the approximate intake of pasture grass based on the time spent on pasture and the pasture conditions. We will explain how you can your use grazing information to formulate balanced rations for your horses in a later monthly letter on <a>www.pc-horse.com</a>.</p>\r\n<p><em>This article was originally written by Dr. Day Austbø.</em><br /><em> Copyright: PC-Horse International - Norway 2013.</em><br /><em>Feel free to use and publish the material. Please indicate the source and author.</em></p>','',1,616,'2011-02-15 15:59:09',62,'','2016-06-01 07:34:02',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-04-30 23:55:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',4,137,'','',1,959,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'en-GB',''),(4237,4984,'Juni 2016 - Fruktaner ved afgræsning','june2016-dk','<div>\r\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.1pt; text-align: right;\"><a href=\"index.php/da/619-topics/topics-feedback/3881-poll-dk\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><span id=\"result_box\" class=\"short_text\" lang=\"da\"><span class=\"hps\">Venligst</span> <span class=\"hps\">kommentere denne artikel</span></span></strong></span></a></p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p><strong>Når græsplanterne vokser danner de fruktaner som en form for energireserve. Da hesten ikke kan fordøje fruktaner enzymatisk i tyndtarmen, bliver de fordøjet mikrobielt i blind- og tyktarm, hvilket fører til en øget produktion af flygtige fedtsyrer og mælkesyre. En øget koncentration af mælkesyre i tarmen sænker pH værdien og forstyrrer balansen mellem de forskellige typer af tarmmikrober. Højt indtag af fruktaner kan derfor føre til alvorlige sygdomstilstande som kolik og forfangenhed.</strong></p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/grazing-in-pair.png\" alt=\"grazing in pair\" /></p>\r\n<p><strong>Hvad er fruktaner?</strong></p>\r\n<p>Fruktaner består af fruktose enheder som er koblet sammen i en kæde. Kædelængden kan variere fra mindre end 30 til mere end 200 molekyler. Kortkædedede fruktaner har en sødlig smag, mens de langkædede har en mere neutral smag. Tempererede græsarter, som dem vi har i de skandinaviske lande, producerer fruktaner som et energilager på samme måde som andre planter producerer stivelse som energilager. Den højeste koncentration af fruktaner findes i den nederste del af stængelen og i bladstilken, mens det laveste indhold findes i selve bladene.</p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/fruktanmolekyl.png\" alt=\"fruktanmolekyl\" width=\"300\" height=\"241\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" /><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/grassplant.jpg\" alt=\"grassplant\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" /></p>\r\n<p>Fruktaner dannes ved fotosyntese i løbet af den lyse del af døgnet og produktionen er højest på varme solrige dage. Om natten er der ingen fotosyntese og planterne forbruger da de lagrede fruktanr som energikilde til vækst.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Variationer i fruktanindhold</strong></p>\r\n<p>De forskellige græsarter varierer i indholdet af fruktan. Strandsvingel (Festuca arundinacea) og Flerårig rajgras (Lolium perenne) kan have et højt indhold af fruktan, mens Engrapgræs, også kendt som Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), Timote (Phleum pratense), Hundegræs (Dactylis glomerata) og Engsvingel (Festuca pratensis) indeholder mindre fruktan. Det kan alligevel være store variationer i fruktanindholdet mellem de forskellige sorter indenfor samme art særligt for Strandsvingel og Flerårig raigræs.</p>\r\n<p>Om sommeren vokser græsset og oplagrer fruktaner i løbet af dagen. Når temperaturen om natten er højere end 6<sup>o</sup>C vokser græsset også om natten. Eftersom der ikke er sollys vil der ikke være nogen fotosyntese og planterne vil bruge den lagrede fruktan som energikilde for vækst. Under sådanne forhold vil fruktanindholdet i planterne være lavt om morgenen og efterfølgende stige i løbet af dagen for så at blive forbrugt om natten sådan at at fruktanindholdet er relativt lavt igen næste morgen.</p>\r\n<p>Det er vigtigt at græsmarken har gode vækstforhold. Gødskning og nok vand øger plantevæksten og dermed forbruget af fruktan i løbet af natten. Planter som bliver stresset af dårlig næringstilgang eller tørke vokser kun lidt og kan derfor have et ganske højt fruktanindhold.</p>\r\n<p>Om foråret og sent om sommeren kan temperaturen være så lav om natten at græsset slutter med at vokse. Under sådanne forhold bliver der heller ikke brugt fruktan om natten og indholdet i græssset kan være højt om morgenen.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Generelle råd</strong></p>\r\n<p>Hester har let ved at få fordøjelsesrelaterede sygdomme i forbindelse med overgangen til græs. For at mindske risikoen for kolik eller forfangenhed må hestene have mulighed for gradvist at tilvende sig til at gå på græs. Det bliver også anbefalet ikke at græsse marken for hårdt ned, da særligt den nederste delen af stængelen har den højeste koncentration af fruktan.</p>\r\n<p>Heste som er særligt følsomme overfor fruktan&nbsp;&nbsp; bør slippes på græs på tider af døgnet hvor fruktanindholdet i græsset er mindst, eller man kan give dem en mundkurv på for at reducere optagelsen af græs. En flytbar el-trådhvorved hestene kun får adgangtil et lille stykke af græsmarken hver dag er også en god metode til at forhindre at de æder for meget.</p>\r\n<p>De fleste normale hester vil kun have mindre problemer med fruktan under forudsætning af at de har fået gradvis tilvænning til græsmarken. Småheste og ponyer virker &nbsp;imidlertid mere sensitive end andre heste, og græsningstiden bør for mange af disse begrænses ikke bare på grund af fruktanindholdet i græsset, men også fordi mange småheste og ponyer generelt let bliver for fede i løbet af en sommergræsning.</p>\r\n<div>\r\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.1pt; text-align: right;\"><a href=\"index.php/da/619-topics/topics-feedback/3881-poll-dk\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><span id=\"result_box\" class=\"short_text\" lang=\"da\"><span class=\"hps\">Venligst</span> <span class=\"hps\">kommentere denne artikel</span></span></strong></span></a></p>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n<p><em>This article was originally written by Dr. Day Austbø and Landskonsulent eric Clausen.</em><br /><em> Copyright: PC-Horse International - Norway 2012.</em><br /><em>Feel free to use and publish the material. Please indicate the source and author.</em></p>','',1,616,'2011-02-15 15:59:09',62,'','2016-07-01 06:08:50',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-05-31 23:55:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',7,139,'','',1,1134,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'da-DK',''),(4238,4985,'Juni 2016 - Fruktaner i beitegras','june2016-no','<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"index.php/nb/articles/topic-of-the-month/topics-topics/619-topics/topics-feedback/3880-poll-nb\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Vennligst kommentere denne artikkelen</strong></span></a></p>\r\n<p><strong>Beitegras produserer fruktaner som et energilager. Da hesten ikke kan fordøye fruktaner enzymatisk i tynntarmen, blir de fordøye mikrobielt i blintarm og tykktarm. Dette fører til økt produksjon av flyktige fettsyrer og melkesyre. Økt konsentrasjon av melkesyre i tarmen senker pH verdien og forstyrrer balansen mellom de ulike typene av tarmmikrober. Høyt inntak av fruktaner kan derfor føre til alvorlige sykdomstilstander som kolikk og forfangenhet.</strong></p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/grazing-in-pair.png\" alt=\"grazing in pair\" /></p>\r\n<p><strong>Hva er fruktaner?</strong></p>\r\n<p>Fruktaner består av fruktose enheter som er koblet sammen. Kjedelengden kan variere fra mindre enn 30 til mer enn 200. Kortkjedede fruktaner har en søt smak, mens de langkjedede har en mer nøytral smak. Tempererte grasarter, som de vi har i de skandinaviske landene, produserer fruktaner som et energilager på samme måte som andre planter produserer stivelse som energilager. Den høyeste konsentrasjonen av fruktaner finnes i den nedre delen av stilken og i bladfestene, mens lavest innhold finnes i selve bladene.</p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/fruktanmolekyl.png\" alt=\"fruktanmolekyl\" width=\"300\" height=\"241\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" /><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/grassplant.jpg\" alt=\"grassplant\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" /></p>\r\n<p>Fruktaner produseres ved fotosyntese gjennom den lyse delen av døgnet, og produksjonen er høyest på varme solrike dager. Om natten er det ikke fotosyntese og plantene bruker da de lagrede fruktanene som energi for å vokse.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Variasjoner i fruktaninnhold</strong></p>\r\n<p>De ulike grasartene varierer i fruktaninnhold. Strandsvingel (Festuca arundinacea) og Flerårig raigras (Lolium perenne) kan være høye i fruktan, mens Bakkerapp, også kjent som Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), Timotei (Phleum pratense), Hundegras (Dactylis glomerata) og Engsvingel (Festuca pratensis) har mindre fruktan. Det kan likevel være store variasjoner i fruktaninnhold mellom ulike sorter innen samme art hos særlig Strandsvingel og Flerårig raigras.</p>\r\n<p>Om sommeren vokser graset og lagrer opp fruktaner i løpet av dagen. Når temperaturen om natta er høyere enn 6<sup>o</sup>C vokser graset også om natta. Siden det da ikke er sollys vil det ikke være fotosyntese og plantene bruker lagret fruktan som energikilde for vekst. Under slike forhold vil fruktaninnholdet i plantene være lavt om morgenen og øke utover dagen for så å forbrukes om natta slik at fruktaninnholdet er relativt lavt igjen om morgenen.</p>\r\n<p>Det er viktig at beitegraset har forhold som stimulerer til vekst. Gjødsling og nok vann øker planteveksten og dermed forbruket av fruktan gjennom natta. Planter som blir stresset av dårlig næringstilgang eller tørke vokser lite og kan få et høyt fruktaninnhold.</p>\r\n<p>Om våren og sent på høsten kan temperaturen være så lav om natta at graset slutter å vokse. Da blir det heller ikke brukt fruktan om natta og innholdet i graset kan være høyt også om morgenen.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Generelle råd</strong></p>\r\n<p>Hester har lett for å få fordøyelsesrelaterte sykdommer i forbindelse med overgang til beite. For å minske risikoen for kolikk eller forfangenhet må hestene få mulighet til å gradvis tilvenne seg å gå på beite. Det blir også anbefalt å ikke beite for hardt ned, da det er nederste delen av stengelen som har høyeste konsentrasjon av fruktan.</p>\r\n<p>Sensitive hester bør slippes på beite på tider av døgnet da fruktaninnholdet i graset er lavest, eller de kan få satt på munnkurv for å redusere opptaket av beitegras. De fleste normale hester vil ha lite problemer med fruktan så lenge de har fått gradvis tilvenning til å gå på beite. Ponnier synes imidlertid mer sensitive enn andre hester, og beitetiden bør for mange av disse begrenses ikke bare på grunn av fruktan i graset, men også fordi mange ponnier lett blir svært feite i løpet av en beitesommer.</p>\r\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.1pt; text-align: right;\"><em><a href=\"index.php/nb/articles/topic-of-the-month/topics-topics/619-topics/topics-feedback/3880-poll-nb\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Vennligst kommentere denne artikkelen</strong></span></a></em></p>\r\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.1pt;\"><em><br />This article was originally written by Dr. Day Austbø.</em><br /> <em>Copyright: PC-Horse International - Norway 2012.</em><br /> <em>Feel free to use and publish the material. Please indicate the source and author.</em></p>','',1,616,'2011-02-15 15:59:09',62,'','2016-07-01 06:10:42',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-05-31 23:55:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',7,134,'','',1,1275,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'nb-NO',''),(4239,4986,'June 2016 - Fructans in pasture grasses','june2016-eng','<p><strong>Pasture grasses produce fructans as a storage carbohydrate. As the horse cannot digest the fructans enzymatically in the small intestine, they are digested by the microbes in the hind-gut, leading to production of volatile fatty acids and lactate. Increased lactate concentration lowers pH and alters the balance between the different strains of gut microbes. High intake of fructans can therefore lead to severe conditions as colic and laminitis in horses. </strong></p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/grazing-in-pair.png\" alt=\"grazing in pair\" /></p>\r\n<p><strong>What are fructans?</strong></p>\r\n<p>Fructans consist of fructose units that are linked together. The chain length can vary from less than 30 to more than 200. Short-chain fructans have a sweet taste while the long-chain fructans have a more neutral taste. Cool season grasses produce fructans as a storage carbohydrate in the same way as other plants produce starch as a storage carbohydrate. The highest concentration of fructan in grasses is found in the lower part of the stem and in the leave sheaths, and lower concentration in the leaves.</p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/fruktanmolekyl.png\" alt=\"fruktanmolekyl\" width=\"300\" height=\"241\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" /><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/grassplant.jpg\" alt=\"grassplant\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" /></p>\r\n<p>Fructans are produced during daytime through photosynthesis, and levels of production are highest on warm sunny days. During night-time, without photosynthesis, the plants use the stored fructans for growth and for energy.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Variations in fructan content.</strong></p>\r\n<p>Different grass species vary in their fructan content. Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) and Perennnial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) are normally higher in fructans, while Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), Timothy (Phleum pratense), Orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata) and Meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis) are lower in fructans. There may also be large variations in fructan content between cultivars within some species (Perennial ryegrass and Tall fescue).</p>\r\n<p>During summer, grasses grow and accumulate fructans during the daytime. Grasses can also grow at night, in temperatures higher than 6<sup>o</sup>C. However, since no photosynthesis is available at night, the grasses uses the stored fructans for energy. Under these conditions, the concentration of fructans builds up during the day, being highest in the afternoon, and is lowest in the morning.</p>\r\n<p>It is also important that pasture grasses have the conditions that stimulate growth. Proper fertilization and adequate supplies of water increase plant growth and hence the utilization of fructans during the night.</p>\r\n<p>In early spring and late fall, temperatures can be low at night and the grasses can stop growing. This means that no fructans are utilized during night-time and fructan content can remain high for the morning.</p>\r\n<p><strong>General recommendations</strong></p>\r\n<p>Horses are subject to digestive upsets associated with the start of the grazing season. To minimize the risk of colic and laminitis, be sure to let them adapt gradually to the pasture grass. It is also recommended to not allow them to graze too hard, as it is the lower parts of the plant stem that have the highest concentration of fructans.</p>\r\n<p>Sensitive horses should be grazed at times when the fructan concentration is lowest. They can also be muzzled to help restrict grass intake. Most normal horses will have few problems with fructans as long as they are allowed sufficient time to adapt to grazing conditions. However, ponies seem to be especially sensitive and grazing, for them, should be restricted. This is not only because of fructans, but also their tendency to grow very fat during summer grazing.</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p><em>This article was originally written by Dr. Day Austbø.</em><br /><em> Copyright: PC-Horse International - Norway 2013.</em><br /><em>Feel free to use and publish the material. Please indicate the source and author.</em></p>','',1,616,'2011-02-15 15:59:09',62,'','2016-07-01 06:10:24',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-05-31 23:55:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',7,132,'','',1,1026,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'en-GB',''),(4240,4987,'Juni 2016 - Fruktaner i betesgräset','june2016-sv','<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"index.php/sv/articles/topic-of-the-month/topics-topics/619-topics/topics-feedback/3879-vill-du-kommentera-var-manadsartikel\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Kommentera gärna denna artikel.</strong></span></a></p>\r\n<p><strong>Betesgräs producerar fruktaner som ett energilager. Då hästen inte kan smälta fruktaner enzymatiskt i tunntarmen, blir de istället smälta i blindtarmen och tjocktarmen. Detta leder till en ökad produktion av flyktiga fettsyror och av mjölksyra. Den ökade koncentrationen av mjölksyra i tarmen sänker pH-värdet och stör balansen mellan de olika slagen av tarmmikrob er. Högt intag av fruktaner kan därför leda till allvarliga sjukdomstillstånd - t.ex kolik och fång.<br /></strong></p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/grazing-in-pair.png\" alt=\"grazing in pair\" /></p>\r\n<p><strong>Vad är fruktaner?</strong></p>\r\n<p>Fruktaner består av fruktos-enheter som är sammankopplade. Kedjornas längd kan variera från mindre än 30 till mer än 200. Kortkedjade fruktaner har en sötaktig smak, medan de långkedjade däremot har en mer neutral smak. Tempererade gräsarter, som de vi har i de Skandinaviska länderna, producderar fruktaner som ett energilager på samma sätt som andra växter producerar stärkelse som energilager. Den högsta koncentrationen av fruktaner finns i den nedre delen av stjälken och i bladfästena. Det lägsta innehållet döljer sig i själva bladen.</p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/fruktanmolekyl.png\" alt=\"fruktanmolekyl\" width=\"300\" height=\"241\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" /><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/grassplant.jpg\" alt=\"grassplant\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" /></p>\r\n<p>Fruktaner produceras i fotosyntes under den ljusa delen av dygnet, och produktionen är högst under varma och solrika dagar. Om natten förekommer ingen fotosyntes och plantorna använder då de lagrade fruktyanerna som energi för att växa.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Variationer i fruktan-innehåll</strong></p>\r\n<p>De olika grässorterna varierar i fruktaninnehåll. Strandsvingel (Festuca arundinacea) och flerårigt Raigräs (Lolium perenne) kan variera avsevärt när det gäller mängden fruktan, medan Bakkerapp, också känt som Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), Timotej (Phleum pratense), Hundgräs (Dactylis glomerata) och Ängsvingel (Festuca pratensis) har ett lägre innehåll av fruktan. Men det kan dessutom föreligga stora variationer i fruktaninnehållet inom samma grässort - då i synnerhet hos Strandsvingel och flerårigt Raigräs.</p>\r\n<p>Under sommaren växer gräset och lagrar upp fruktaner under dagen. Om temperaturen under natten är högre än 6<sup>o</sup>C växer gräset även under natten. Om det inte finns något solljus uppstår ingen fotosyntes varvid plantorna använder det lagrade fruktanet som energikälla för att växa. Under sådana förhållanden kommer fruktaninnehållet i plantorna att vara lågt på morgonen och öka under dagen för att sedan återigen förbrukas under natten så att fruktaninnehållet återigen är relativt lågt på morgonen.</p>\r\n<p>Det är viktigt att betesgräset har förutsättningar som stimulerar till växt. Gödsling och tillräckligt med vatten stimulerar tillväxten och därmed förbrukningen av fruktan under nattetid. Plantor som blir stressade av dålig näringstillgång eller torka växer dåligt och kan då få ett högt fruktaninnehåll.</p>\r\n<p>Om våren, och sent på hösten, kan temperaturen sjunka så lågt på natten att gräset slutar att växa. Då förbrukas inte fruktan om natten med påföljd att dess innehåll är högt även på morgonen.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Generella råd</strong></p>\r\n<p>Hästar har lätt för att få matsmältningsrelaterade sjukdomar i samband med övergång till bete. För att minska risken för kolik eller fång bör de därför ges tillfälle att gradvis tillvänja sig till betesgången. Vi vill också rekommendera att gräset inte betas för hårt ner då det är den nedersta delen av stjälken som har den högsta koncentrationen av fruktan.</p>\r\n<p>Känsliga hästar bör släppas på bete under den tiden på dygnet som fruktaninnehållet i gräset är som lägst. Alternativt kan de beläggas med munkorg för att minska deras intag. De flesta normala hästar har inga eller små, problem med fruktan så de givits gradvis tillvänjning av betesgång. Ponnier verkar emellertid vara mer känsliga än andra hästar, och betestiden bör för många av dessa begränsas inte bara på grund av fruktanet i gräset, utan också därför att många ponnier blir alldeles för feta under loppet av sommarens betesperiod.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"index.php/sv/articles/topic-of-the-month/topics-topics/619-topics/topics-feedback/3879-vill-du-kommentera-var-manadsartikel\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Kommentera gärna denna artikel.</strong></span></a></p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.1pt;\"><em>This article was originally written by Dr. Day Austbø.</em><br /> <em>Copyright: PC-Horse International - Norway 2012.</em><br /> <em>Feel free to use and publish the material. Please indicate the source and author.</em></p>','',1,616,'2011-02-15 15:59:09',62,'','2016-07-01 06:09:10',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-05-31 23:55:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',10,126,'','',1,1836,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'sv-SE',''),(4241,4988,'Juin 2016 – Fructanes dans l’herbe des prairies','june2016-fr','<p><span style=\"font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;\"><strong>L’herbe des pâturages produit des fructanes, hydrate de carbone de stockage. <span class=\"alt-edited\">Comme le cheval</span> ne digère pas les fructanes par voie enzymatique dans l\'intestin grêle, ils sont digérés par les <span class=\"alt-edited\">bactéries présentes dans</span> <span class=\"alt-edited\">le gros intestin</span>, conduisant à la production d\'acides gras volatils et <span class=\"alt-edited\">de lactate</span>. <span class=\"alt-edited\">L\'augmentation de la concentration de lactate</span> abaisse le pH et modifie l\'équilibre entre les différentes souches de <span class=\"alt-edited\">bactéries</span> de l\'intestin. Une forte consommation de fructanes peut donc conduire <span class=\"alt-edited\">à des situations difficiles</span> <span class=\"alt-edited\">comme les coliques</span> et la fourbure chez les chevaux.</strong></span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;\"><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/grazing-in-pair.png\" alt=\"grazing in pair\" /></span></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;\"><strong>Qu’est-ce que les fructanes&nbsp;?</strong></span></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;\">Les fructanes sont constitués d’unités de fructose liées entre elles. La longueur de la chaine peut varier de moins de 30 à plus de 200. Les fructanes à courte chaine ont un goût sucré alors que les fructanes à longue chaine ont un goût plus neutre. A la saison froide l’herbe produit des fructanes pour stocker les hydrates de carbone de la même façon que les autres plantes produisent de l’amidon comme glucides de réserve. La plus forte concentration en fructane dans l’herbe se trouve dans la partie inférieure de la tige et dans les structures des feuilles, et la plus faible concentration dans les feuilles.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;\"></span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;\"><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/fruktanmolekyl.png\" alt=\"fruktanmolekyl\" width=\"300\" height=\"241\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" /><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/grassplant.jpg\" alt=\"grassplant\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" /></span></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"></span>Les fructanes sont produits durant la journée grâce à la photosynthèse, et la production est la plus forte les journées chaudes et ensoleillées. Pendant la nuit il n’y a pas de photosynthèse et les plantes utilisent le fructane stocké pour leur croissance et l’énergie.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;\"><strong>Variations de la teneur en fructane</strong></span></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;\">La teneur en fructane varie selon les différentes espèces d’herbe. La fétuque élevée (Festuca arundinacea) et le raygrass anglais (Lolium perenne) contiennent généralement des niveaux plus élevés de fructanes, alors que le pâturin des prés (Poa pratensis), la fléole des prés (Phleum pratense), le dactyle pelotonné (Dactylis glomerata) et la fétuque des prés (Festuca pratensis) en sont plus faiblement dotés. Il peut aussi y avoir de grandes variations dans la teneur en fructanes selon les cultivars au sein de certaines espèces (de ray-grass anglais et fétuque élevée).</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;\">Pendant l\'été, les herbes poussent et accumulent <span class=\"alt-edited\">les fructanes</span> pendant la journée. Lorsque la température la nuit est supérieure à 6 ° C, les herbes poussent également pendant la nuit. Toutefois, étant donné qu\'il n\'y a pas la photosynthèse la nuit, les herbes <span class=\"alt-edited\">utilisent les</span> fructanes <span class=\"alt-edited\">stockés</span> pour l\'énergie. Dans ces conditions<span class=\"alt-edited\">, il est logique que la concentration</span> en fructanes <span class=\"alt-edited\">accumulée</span> au cours de la journée, soit <span class=\"alt-edited\">plus élevée dans</span> l\'après-midi, <span class=\"alt-edited\">et soient faibles</span> dans la matinée.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;\">Il est également important que les <span class=\"alt-edited\">herbes des pâturages</span> <span class=\"alt-edited\">aient des conditions</span> qui stimule la croissance. Une fertilisation adéquate <span class=\"alt-edited\">et une quantité d\'eau suffisante augmentent la croissance</span> <span class=\"alt-edited\">des</span> <span class=\"alt-edited\">plantes</span> et donc <span class=\"alt-edited\">l\'utilisation des</span> fructanes durant la nuit.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;\">Au début du printemps <span class=\"alt-edited\">et à la</span> fin de l\'automne, la température peut être faible la nuit et <span class=\"alt-edited\">du coup l\'herbe</span> <span class=\"alt-edited\">cesse de croître</span>. Cela signifie qu\'aucun fructane <span class=\"alt-edited\">n\'est utilisé pendant</span> la nuit et la teneur en fructane <span class=\"alt-edited\">peut alors être élevée</span> aussi dans la matinée.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;\"><strong>Recommandations générales</strong></span></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;\">Les chevaux sont soumis à des troubles digestifs <span class=\"alt-edited\">associés au</span> début de <span class=\"alt-edited\">la saison de mise à l\'herbe</span>. Pour minimiser le risque de coliques et <span class=\"alt-edited\">de fourbure</span>, assurez-vous de laisser les chevaux <span class=\"alt-edited\">s\'adapter</span> progressivement à l\'herbe des pâturages. Il est également recommandé de ne pas <span class=\"alt-edited\">les laisser brouter</span> <span class=\"alt-edited\">trop ras</span>, <span class=\"alt-edited\">sachant que</span> les parties inférieures de la tige de la plante <span class=\"alt-edited\">ont</span> la plus forte concentration <span class=\"alt-edited\">en fructanes</span>.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;\">Les chevaux sensibles <span class=\"alt-edited\">doivent être mis au pré</span> à des moments où la concentration <span class=\"alt-edited\">en</span> fructanes est <span class=\"alt-edited\">la plus basse. On pourrait</span> également <span class=\"alt-edited\">leur mettre un panier</span> <span class=\"alt-edited\">afin de limiter l\'apport</span> <span class=\"alt-edited\">en herbe</span>. La plupart des chevaux normaux auront peu de problèmes <span class=\"alt-edited\">avec les fructanes</span> <span class=\"alt-edited\">du moment qu\'ils</span> <span class=\"alt-edited\">bénéficient d\'</span>une adaptation suffisante aux conditions de pâturage. Cependant, <span class=\"alt-edited\">les poneys</span> <span class=\"alt-edited\">semblent être</span> <span class=\"alt-edited\">particulièrement sensibles</span> et le pâturage doit, pour <span class=\"alt-edited\">beaucoup d\'entre eux,</span> <span class=\"alt-edited\">être limité</span> non seulement à cause des fructanes, mais aussi <span class=\"alt-edited\">parce qu\'ils ont tendance</span> <span class=\"alt-edited\">à prendre</span> <span class=\"alt-edited\">beaucoup de gras</span> avec l’herbe d\'été.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;\"><em>Cet article original a été écrit par le Dr Dag Austbo.</em></span><br /><span style=\"font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;\"><em>Copyright : PC-Horse International – Norvège 2013.</em></span><br /><span style=\"font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;\"><em>Vous pouvez utiliser ou publier tout ou partie de ce texte, en indiquant la source et l\'auteur.</em></span></p>','',1,616,'2011-02-15 15:59:09',62,'','2016-07-01 06:10:06',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-05-31 23:55:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',9,122,'','',1,1212,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'fr-FR',''),(4242,4989,'June 2016 - Fructans in pasture grasses','june2016-de','<p><strong>Pasture grasses produce fructans as a storage carbohydrate. As the horse cannot digest the fructans enzymatically in the small intestine, they are digested by the microbes in the hind-gut, leading to production of volatile fatty acids and lactate. Increased lactate concentration lowers pH and alters the balance between the different strains of gut microbes. High intake of fructans can therefore lead to severe conditions as colic and laminitis in horses. </strong></p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/grazing-in-pair.png\" alt=\"grazing in pair\" /></p>\r\n<p><strong>What are fructans?</strong></p>\r\n<p>Fructans consist of fructose units that are linked together. The chain length can vary from less than 30 to more than 200. Short-chain fructans have a sweet taste while the long-chain fructans have a more neutral taste. Cool season grasses produce fructans as a storage carbohydrate in the same way as other plants produce starch as a storage carbohydrate. The highest concentration of fructan in grasses is found in the lower part of the stem and in the leave sheaths, and lower concentration in the leaves.</p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/fruktanmolekyl.png\" alt=\"fruktanmolekyl\" width=\"300\" height=\"241\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" /><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/grassplant.jpg\" alt=\"grassplant\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" /></p>\r\n<p>Fructans are produced during daytime through photosynthesis, and levels of production are highest on warm sunny days. During night-time, without photosynthesis, the plants use the stored fructans for growth and for energy.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Variations in fructan content.</strong></p>\r\n<p>Different grass species vary in their fructan content. Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) and Perennnial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) are normally higher in fructans, while Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), Timothy (Phleum pratense), Orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata) and Meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis) are lower in fructans. There may also be large variations in fructan content between cultivars within some species (Perennial ryegrass and Tall fescue).</p>\r\n<p>During summer, grasses grow and accumulate fructans during the daytime. Grasses can also grow at night, in temperatures higher than 6<sup>o</sup>C. However, since no photosynthesis is available at night, the grasses uses the stored fructans for energy. Under these conditions, the concentration of fructans builds up during the day, being highest in the afternoon, and is lowest in the morning.</p>\r\n<p>It is also important that pasture grasses have the conditions that stimulate growth. Proper fertilization and adequate supplies of water increase plant growth and hence the utilization of fructans during the night.</p>\r\n<p>In early spring and late fall, temperatures can be low at night and the grasses can stop growing. This means that no fructans are utilized during night-time and fructan content can remain high for the morning.</p>\r\n<p><strong>General recommendations</strong></p>\r\n<p>Horses are subject to digestive upsets associated with the start of the grazing season. To minimize the risk of colic and laminitis, be sure to let them adapt gradually to the pasture grass. It is also recommended to not allow them to graze too hard, as it is the lower parts of the plant stem that have the highest concentration of fructans.</p>\r\n<p>Sensitive horses should be grazed at times when the fructan concentration is lowest. They can also be muzzled to help restrict grass intake. Most normal horses will have few problems with fructans as long as they are allowed sufficient time to adapt to grazing conditions. However, ponies seem to be especially sensitive and grazing, for them, should be restricted. This is not only because of fructans, but also their tendency to grow very fat during summer grazing.</p>\r\n<p><em>This article was originally written by Dr. Day Austbø.</em><br /><em> Copyright: PC-Horse International - Norway 2013.</em><br /><em>Feel free to use and publish the material. Please indicate the source and author.</em></p>','',1,616,'2011-02-15 15:59:09',62,'','2016-07-01 06:09:46',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-05-31 23:55:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',6,119,'','',1,1023,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(4243,4990,'June 2016 - Fructans in pasture grasses','june2016-nl','<p><strong>Pasture grasses produce fructans as a storage carbohydrate. As the horse cannot digest the fructans enzymatically in the small intestine, they are digested by the microbes in the hind-gut, leading to production of volatile fatty acids and lactate. Increased lactate concentration lowers pH and alters the balance between the different strains of gut microbes. High intake of fructans can therefore lead to severe conditions as colic and laminitis in horses. </strong></p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/grazing-in-pair.png\" alt=\"grazing in pair\" /></p>\r\n<p><strong>What are fructans?</strong></p>\r\n<p>Fructans consist of fructose units that are linked together. The chain length can vary from less than 30 to more than 200. Short-chain fructans have a sweet taste while the long-chain fructans have a more neutral taste. Cool season grasses produce fructans as a storage carbohydrate in the same way as other plants produce starch as a storage carbohydrate. The highest concentration of fructan in grasses is found in the lower part of the stem and in the leave sheaths, and lower concentration in the leaves.</p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/fruktanmolekyl.png\" alt=\"fruktanmolekyl\" width=\"300\" height=\"241\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" /><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/grassplant.jpg\" alt=\"grassplant\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" /></p>\r\n<p>Fructans are produced during daytime through photosynthesis, and levels of production are highest on warm sunny days. During night-time, without photosynthesis, the plants use the stored fructans for growth and for energy.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Variations in fructan content.</strong></p>\r\n<p>Different grass species vary in their fructan content. Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) and Perennnial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) are normally higher in fructans, while Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), Timothy (Phleum pratense), Orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata) and Meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis) are lower in fructans. There may also be large variations in fructan content between cultivars within some species (Perennial ryegrass and Tall fescue).</p>\r\n<p>During summer, grasses grow and accumulate fructans during the daytime. Grasses can also grow at night, in temperatures higher than 6<sup>o</sup>C. However, since no photosynthesis is available at night, the grasses uses the stored fructans for energy. Under these conditions, the concentration of fructans builds up during the day, being highest in the afternoon, and is lowest in the morning.</p>\r\n<p>It is also important that pasture grasses have the conditions that stimulate growth. Proper fertilization and adequate supplies of water increase plant growth and hence the utilization of fructans during the night.</p>\r\n<p>In early spring and late fall, temperatures can be low at night and the grasses can stop growing. This means that no fructans are utilized during night-time and fructan content can remain high for the morning.</p>\r\n<p><strong>General recommendations</strong></p>\r\n<p>Horses are subject to digestive upsets associated with the start of the grazing season. To minimize the risk of colic and laminitis, be sure to let them adapt gradually to the pasture grass. It is also recommended to not allow them to graze too hard, as it is the lower parts of the plant stem that have the highest concentration of fructans.</p>\r\n<p>Sensitive horses should be grazed at times when the fructan concentration is lowest. They can also be muzzled to help restrict grass intake. Most normal horses will have few problems with fructans as long as they are allowed sufficient time to adapt to grazing conditions. However, ponies seem to be especially sensitive and grazing, for them, should be restricted. This is not only because of fructans, but also their tendency to grow very fat during summer grazing.</p>\r\n<p><em>This article was originally written by Dr. Day Austbø.</em><br /><em> Copyright: PC-Horse International - Norway 2013.</em><br /><em>Feel free to use and publish the material. Please indicate the source and author.</em></p>','',1,616,'2011-02-15 15:59:09',62,'','2016-07-01 06:09:28',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-05-31 23:55:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',5,115,'','',1,759,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'nl-NL',''),(4244,4991,'Kesäkuu 2016 - Fruktaanit laidunruohossa','june2016-fi','<p><strong>Laidunruohot muodostavat fruktaania varastohiilihydraatiksi. Koska hevoset eivät sulata fruktaania entsymaattisesti ohutsuolessa, hajoavat ne mikrobien toimesta umpi-paksusuolessa, minkä seurauksena muodostuu haihtuvia rasvahappoja ja maitohappoa. Lisääntynyt maitohappopitoisuus laskee pH:ta ja muuttaa eri suolistomikrobikantojen tasapainoa. Runsas fruktaanin saanti voi tämän vuoksi aiheuttaa vakavia seurauksia, kuten ähkyä ja kaviokuumetta. <br /></strong></p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/grazing-in-pair.png\" alt=\"grazing in pair\" /></p>\r\n<p><strong>Mitä fruktaanit ovat?</strong></p>\r\n<p>Fruktaanit koostuvat toisiinsa liittyneistä fruktoosi-yksiköistä. Ketjun pituus voi vaihdella välillä alle 30 ja yli 200. Lyhytketjuiset fruktaanit maistuvat makeilta ja pitkäketjuiset fruktaanit ovat maultaan enemmän neutraaleja. Viileän ilmastovyöhykkeen ruohokasvit muodostavat fruktaania varastohiilihydraatiksi samalla tavoin kuin muut kasvit muodostavat tärkkelystä varastohiilihydraatiksi. Korkein fruktaanipitoisuus on varren alaosassa ja lehtitupessa ja pitoisuus on matalin lehdissä.</p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/fruktanmolekyl.png\" alt=\"fruktanmolekyl\" width=\"300\" height=\"241\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" /><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/grassplant.jpg\" alt=\"grassplant\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" /></p>\r\n<p>Fruktaaneja muodostuu päivällä fotosynteesissä ja tuotanto on korkeimmillaan lämpiminä aurinkoisina päivinä. Yöllä ei tapahdu fotosynteesiä ja kasvit käyttävät varastoitunutta fruktaania kasvuun ja energianlähteenä.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Fruktaanipitoisuuden vaihteleminen</strong></p>\r\n<p>Eri ruoholajien fruktaanisisältö vaihtelee. Ruokonata (Festuca arundinacea) ja monivuotinen raiheinä (Lolium perenne) sisältävät tavallisesti runsaasti fruktaania, kun taas niittynurmikka (Poa pratensis), timotei (Phleum pratense),&nbsp; koiranheinä (Dactylis glomerata) ja nurminata (Festuca pratensis) sisältävät vähän fruktaania. Joidenkin ruohojen eri lajikkeiden välillä on myös suuria eroja fruktaanipitoisuudessa (monivuotinen raiheinä ja ruokonata).</p>\r\n<p>Kesällä ruohot kasvavat ja keräävät fruktaania päiväsaikaan. Kun yölämpötila on yli 6<sup>o</sup>C, kasvavat ruohot myös yöllä. Koska fotosynteesiä ei kuitenkaan tapahdu yöllä, käyttävät kasvit varastoitunutta fruktaania energianlähteenä. Näissä olosuhteissa fruktaania kertyy kasviin päivällä pitoisuuden ollessa korkeimmillaan iltapäivällä ja matalimmillaan aamulla.</p>\r\n<p>On myös tärkeää, että laidunruoholla on olosuhteet, jotka mahdollistavat kasvun. Kunnollinen lannoitus ja riittävästi vettä parantaa kasvua ja näin myös fruktaanin käyttöä yöllä.</p>\r\n<p>Aikaisin keväällä ja myöhään syksyllä lämpötila voi yöllä olla matala ja ruohon kasvu pysähtyy. Tämä tarkoittaa, että fruktaania ei käytetä yöaikaan ja kasvin fruktaanipitoisuus voi olla korkea myös aamulla.&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p><strong>Yleiset suositukset<br /></strong></p>\r\n<p>Hevoset ovat herkkiä ruoansulatuskanavan häiröille laidunkauden alkaessa. Ähky- ja kaviokuumeriskin minimoimiseksi hevoset tulee totuttaa laidunruohoon vähitellen. On myös suositeltavaa, ettei laidunta syödä liian matalaksi, sillä fruktaanipitoisuus on suurin varren alaosassa.</p>\r\n<p>Herkkiä hevosia tulisi laiduntaa silloin kun ruohon fruktaanipitoisuus on matalimmillaan tai niille voidaan laittaa turpakopat rajoittamaan ruohon syöntiä. Suurimmalle osalle tavallisista hevosista fruktaani ei aiheuta isoja ongelmia, kunhan ne saavat riittävän pitkän totuttelujakson laitumelle siirryttäessä. Ponit kuitenkin ovat erityisen herkkiä ja monille poneille sopii rajoitettu laiduntaminen, ei ainoastaan fruktaanin vuoksi, vaan ne usein myös lihovat erittäin runsaasti&nbsp; laidunkauden aikana.</p>\r\n<p><em>This article was originally written by Dr. Day Austbø.</em><br /><em> Copyright: PC-Horse International - Norway 2013.</em><br /><em>Feel free to use and publish the material. Please indicate the source and author.</em></p>','',1,616,'2011-02-15 15:59:09',62,'','2016-07-26 12:42:54',106,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-05-31 23:55:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',8,112,'','',1,690,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'fi-FI',''),(4245,4992,'Juli 2016 - Analysere for sukker i høy og høysilasje','july2016-no','<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"index.php/nb/articles/topic-of-the-month/topics-topics/619-topics/topics-feedback/3880-poll-nb\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Vennligst kommentere denne artikkelen</strong></span></a></p>\r\n<p><strong>Blant hestefolk er det en betydelig oppmerksomhet rettet mot sukkerinnholdet i høy og høysilasje. Dette skyldes hovedsakelig at et høyt innhold av sukker i grovfôret kan føre til problemer spesielt for hester og ponnier med sykdommer som Cushings syndrom, insulin resistens og forfangenhet.</strong></p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/haysugarmolecule.jpg\" alt=\"haysugarmolecule\" /></p>\r\n<p><strong>Forskjellige sukker analyser</strong></p>\r\n<p>Det er flere forskjellige analysemetoder som brukes av kommersielle laboratorier til å bestemme sukker i grovfôr. I analyserapportene blir det ofte oppgitt bare som sukker, men metoden som er brukt burde også oppgis da de forskjellige analysemetodene ikke tar med de samme fraksjonene av sukker.</p>\r\n<p>Etanol løselige karbohydrater (ESC) inkluderer glukose, fruktose og sukrose. Bare en liten del av fruktaner vil bli tatt med.</p>\r\n<p>Vann løselige karbohydrater (WSC) inkluderer glukose, fruktose, sukrose og fruktaner.</p>\r\n<p>Ikke-strukturelle karbohydrater (NSC) inkluderer samme som WSC og i tillegg stivelse.</p>\r\n<p>Lagringskarbohydratene i de tempererte grasartene består for en stor del av fruktaner. Dette betyr at når det analyseres for sukker i grovfôr til hest er det viktig å bruke en analysemetode som ikke bare inkluderer monosakkarider og disakkarider, men også inkluderer fruktaner. ESC inkluderer ikke fruktaner og denne metoden bør derfor ikke brukes ved analyse av grovfôr til hester. De tempererte grasartene inneholder svært lite stivelse, så å analysere etter metodene WSC eller NSC skulle gi omtrent samme resultat.</p>\r\n<p>Eurofins som er det største analyselaboratoriet for grovfôr i Norge analyserer sukker i grovfôr etter WSC metoden.</p>\r\n<p>Normalt friske hester tolererer høy og høysilasje med relativt høyt innhold av sukker. Imidlertid bør vi til hester som er særlig følsomme for sukker i fôret (Cushings syndrom, insulin resistens, forfangenhet) velge grovfôr med et sukkerinnhold på mindre enn 10% (100 gram per kg tørrstoff). For å redusere sukkerinnholdet i grovfôr kan vi bløtlegge fôret i vann noen timer før fôring.</p>\r\n<p>Sukkerinnholdet i grovfôr varierer mye, og tabellverdier vil derfor ikke være til stor hjelp. Dersom du ønsker å ha kontroll på sukkerinnholdet i rasjonene til hestene dine må du ha analyse av grovfôret. Da kan analyseverdiene leses inn i PC-Horse* programmet og du vil da umiddelbart se hvor mye sukker (og stivelse) det er i rasjonene til hestene dine.</p>\r\n<p>* Stivelse og sukker vises i programmets PRO- og KONSULENT-versjoner.</p>\r\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.1pt; text-align: right;\"><em><a href=\"index.php/nb/articles/topic-of-the-month/topics-topics/619-topics/topics-feedback/3880-poll-nb\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Vennligst kommentere denne artikkelen</strong></span></a></em></p>\r\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.1pt;\"><em><br />This article was originally written by Dr. Day Austbø.</em><br /> <em>Copyright: PC-Horse International - Norway 2012.</em><br /> <em>Feel free to use and publish the material. Please indicate the source and author.</em></p>','',1,616,'2011-02-15 15:59:09',62,'','2016-09-05 23:12:42',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-06-30 23:55:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',5,106,'','',1,2307,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'nb-NO',''),(4246,4993,'Juli 2016 - Om socker i grovfoderanalyser','july2016-sv','<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"index.php/sv/articles/topic-of-the-month/topics-topics/619-topics/topics-feedback/3879-vill-du-kommentera-var-manadsartikel\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Kommentera gärna denna artikel.</strong></span></a></p>\r\n<p><strong>Bland hästfolk är en hel del uppmärksamhet riktat mot sockerinnehållet i hö och hösilage. Det påstås ofta att ett högt sockerinnehåll i grovfodret kan leda till problem, speciellt för hästar och ponnier med sjukdomar som Cushings syndrom, insulinresistens och fång.</strong></p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/haysugarmolecule.jpg\" alt=\"haysugarmolecule\" /></p>\r\n<p><strong>Olika sockeranalyser</strong><br />Detfinns flera olika analysmetoder som de kommersiella laboratorierna använder för att fastställa sockerhalten i grovfoder. I analysrapporterna uppges värdena ofta endast som \"socker\", men metoden man använt sig av borde även den uppges eftersom de olika analysmetoderna inte mäter exakt samma fraktioner av socker.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Etanol-lösliga kolhydrater (ESC)</strong> inkluderar glukos, fruktos och sukros. Endast en liten del av frktaner kommer med i analysen. <br /><strong>Vatten-lösliga kolhydrater (WSC)</strong> inkluderar glukos, fruktos, sukros och fruktaner.<br /><strong>Icke-strukturella kolhydrater (NSC)</strong> inkluderar samma som WSC och dessutom stärkelse.</p>\r\n<p><br />De lagrade kolhydraterna i tempererade grässorter består till en stor del av fruktaner. Det innebär att när de analyseras för socker i grovfoder till hästar blir det viktigt att använda en analysmetod som inte enbart inkluderar monosackarider och disackarider, utan även inkluderar fruktaner. ESC inkluderar inte fruktaner. Av det skälet bör metoden inte användas vid analys av grovfoder för hästar. De tempererade gräsarterna som finns hos oss innehåller mycket lite stärkelse, så analyser med metoderna WSC eller NSC ger därför i det närmaste samma resultat.</p>\r\n<p><br />Eurofins som är ett av de ledande analysföretagen analyserar socker efter WSC-metoden. Normala och friska hästar tolererar hö och hösilage med relativt högt sockerinnehåll. Emellertid bör man till hästar, som är särskilt känsliga för socker i fodret (Cushings syndrom, insulinresistens och fång), välja grovfoder med mindre än 10% (100 gram per kg torrsubstans) sockerinnehåll.</p>\r\n<p>För att minska sockerinnehållet i grovfoder själv kan man blötlägga fodret i vatten några timmar före fodringen.</p>\r\n<p>Sockermängden i grovfoder varierar avsevärt, så tabellvärden är därför inte till mycken hjälp. Om du verligen vill ha kontroll på sockerinnehållet i dina dagsransoner måste du ha analyser på grovfodret. Då kan analysvärdena läsas in i PC-Horse* och därmed kan du omedelbart se hur mycket socker (och stärkelse) det finns i hästarnas dagsransoner.</p>\r\n<p>* Stärkelse och socker visas i programmets PRO och KONSULT-versioner.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"index.php/sv/articles/topic-of-the-month/topics-topics/619-topics/topics-feedback/3879-vill-du-kommentera-var-manadsartikel\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Kommentera gärna denna artikel.</strong></span></a></p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.1pt;\"><em>This article was originally written by Dr. Day Austbø.</em><br /> <em>Copyright: PC-Horse International - Norway 2012.</em><br /> <em>Feel free to use and publish the material. Please indicate the source and author.</em></p>','',1,616,'2011-02-15 15:59:09',62,'','2016-09-05 23:12:42',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-06-30 23:55:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',5,105,'','',1,2599,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'sv-SE',''),(4247,4994,'Julliet 2016 – Analyser le sucre dans foins et enrubannés','july2016-fr','<p><strong>Parmi les propriétaires de chevaux, il y a un intérêt significatif à connaitre la teneur en sucre des foins et enrubannés. Principalement parce qu\'une forte teneur en sucre des fourrages peut causer des problèmes notamment pour les chevaux et poneys atteints de maladies ou troubles comme le syndrome de Cushing, la résistance à l\'insuline et la fourbure.</strong></p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/haysugarmolecule.jpg\" alt=\"haysugarmolecule\" /></p>\r\n<p><strong>Différentes analyses du sucre</strong></p>\r\n<p>Il y existe plusieurs analyses différentes du sucre utilisées par les laboratoires commerciaux. Dans les rapports, il est souvent désigné comme simplement le sucre, mais la méthode utilisée devrait également inclure les différentes analyses qui ne comprennent pas les mêmes fractions de sucres.</p>\r\n<p>Glucides Solubles à l\'Ethanol (ESC) comprennent le glucose, le fructose et le sucrose. Cependant, seule une très petite partie des fructanes sera incluse.</p>\r\n<p>Glucides Hydrosolubles (WSC) comprennent le glucose, le fructose, le sucrose et fructanes.</p>\r\n<p>Glucides Non Structurels (NSC) comprennent les sucres comme dans WSC et en plus l\'amidon.</p>\r\n<p>L\'hydrate de carbone de stockage des graminées à la saison fraîche est dans une large mesure les fructanes. Cela signifie que lors de l\'analyse en sucres des fourrages, la méthode utilisée doit inclure non seulement les monosaccharides et disaccharides, mais aussi les fructanes. L’ESC ne comprendra pas les fructanes et cette méthode ne doit pas être préférée lors de l\'analyse des fourrages pour les chevaux. Comme l’herbe à la saison fraîche contient très peu d\'amidon, d\'analyse pour la WSC ou NSC devrait donner sensiblement les mêmes résultats.</p>\r\n<p>Eurofins est une entreprise qui analyse les fourrages dans de nombreux pays européens. Lors de l\'analyse des sucres qu\'ils utilisent WSC (glucides hydrosolubles).</p>\r\n<p>Normalement les chevaux tolèrent des foins et des enrubannés ayant une teneur relativement élevée en sucre. Cependant, chez les chevaux sensibles aux sucres (syndrome de Cushing, résistance à l\'insuline, fourbure) il est préférable de fournir un fourrage ayant une teneur en sucres inférieure à 10% (100 grammes par kg de matière sèche). Pour réduire la teneur en sucre du foin, celui-ci peut être trempé dans l\'eau pendant quelques heures avant distribution.</p>\r\n<p>La teneur en sucre des fourrages varie beaucoup et le tableau des valeurs ne sera pas d\'une grande aide. Si vous voulez connaître la teneur en sucre de l\'ensemble des rations, la seule chose à faire est d’analyser le fourrage. Ensuite, les valeurs nutritives analysées pourront être entrées dans le programme PC-Horse, vous donnant ainsi immédiatement la quantité de sucre (et d\'amidon) de vos rations.</p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;\"><em>Cet article original a été écrit par le Dr Dag Austbo.</em></span><br /><span style=\"font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;\"><em>Copyright : PC-Horse International – Norvège 2013.</em></span><br /><span style=\"font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;\"><em>Vous pouvez utiliser ou publier tout ou partie de ce texte, en indiquant la source et l\'auteur.</em></span></p>','',1,616,'2011-02-15 15:59:09',62,'','2016-09-05 23:12:42',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-06-30 23:55:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',5,97,'','',1,828,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'fr-FR',''),(4248,4995,'July 2016 - Analyzing sugar in hays and haylages','july2016-eng','<p><strong>Among horse owners, there is a significant level of interest in the sugar content of hays and haylages. This is mainly because a high sugar content in forages can cause problems, especially for horses and ponies with diseases such as Cushings syndrome, insulin resistance and laminitis.</strong></p>\r\n<p><strong><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/haysugarmolecule.jpg\" alt=\"haysugarmolecule\" /></strong></p>\r\n<p><strong>Sugar analyses</strong><br />There are several different types of sugar analysis used by commercial labs. Their reports often make reference to what they term sugar. It is important however, that the methods they use should also be clearly indicated, to clarify which types of sugar the analyses actually refer to.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Ethanol Soluble Carbohydrates (ESC)</strong> this includes glucose, fructose and sucrose. However, only a very small part of the fructans will be included.<br /><strong>Water Soluble Carbohydrates (WSC)</strong> includes glucose, fructose, sucrose and fructans.<br /><strong>Non Structural Carbohydrates (NSC)</strong> includes the same sugars as in WSC but also, additionally, starch.<br />The storage carbohydrate in cool-season grasses is, to a large extent, fructans. This means that when analyzing forages for sugars, the method used should include not only monosaccharides and disaccharides, but also fructans. ESC will not include the fructans and this method is not to be preferred when analyzing forages for horses. As cool-season grasses contain very little starch, analyzing for WSC or NSC should give more or less the same results.</p>\r\n<p>Eurofins is a company that analyzes forages in many European countries. When analyzing for sugars they are using WSC.</p>\r\n<p>Normally, horses will tolerate hays and haylages with a relatively high content of sugar. However, horses that are sensitive to sugars (especially those with Cushings syndrome, insulin resistance, laminitis), should preferably have forage with a sugar content less than 10% (100 grams per kg dry matter). The sugar content of hay can be reduced by soaking in water for some hours before feeding.</p>\r\n<p>Sugar content in forages varies a lot and table values will not be of great help. If you want to know the sugar content of any rations as a whole, the forage must be comprehensively analyzed. Analyzed nutrient values can then be entered into the PC-Horse program and you will immediately know how much sugar (and starch) your rations contain.&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p><em>This article was originally written by Dr. Day Austbø.</em><br /><em> Copyright: PC-Horse International - Norway 2013.</em><br /><em>Feel free to use and publish the material. Please indicate the source and author.</em></p>','',1,616,'2011-02-15 15:59:09',62,'','2016-09-05 23:12:42',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-06-30 23:55:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',3,89,'','',1,986,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'en-GB',''),(4249,4996,'July 2016 - Analyzing sugar in hays and haylages','july2016-de','<p><strong>Among horse owners, there is a significant level of interest in the sugar content of hays and haylages. This is mainly because a high sugar content in forages can cause problems, especially for horses and ponies with diseases such as Cushings syndrome, insulin resistance and laminitis.</strong></p>\r\n<p><strong><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/haysugarmolecule.jpg\" alt=\"haysugarmolecule\" /></strong></p>\r\n<p><strong>Sugar analyses</strong><br />There are several different types of sugar analysis used by commercial labs. Their reports often make reference to what they term sugar. It is important however, that the methods they use should also be clearly indicated, to clarify which types of sugar the analyses actually refer to.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Ethanol Soluble Carbohydrates (ESC)</strong> this includes glucose, fructose and sucrose. However, only a very small part of the fructans will be included.<br /><strong>Water Soluble Carbohydrates (WSC)</strong> includes glucose, fructose, sucrose and fructans.<br /><strong>Non Structural Carbohydrates (NSC)</strong> includes the same sugars as in WSC but also, additionally, starch.<br />The storage carbohydrate in cool-season grasses is, to a large extent, fructans. This means that when analyzing forages for sugars, the method used should include not only monosaccharides and disaccharides, but also fructans. ESC will not include the fructans and this method is not to be preferred when analyzing forages for horses. As cool-season grasses contain very little starch, analyzing for WSC or NSC should give more or less the same results.</p>\r\n<p>Eurofins is a company that analyzes forages in many European countries. When analyzing for sugars they are using WSC.</p>\r\n<p>Normally, horses will tolerate hays and haylages with a relatively high content of sugar. However, horses that are sensitive to sugars (especially those with Cushings syndrome, insulin resistance, laminitis), should preferably have forage with a sugar content less than 10% (100 grams per kg dry matter). The sugar content of hay can be reduced by soaking in water for some hours before feeding.</p>\r\n<p>Sugar content in forages varies a lot and table values will not be of great help. If you want to know the sugar content of any rations as a whole, the forage must be comprehensively analyzed. Analyzed nutrient values can then be entered into the PC-Horse program and you will immediately know how much sugar (and starch) your rations contain.&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p><em>This article was originally written by Dr. Day Austbø.</em><br /><em> Copyright: PC-Horse International - Norway 2013.</em><br /><em>Feel free to use and publish the material. Please indicate the source and author.</em></p>','',1,616,'2011-02-15 15:59:09',62,'','2016-09-05 23:12:42',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-06-30 23:55:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',2,78,'','',1,1028,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(4250,4997,'July 2016 - Analyzing sugar in hays and haylages','july2016-nl','<p><strong>Among horse owners, there is a significant level of interest in the sugar content of hays and haylages. This is mainly because a high sugar content in forages can cause problems, especially for horses and ponies with diseases such as Cushings syndrome, insulin resistance and laminitis.</strong></p>\r\n<p><strong><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/haysugarmolecule.jpg\" alt=\"haysugarmolecule\" /></strong></p>\r\n<p><strong>Sugar analyses</strong><br />There are several different types of sugar analysis used by commercial labs. Their reports often make reference to what they term sugar. It is important however, that the methods they use should also be clearly indicated, to clarify which types of sugar the analyses actually refer to.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Ethanol Soluble Carbohydrates (ESC)</strong> this includes glucose, fructose and sucrose. However, only a very small part of the fructans will be included.<br /><strong>Water Soluble Carbohydrates (WSC)</strong> includes glucose, fructose, sucrose and fructans.<br /><strong>Non Structural Carbohydrates (NSC)</strong> includes the same sugars as in WSC but also, additionally, starch.<br />The storage carbohydrate in cool-season grasses is, to a large extent, fructans. This means that when analyzing forages for sugars, the method used should include not only monosaccharides and disaccharides, but also fructans. ESC will not include the fructans and this method is not to be preferred when analyzing forages for horses. As cool-season grasses contain very little starch, analyzing for WSC or NSC should give more or less the same results.</p>\r\n<p>Eurofins is a company that analyzes forages in many European countries. When analyzing for sugars they are using WSC.</p>\r\n<p>Normally, horses will tolerate hays and haylages with a relatively high content of sugar. However, horses that are sensitive to sugars (especially those with Cushings syndrome, insulin resistance, laminitis), should preferably have forage with a sugar content less than 10% (100 grams per kg dry matter). The sugar content of hay can be reduced by soaking in water for some hours before feeding.</p>\r\n<p>Sugar content in forages varies a lot and table values will not be of great help. If you want to know the sugar content of any rations as a whole, the forage must be comprehensively analyzed. Analyzed nutrient values can then be entered into the PC-Horse program and you will immediately know how much sugar (and starch) your rations contain.&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p><em>This article was originally written by Dr. Day Austbø.</em><br /><em> Copyright: PC-Horse International - Norway 2013.</em><br /><em>Feel free to use and publish the material. Please indicate the source and author.</em></p>','',1,616,'2011-02-15 15:59:09',62,'','2016-09-05 23:12:42',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-06-30 23:55:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',2,28,'','',1,672,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'nl-NL',''),(4251,4998,'Heinäkuu 2016 – Sokerien analysointi heinistä ja säilöheinistä','july2016-fi','<p><strong>Hevosen omistajat on hyvin kiinnostuneita heinän ja säilöheinän sokeripitoisuudesta. Syynä tähän kiinnostukseen on runsaasti sokeria sisältävien karkearehujen mahdollisesti aiheuttamat ongelmat erityisesti Cushingin tautia tai kaviokuumetta sairastaville ja insuliiniresistenteille hevosille ja poneille.</strong></p>\r\n<p><strong><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/haysugarmolecule.jpg\" alt=\"haysugarmolecule\" /></strong></p>\r\n<p><strong>Sokerianalyysit</strong><br />Laboratorioissa on useita eri menetelmiä sokeripitoisuuden analysoimiseksi. Raportissa on usein viite, joka kertoo mitä termi sokeri käsittää. On tärkeää, että käytetty menetelmä on selkeästi kerrottu, jotta tiedetään mitä sokereita analyysitulos sisältää.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Etanoliliukoiset hiilihydraatit (ESC)</strong> sisältävät glukoosin, fruktoosin ja sakkaroosin. Vain pieni osa fruktaanista sisältyy tulokseen.<br /><strong>Vesiliukoiset hiilihydraatit (WSC)</strong> sisältävät glukoosin, fruktoosin, sakkaroosin ja fruktaanin.<br /><strong>Ei-rakenteelliset hiilihydraatit (NSC)</strong> sisältää samat sokerit kuin WSC, mutta lisäksi myös tärkkelyksen.</p>\r\n<p>Viileän ilmastovyöhykkeen ruohojen pääasiallinen varastohiilihydraatti on fruktaani. Tämän vuoksi sokerianalyysiin käytettävän menetelmän tulisi sisältää moni- ja disakkaridien lisäksi fruktaani. ESC-määritys ei sisällä fruktaania ja siksi tätä menetelmää ei tulisi käyttää hevosten karkearehujen analysointiin. Viileän ilmastovyöhykkeen ruohokasvit sisältävät hyvin vähän tärkkelystä ja siksi WSC ja NSC analyysien tulokset ovat lähestulkoon samat.</p>\r\n<p>Eurofins on yritys, joka analysoi karkearehuja useissa Euroopan maissa. Sokerianalyysinä käytetään vesiliukoisten hiilihydraattien pitoisuuden määritystä.</p>\r\n<p>Tavallisesti hevoset kestävät melko runsaastikin sokeria sisältävää heinää ja säilöheinää. Kuitenkin sokeriherkille (erityisesti Cushingin tautia tai kaviokuumetta sairastaville ja insuliiniresistenteille) hevosille tulisi käyttää karkearehua, jonka sokeripitoisuus on alle 10 % (100 g/kg kuiva-ainetta). Heinän sokeripitoisuutta voi laskea liottamalla heinää muutaman tunnin ajan ennen ruokintaa.</p>\r\n<p>Karkearehujen sokeripitoisuus vaihtelee runsaasti eikä rehutaulukkojen pitoisuuksista ole paljoakaan apua. Jos haluat laskea ruokinnan sisältämän sokerimäärän, tulee karkearehu analysoida. Analyysitulokset voi lisätä PC-Horseen ja näin tiedät kuinka paljon sokeria (ja tärkkelystä) ruokintasi sisältää.</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p><em>This article was originally written by Dr. Day Austbø.</em><br /><em> Copyright: PC-Horse International - Norway 2013.</em><br /><em>Feel free to use and publish the material. Please indicate the source and author.</em></p>','',1,616,'2011-02-15 15:59:09',62,'','2016-09-05 23:11:50',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-06-30 23:55:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',4,17,'','',1,813,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'fi-FI',''),(4252,4999,'Juli 2016 - Analyser for sukker i hø og wrap','july2016-dk','<div>\r\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.1pt; text-align: right;\"><a href=\"index.php/da/619-topics/topics-feedback/3881-poll-dk\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><span id=\"result_box\" class=\"short_text\" lang=\"da\"><span class=\"hps\">Venligst</span> <span class=\"hps\">kommentere denne artikel</span></span></strong></span></a></p>\r\n<p><strong>Blandt hestefolk er der en stor opmærksomhed rettet mod sukkerindholdet i hø og wrap. Dette skyldes at et højt indhold af sukker i grovfoderet kan føre til problemer specielt for heste og ponyer med syggomme som Cushings syndrom, insulinresistens og forfangenhed.</strong></p>\r\n</div>\r\n<div><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/haysugarmolecule.jpg\" alt=\"haysugarmolecule\" /></div>\r\n<div><strong>Forskellige sukkeranalyser</strong><br />Der er flere forskellige analysemetoder som anvendes af de kommercielle laboratorier til, at bestemme sukkeriindholdet i grovfoder. I analyserapporterne bliver det hele ofte angivet som sukker, men metoden som er anvendt burde også angives, da de forskellige analysemetoder ikke medtager de samme fraktioner af sukker.</div>\r\n<div><br /><strong>Etanol opløselige kulhydrater (ESC)</strong> inkluderer glukose, fruktose og sukrose. Kun en lille del af fruktanerne vil blive medtaget.<br /><strong>Vand opløselige kulhydrater (WSC)</strong> inkluderer glukose, fruktose, sukrose og fruktaner.<br /><strong>Ikke-strukturelle kulhydrater (NSC)</strong> inkluderer de samme som WSC og yderligere stivelse.</div>\r\n<div>Lagringskulhydraterne i de tempereede grasarter består for en stor dels vedkommende af fruktaner. Dette betyder at når der analyseres for sukker i grovfoder til heste, er det vigtigt at anvende en analysemetode som ikke bare inkluderer monosakkarider og disakkarider, men også inkluderer fruktaner. ESC inkluderer ikke fruktaner og denne metode bør derfor ikke bruges ved analyse af grovfoder til heste. De tempererde grasarter indeholder kun lidt stivelse, så at analysere efter metoderne WSC eller NSC skulle give nogenlunde samme resultat.</div>\r\n<div><br />Eurofins som er det største analyselaboratoriet for grovfoder i Danmark, analyserer sukker i grovfoder efter WSC metoden.<br />Normalt sunde heste tolererer hø og wrap med et relativt højt indhold af sukker. Imidlertid bør vi til heste som er særlig følsomme for sukker i foderet (Cushings syndrom, insulinresistens, forfangenhed m.m) vælge grovfoder med et sukkerindhold på mindre end 10% (100 gram pr kg tørstof). For at reducere sukkerindholdet i grovfodert kan vi lægge foderet i blød i vand nogen timer før fodring.</div>\r\n<div><br />Sukkerindholdet i grovfoder varierer meget, og tabelværdier vil derfor ikke være til særlig stor hjælp. Hvis du ønsker at have kontrol med sukkerindholdet i rationen til dine heste er det nødvendigt med en analyse af det anvendte grovfoder. Da kan automatisk få analyseværdierne læst ind i PC-Horse programmet og du vil da umiddelbart kunne se hvor meget sukker (og stivelse) der er i foderrationen til dine heste.<br />\r\n<div>\r\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.1pt; text-align: right;\"><a href=\"index.php/da/619-topics/topics-feedback/3881-poll-dk\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><span id=\"result_box\" class=\"short_text\" lang=\"da\"><span class=\"hps\">Venligst</span> <span class=\"hps\">kommentere denne artikel</span></span></strong></span></a></p>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n<p><em>This article was originally written by Dr. Day Austbø and Landskonsulent eric Clausen.</em><br /><em> Copyright: PC-Horse International - Norway 2012.</em><br /><em>Feel free to use and publish the material. Please indicate the source and author.</em></p>','',1,616,'2011-02-15 15:59:09',62,'','2016-09-05 23:13:18',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-06-30 23:55:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',3,9,'','',1,1724,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'da-DK',''),(4253,5000,'Sverigelistan -  415 foder för direkt användning','sverige-listan-sv','<p>Sverigelistan uppdateras löpande på vår server. Varje gång du startar programmet så kontrolleras din foderlista mot serverns och nya eller ändrade foderanalyser laddas ner automatiskt.</p>\r\n<p><strong>415 garantifoder ingår i programmets Sverigelista </strong>- varav<span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong> 34 färdiga standardfoder </strong>(</span>hö, bete, hösilage, mineraler, mm) som kan användas direkt.&nbsp; Samtliga garantifoder innehåller kompletta analyser <em>som är kvalitetssäkrade</em> av leverantören och direkt färdiga för användning i foderstaten. De importerade fodrens analyser baseras på tillverkarens garanterade originalvärden i tillverkningslandet vilka därefter omräknas i programmet till svenska normer. (<img src=\"images-joomla/stories/pchimages/locks.jpg\" alt=\"locks\" width=\"90\" height=\"20\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" />).</p>\r\n<table style=\"width: 671px; height: 92px;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>Foder producerade i Sverige:</strong></span></td>\r\n<td>&nbsp;</td>\r\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Importerade foder:</span></strong></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://www.eclipsebiofarmab.se/\">ECLIPSE BIOFARMAB<br /></a></strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><a href=\"http://www.edelfoder.se/hast\">EDELHIPPOS</a><br /></strong></span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><a href=\"http://djuronatur.svenskafoder.se/?p=31666&amp;m=4630\">FIBERGI</a> - (Svenska Foder)<br /><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><a href=\"http://djuronatur.svenskafoder.se/?p=30711&amp;m=4468\">HIPPO</a> - (Svenska Foder)<br /><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><a href=\"http://www.horsenature.nu/intressant/linfroeolja\">HORSENATURE</a></strong></span></strong></span></strong></span><br /><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><a href=\"http://www.granngarden.se/Sortiment/Djur-%26-Foder/H%C3%A4st/H%C3%A4stfoder/c/hast-hastfoder\">GRANNGÅRDEN</a></strong></span></strong></span><br /><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><a href=\"http://www.krafft.nu/produkter/\">KRAFFT</a></strong></span><br /><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><a href=\"http://rsmustang.se/?page_id=28\">RS-MUSTANG</a></strong></span><br /><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><a href=\"http://www.trikem.nu/trikem2012/action.lasso?-response=produkt.lasso&amp;act_kat=13&amp;showact=hast\">TRIKEM</a><br /></strong></span><strong><a href=\"http://www.vilomix.se/produkter/hast\">VILOMIX</a></strong><br /></strong></span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"></span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;</td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>AGROBS - (St HIPPOLYT)</strong><br /><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><strong><a href=\"http://gainfeeds.com/horse/sv/produktutbud/\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">B</span></a><strong><a href=\"http://www.brogaarden.eu\">ROGAARDEN</a><br /><a href=\"http://www.dodsonandhorrell.com/\">DODSON &amp; HORRELL</a> <br /><strong><a href=\"http://djuronatur.svenskafoder.se/?p=31910&amp;m=4697\">EQUSANA</a> - (Svenska Foder)<span style=\"color: #000000;\"></span></strong></strong></strong></strong></span><br /><strong><a href=\"http://www.eclipsebiofarmab.se/\">FORAN EQUINE</a><br />GAIN </strong><br /><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\"></span><a href=\"http://www.pavo.nu/\">PAVO</a> </strong><br /><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><a href=\"http://djuronatur.svenskafoder.se/?p=13450\">SPILLERS</a> - (Svenska Foder)<br /><a href=\"http://hippolyt.dk/SE/Produkter/H%C3%A4st.aspx\">St HIPPOLYT</a> <br /></strong></span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"></span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000; font-size: 8pt;\">OBS! För att samtliga nya foder ska visas korrekt krävs att du har installerat lägst version 2.34 - <a href=\"http://download.pc-horse.com/install/46install.exe\">Ladda ner vår senaste version nu</a></span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer;\">Save</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer;\">Save</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer;\">Save</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer;\">Save</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer;\">Save</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer;\">Save</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer;\">Save</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer;\">Save</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer;\">Save</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer;\">Save</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer;\">Save</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer;\">Save</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer;\">Save</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer;\">Save</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer;\">Save</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer;\">Save</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer;\">Save</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer;\">Save</span></p>','',1,83,'2008-08-27 14:19:48',62,'','2018-02-18 08:37:56',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2008-12-08 00:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_associations\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_page_title\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',40,5,'aktuella foderanalyser, foderanalyser, foderuppgifter, grovfoderHö 2009, Hösilage 2009','210 garantifoder ingår i programmets Sverigelista - varav 34 färdiga standardfoder*(hö,bete,hösilage,mineraler,mm) som kan användas direkt.  Garantifodren innehåller kompletta analyser som är kvalitetssäkrade av leverantören och direkt färdiga för användning i foderstaten.',1,16733,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'sv-SE',''),(4254,5001,'Lönar det sig att räkna foderstater i PC-Horse?','economy','<p>Antag att Du bara har en häst och att Du ger den grovfoder och förstärker med kraftfoder samt tillskottsfodra med mineraler och vitaminer i en eller annan form.</p>\r\n<p>Du vill att den ska må bra, ha en god tillväxt (om det är en unghäst) och prestera väl (om det är en högpresterande häst).</p>\r\n<p>Du kan då komma upp i foderkostnader på ca 30 000 kr per år inkl moms - eller mer om du kanske fodrar i överkant, eller använder dig av dyra foderkvaliteter.</p>\r\n<p>Antag att Du kanske överfodrar Din häst med 10% - endast ett sådant marginellt fel kan då kosta Dig 3000 kr för mycket per år. En risk som lätt kan undvikas om du skaffar Dig vår Miniversion för 99 kr eller Standardversionen 780 kr (förlängning 545 kr).</p>\r\n<p>Vi behöver väl inte ägna oss åt grundskolans matematik för att illustrera ut vad en felfodring på 10% eller mer skulle kosta om Du har många hästar i stallet.</p>\r\n<p>Svaret är således JA, det lönar sig verkligen att räkna foderstater i PC-Horse.<br />Och till skillnad från den som försöker sig på att använda gratisräknare, så finns alla foderanalyser redan inlagda i programmet för att göra det enkelt och snabbt att använda. Tid är ju okså pengar.</p>\r\n<p>Om Du vill se hur man kan veta vad en foderstat kostar kan du läsa här på Sara Muhonens fina sida: <a href=\"http://www.grovfodertillhast.se/2015/07/31/optimera-stallets-foderekonomi/\">Vad kostar en foderstat</a>. Där det för övrigt finns mycket läsvärt.</p>\r\n<p>I PC-Horse lägger du in dina egna inköpspriser och får fram kostnaderna på öret. Framför allt får du kontroll på vad hästarna verkligen behöver och hur dessa behov optimalt ska hanteras när det gäller utfodringen.</p>','',1,91,'2016-08-15 14:19:38',10,'','2016-08-15 14:37:33',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-08-15 14:19:38','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',4,41,'','',1,3703,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'*',''),(4255,5002,'September 2016 - Biotin','sept2016-no','<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"index.php/nb/articles/topic-of-the-month/topics-topics/619-topics/topics-feedback/3880-poll-nb\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Vennligst kommentere denne artikkelen</strong></span></a></p>\r\n<p><strong>Biotin er et B-vitamin og blir ofte tilsatt i fôr og rasjoner til hester. For enkelte hester kan tilskudd av biotin bedre kvalitet og vekst av hoven.</strong></p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/hoofes.jpg\" alt=\"hoofes\" />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/Biotin_structure.png\" alt=\"Biotin structure\" width=\"300\" height=\"168\" /> </p>\r\n<p>Biotin har viktige funksjoner i den intermediære metabolismen. Det er et co-enzym og inngår i fettsyre syntese, glukoneogenese, aminosyre metabolisme, og metabolisme av kolesterol og oddetall-fettsyrer. Biotin er også essensiell for celledelingen.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Biotin kilder</strong><br />I hesten produseres biotin av mikrobene i tarmen. Konsentrasjonen av biotin i tarminnholdet øker dermed i de bakre tarmavsnitt (blindtarm og stortarm). Biotin finnes i fôrtyper som er vanlige i rasjoner til hester. Eksempler er (i mg/kg tørrstoff): Alfalfa 0,2; Havre 0,11 - 0,39; Bygg 0,13 - 0,17; Mais 0,06 - 0,10.<br /><br />Biotin er tilsatt i de fleste kraftfôrblandinger til hest i mengder 0,1 - 1,0 mg/kg. Mange produsenter har spesielle fôr med høyere innhold av biotin (5 – 20 mg/kg). Det finnes også mange vitamintilskudd med høyt innhold av biotin.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Effekt på hovens kvalitet og vekst</strong><br />Flere forsøk rapporterer om forbedret hovkvalitet etter å ha gitt hester relativt høye doser av biotin i fôret (10 – 30 mg/dag) i minst 9 måneder. Noen forsøk (men ikke alle) har også vist økt vekst i hoven. Det må understrekes at dårlig hovkvalitet som følge av mangelfull hovrøkt ikke kan bedres med tilskudd av biotin.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Behov</strong><br />Behov for biotin, i tillegg til det som dannes av mikrobene i tarmen, er ikke fastsatt og mangelsymptomer er ikke rapportert hos hest. Biotin er lite giftig og effekter av overdosering er heller ikke beskrevet hos hest.<br />PC-Horse<br />PC-Horse vil beregne rasjonenes innhold av biotin, men du vil ikke bli varslet om for lite eller for mye i rasjonen da behovet for biotin ikke er fastsatt.</p>\r\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.1pt; text-align: right;\"><em><a href=\"index.php/nb/articles/topic-of-the-month/topics-topics/619-topics/topics-feedback/3880-poll-nb\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Vennligst kommentere denne artikkelen</strong></span></a></em></p>\r\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.1pt;\"><em><br />This article was originally written by Dr. Day Austbø.</em><br /> <em>Copyright: PC-Horse International - Norway 2012.</em><br /> <em>Feel free to use and publish the material. Please indicate the source and author.</em></p>','',1,616,'2011-02-15 15:59:09',62,'','2016-10-01 07:09:31',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-08-31 23:55:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',3,110,'','',1,737,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'nb-NO',''),(4256,5003,'September 2016 - Biotin','sept2016-sv','<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"index.php/sv/articles/topic-of-the-month/topics-topics/619-topics/topics-feedback/3879-vill-du-kommentera-var-manadsartikel\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Kommentera gärna denna artikel.</strong></span></a></p>\r\n<p><strong>Biotin är ett B-vitamin som ofta tillsätts i foder och foderransoner till hästar. För vissa hästar kan tillskott av biotin bidra till bättre kvalitet och tillväxt av hovarna.</strong></p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/hoofes.jpg\" alt=\"hoofes\" />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/Biotin_structure.png\" alt=\"Biotin structure\" width=\"300\" height=\"168\" /></p>\r\n<p>Biotin har viktiga funktioner i den intermediära metabolismen. Det är ett co-enzym och ingår i fettsyre syntes, glukonneogenes, aminosyre metabolismen och metabolism av kolestorol och oddetall-fettsyror. Biotin är också viktig för celldelningen.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p><strong>Biotin källor</strong><br />I hästen produceras biotin av mikroberna i tarmen. Koncentrationen av biotin i tarminnehållet ökar därmed i de bakre tarmavsnitten (blindtarmen och tjocktarmen). Biotin förekommer i fodertyper som är vanliga i hästarnas ransoner. Som exempel kan vi ta (i mg/kg torrsubstans): Alfalfa 0,2; Havre 0,11 - 0,39; Korn 0,13 - 0,17; Majs 0,06 - 0,10.</p>\r\n<p>Biotin är dessutom tillsatt i de flesta kraftfoderblandningar till häst i mängder 0,1 - 1,0 mg/kg. Många producenter har speciella foder med högre innehåll av biotin (5 – 20 mg/kg). Det finns också många vitamintillskott med extra högt innehåll av&nbsp;&nbsp; biotin.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Effekt på hovens kvalitet och växt</strong><br />Flera försök rapporterar om förbättrad hovkvalitet efter att man har givit hästar (relativt höga) doser av biotin i fodret (10 – 30 mg/dag) i minst 9 månader. Några försök (men inte alla) har också visat ökad tillväxt i hoven. Det må emellertid understrykas att dålig hovkvalitet till följd av bristfällig hovskötsel inte kan förbättras med tillskott av biotin.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Behov</strong><br />Behovet av biotin, i tillägg till det som skapas av mikroberna i tarmen, är inte fastställt och bristsymptom har inte rapporterats för hästar.&nbsp; Biotin är lite giftigt och effekter av överdosering är inte heller beskrivet för hästar.</p>\r\n<p><br /><strong>PC-Horse</strong><br />PC-Horse beräknar ransonens innehåll av biotin, men du blir inte varnad om doseringen är för låg eller för hög i ransonen eftersom behovet av biotin inte är vetenskapligt belagt.</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"index.php/sv/articles/topic-of-the-month/topics-topics/619-topics/topics-feedback/3879-vill-du-kommentera-var-manadsartikel\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Kommentera gärna denna artikel.</strong></span></a></p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.1pt;\"><em>This article was originally written by Dr. Day Austbø.</em><br /> <em>Copyright: PC-Horse International - Norway 2012.</em><br /> <em>Feel free to use and publish the material. Please indicate the source and author.</em></p>','',1,616,'2011-02-15 15:59:09',62,'','2016-10-01 07:09:31',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-08-31 23:55:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',5,113,'','',1,1037,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'sv-SE',''),(4257,5004,'September 2016 - Biotin','sept2016-dk','<div>\r\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.1pt; text-align: right;\"><a href=\"index.php/da/619-topics/topics-feedback/3881-poll-dk\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><span id=\"result_box\" class=\"short_text\" lang=\"da\"><span class=\"hps\">Venligst</span> <span class=\"hps\">kommentere denne artikel</span></span></strong></span></a></p>\r\n<p><strong>Biotin er et B-vitamin og bliver ofte tilsat i foder og rationer til heste. For enkelte heste kan tilskud af biotin forbedre kvalitet og vækst af hoven.</strong></p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/hoofes.jpg\" alt=\"hoofes\" />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/Biotin_structure.png\" alt=\"Biotin structure\" width=\"300\" height=\"168\" /></p>\r\nBiotin har vigtige funktioner i det intermediære stofskifte. Det er et co-enzym og indgår i fedtsyresyntesen, glukoneogenese, aminosyremetabolisme, og metabolisme af kolesterol og fedtsyrer. Biotin er også essentielt for celledelingen.\r\n<p><strong>Biotin kilder</strong><br />I hesten produceres biotin af mikroberne i tarmen. Koncentrationen af biotin i tarmindholdet øges dermed i de bagerste tarmafsnit (blindtarm og stortarm). Biotin findes i fodertyper som er almindelige i rationer til heste. Eksempler er (i mg/kg tørstof): Lucerne 0,2; Havre 0,11 - 0,39; Byg 0,13 - 0,17; Majs 0,06 - 0,10.</p>\r\n<p>Biotin er tilsat i de fleste kraftfoderblandinger til hest i mængder 0,1 - 1,0 mg/kg. Mange producenter har specielt foder med højere indhold af biotin (5 – 20 mg/kg). Der findes også mange vitamintilskud med højt indhold af biotin.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Effekt på hovens kvalitet og vækst</strong><br />Flere forsøg rapporterer om forbedret hovkvalitet efter at have givet heste relativt høje doser af biotin i foderet (10 – 30 mg/dag) i mindst 9 måneder. Nogen forsøg (men ikke alle) har også vist øget vækst i hoven. Det skal understreges at dårlig hovkvalitet som følge af mangelfuld hovpleje ikke kan forbedres med tilskud af biotin.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Behov</strong><br />Behov for biotin, i tilæg til det som dannes av mikrobene i tarmen, er ikke fastsat og mangelsymptomer er ikke rapporteret hos heste. Effekt af overdosering er ikke beskrevet hos hest.</p>\r\n<p><strong>PC-Horse</strong><br />PC-Horse vil beregne rationens indhold af biotin, men du vil ikke blive advaret om for lidt eller for meget i rationen da behovet for biotin ikke er fastsat.</p>\r\n<div>\r\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.1pt; text-align: right;\"><a href=\"index.php/da/619-topics/topics-feedback/3881-poll-dk\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><span id=\"result_box\" class=\"short_text\" lang=\"da\"><span class=\"hps\">Venligst</span> <span class=\"hps\">kommentere denne artikel</span></span></strong></span></a></p>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n<p><em>This article was originally written by Dr. Day Austbø</em><br /><em> Copyright: PC-Horse International - Norway 2012.</em><br /><em>Feel free to use and publish the material. Please indicate the source and author.</em></p>','',1,616,'2011-02-15 15:59:09',62,'','2016-10-01 07:09:31',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-08-31 23:55:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',6,120,'','',1,1020,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'da-DK',''),(4258,5005,'Syyskuu 2016 – Biotiini','sept2016-fi','<p><strong><strong>Biotiini on usein hevosten rehuun lisättävä B-vitamiini. Se voi parantaa joidenkin hevosten kavion laatua ja lisätä kavioiden kasvua.</strong></strong></p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/hoofes.jpg\" alt=\"hoofes\" />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/Biotin_structure.png\" alt=\"Biotin structure\" width=\"300\" height=\"168\" /></p>\r\n<p><strong></strong>Biotiinilla on tärkeä osa intermediaarisessa aineenvaihdunnassa. Se on koentsyymi, mukana rasvahappojen synteesissä, glukoneogeneesissä sekä aminohappojen, kolesterolin ja parittoman määrän hiiliä sisältävien rasvahappojen aineenvaihdunnassa. Biotiinia tarvitaan myös nopeaan solujen jakautumiseen.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Lähteet</strong><br />Hevosen ruoansulatuskanavan mikrobit tuottavat biotiinia ja rehusulan biotiinipitoisuus nousee umpi-paksusuolessa. Biotiinia on useimmissa hevosille käytetyissä rehuissa. Esimerkkinä rehujen biotiinipitoisuuksia (mg/kg): sinimailasheinä 0,2; kaura 0,11-0,39; ohra 0,13-0,17; maissi 0,06-0,1.<br />Biotiinia lisätään useimpiin hevosten väkirehuseoksiin tasolla 0,11-1,0 mg/kg. Monilla valmistajilla on kuitenkin valikoimissaan myös erityisen runsaasti biotiinia sisältäviä tuotteita (5-20 mg/kg). Monet hevosten vitamiinivalmisteet sisältävät runsaasti biotiinia.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Vaikutus kavion laatuun ja kasvuun</strong><br />Useissa tutkimuksissa on havaittu suhteellisen korkeiden suun kautta annettujen biotiinimäärien (10 – 30 mg/päivä) parantaneen kavion laatua vähintään 9 kuukauden käytön jälkeen. Osa tutkimuksista (mutta ei kaikki) raportoivat myös kasvion kasvun nopeutuneen. Huomaa, että huonon kavionhoidon aiheuttamaa heikkoa kavionlaatua ei voi parantaa biotiinin saantia lisäämällä.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Tarve</strong><br />Mikrobien tuottaman määrän ylittävää biotiinin tarvetta ei ole määritetty, eikä hevosilla ole raportoitu biotiinin puutosoireita. Biotiinilla on alhainen myrkyllisyys, eikä ylimäärän aiheuttamia haittavaikutuksia ole havaittu.</p>\r\n<p><strong>PC-Horse</strong><br />PC-Horse laskee rehustuksen biotiinimäärän, mutta tarvetta ei ole määritetty. Ohjelma ei hälytä liiallisesta tai liian matalasta biotiinin saannista.</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p><br /><em>This article was originally written by Dr. Day Austbø.</em><br /><em> Copyright: PC-Horse International - Norway 2013.</em><br /><em>Feel free to use and publish the material. Please indicate the source and author.</em></p>','',1,616,'2011-02-15 15:59:09',62,'','2016-10-01 07:09:31',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-08-31 23:55:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',3,123,'','',1,765,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'fi-FI',''),(4259,5006,'September 2016 - Biotin','sept2016-eng','<p><strong><span id=\"result_box\" class=\"short_text\" lang=\"fi\"><span class=\"\">Biotin is a B-vitamin and is often added to horse rations. For some horses it can improve the quality and growth of the hoof.<br />Biotin plays an important role in intermediary metabolism. It is a co-enzyme and is involved in fatty acid synthesis, gluconeogenesis, amino acid metabolism, and metabolism of cholesterol and odd-chain fatty acids. Biotin is also essential for cell proliferation.</span></span></strong></p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/hoofes.jpg\" alt=\"hoofes\" />&nbsp; <img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/Biotin_structure.png\" alt=\"Biotin structure\" width=\"309\" height=\"173\" /></p>\r\n<p><strong>Sources</strong><br />In the horse the gut microbes produce biotin and the concentration of biotin in the digesta increases in the hind-gut. Biotin is found in feeds commonly used in horse rations. Examples are (in mg/kg dry matter): Alfalfa hay 0.2; Oats 0.11-0.39; Barley 0.13-0.17; Maize 0.06-0.1.<br />Biotin is included in most compound feeds for horses in amounts of 0.1 – 1.0 mg/kg. However, many producers have special products with higher inclusions of biotin (5 – 20 mg/kg). Many vitamin supplements for horses have a high content of biotin.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Effect on hoof quality and growth</strong><br />Several studies report improved hoof quality after oral administration of relatively high amounts of biotin (10-30 mg/d) for at least 9 months. Some studies (but not all) report increased growth of the hoof. It must be emphasized that poor hoof quality as a result of improper hoof care cannot be improved by giving biotin.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Requirements</strong><br />Biotin requirements above those supplied by the intestinal microbes, have not been established, and signs of deficiency have not been reported in horses. Biotin has low toxicity and effects of excess have not been described in horses.</p>\r\n<p><strong>PC-Horse</strong><br />PC-Horse will calculate the amount of biotin in your rations, but as optimum requirements are not well established, no warning will be given for deficiency or excess.</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p><em>This article was originally written by Dr. Day Austbø.</em><br /><em> Copyright: PC-Horse International - Norway 2013.</em><br /><em>Feel free to use and publish the material. Please indicate the source and author.</em></p>','',1,616,'2011-02-15 15:59:09',62,'','2016-10-01 07:09:31',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-08-31 23:55:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',4,125,'','',1,809,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'en-GB',''),(4260,5007,'September 2016 - Biotin','sept2016-nl','<p><strong><span id=\"result_box\" class=\"short_text\" lang=\"fi\"><span class=\"\">Biotin is a B-vitamin and is often added to horse rations. For some horses it can improve the quality and growth of the hoof.<br />Biotin plays an important role in intermediary metabolism. It is a co-enzyme and is involved in fatty acid synthesis, gluconeogenesis, amino acid metabolism, and metabolism of cholesterol and odd-chain fatty acids. Biotin is also essential for cell proliferation.</span></span></strong></p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/hoofes.jpg\" alt=\"hoofes\" />&nbsp; <img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/Biotin_structure.png\" alt=\"Biotin structure\" width=\"309\" height=\"173\" /></p>\r\n<p><strong>Sources</strong><br />In the horse the gut microbes produce biotin and the concentration of biotin in the digesta increases in the hind-gut. Biotin is found in feeds commonly used in horse rations. Examples are (in mg/kg dry matter): Alfalfa hay 0.2; Oats 0.11-0.39; Barley 0.13-0.17; Maize 0.06-0.1.<br />Biotin is included in most compound feeds for horses in amounts of 0.1 – 1.0 mg/kg. However, many producers have special products with higher inclusions of biotin (5 – 20 mg/kg). Many vitamin supplements for horses have a high content of biotin.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Effect on hoof quality and growth</strong><br />Several studies report improved hoof quality after oral administration of relatively high amounts of biotin (10-30 mg/d) for at least 9 months. Some studies (but not all) report increased growth of the hoof. It must be emphasized that poor hoof quality as a result of improper hoof care cannot be improved by giving biotin.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Requirements</strong><br />Biotin requirements above those supplied by the intestinal microbes, have not been established, and signs of deficiency have not been reported in horses. Biotin has low toxicity and effects of excess have not been described in horses.</p>\r\n<p><strong>PC-Horse</strong><br />PC-Horse will calculate the amount of biotin in your rations, but as optimum requirements are not well established, no warning will be given for deficiency or excess.</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p><em>This article was originally written by Dr. Day Austbø.</em><br /><em> Copyright: PC-Horse International - Norway 2013.</em><br /><em>Feel free to use and publish the material. Please indicate the source and author.</em></p>','',1,616,'2011-02-15 15:59:09',62,'','2016-10-01 07:09:31',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-08-31 23:55:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',2,131,'','',1,719,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'nl-NL',''),(4261,5008,'September 2016 - Biotin','sept2016-de','<p><strong><span id=\"result_box\" class=\"short_text\" lang=\"fi\"><span class=\"\">Biotin is a B-vitamin and is often added to horse rations. For some horses it can improve the quality and growth of the hoof.<br />Biotin plays an important role in intermediary metabolism. It is a co-enzyme and is involved in fatty acid synthesis, gluconeogenesis, amino acid metabolism, and metabolism of cholesterol and odd-chain fatty acids. Biotin is also essential for cell proliferation.</span></span></strong></p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/hoofes.jpg\" alt=\"hoofes\" />&nbsp; <img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/Biotin_structure.png\" alt=\"Biotin structure\" width=\"309\" height=\"173\" /></p>\r\n<p><strong>Sources</strong><br />In the horse the gut microbes produce biotin and the concentration of biotin in the digesta increases in the hind-gut. Biotin is found in feeds commonly used in horse rations. Examples are (in mg/kg dry matter): Alfalfa hay 0.2; Oats 0.11-0.39; Barley 0.13-0.17; Maize 0.06-0.1.<br />Biotin is included in most compound feeds for horses in amounts of 0.1 – 1.0 mg/kg. However, many producers have special products with higher inclusions of biotin (5 – 20 mg/kg). Many vitamin supplements for horses have a high content of biotin.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Effect on hoof quality and growth</strong><br />Several studies report improved hoof quality after oral administration of relatively high amounts of biotin (10-30 mg/d) for at least 9 months. Some studies (but not all) report increased growth of the hoof. It must be emphasized that poor hoof quality as a result of improper hoof care cannot be improved by giving biotin.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Requirements</strong><br />Biotin requirements above those supplied by the intestinal microbes, have not been established, and signs of deficiency have not been reported in horses. Biotin has low toxicity and effects of excess have not been described in horses.</p>\r\n<p><strong>PC-Horse</strong><br />PC-Horse will calculate the amount of biotin in your rations, but as optimum requirements are not well established, no warning will be given for deficiency or excess.</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p><em>This article was originally written by Dr. Day Austbø.</em><br /><em> Copyright: PC-Horse International - Norway 2013.</em><br /><em>Feel free to use and publish the material. Please indicate the source and author.</em></p>','',1,616,'2011-02-15 15:59:09',62,'','2016-10-01 07:09:31',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-08-31 23:55:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',3,133,'','',1,856,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(4262,5009,'Septembre 2016 - Biotine','sept2016-fr','<p><strong>La biotine est une vitamine du groupe B. Elle est souvent ajoutée aux rations des chevaux. Pour certains chevaux, elle peut améliorer la qualité et la croissance du sabot.</strong></p>\r\n<p><strong>La biotine joue un rôle important dans le métabolisme intermédiaire. Elle est un coenzyme et est impliquée dans la synthèse des acides gras, la néoglucogenèse, le métabolisme des acides aminés et le métabolisme du cholestérol et de la chaîne impaire d\'acides gras. La biotine est également essentielle pour la prolifération cellulaire.</strong></p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/hoofes.jpg\" alt=\"hoofes\" />&nbsp; <img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/Biotin_structure.png\" alt=\"Biotin structure\" width=\"309\" height=\"173\" /></p>\r\n<p><strong>Sources</strong><br />Chez le cheval, les bactéries de l\'intestin produisent la biotine et la concentration en biotine dans le digestat augmente dans le gros intestin. La biotine se trouve dans les aliments couramment utilisés dans les rations des chevaux. Par exemple (en mg / kg de matière sèche) : le foin de luzerne en contient 0,2; l’avoine 0,11 à 0,39; l’orge 0,13 à 0,17; le maïs 0,06-0,1.</p>\r\n<p>La biotine fait partie de la plupart des aliments composés pour les chevaux dans des quantités allant de 0,1 à 1,0 mg / kg. Cependant, de nombreux fabricants proposent des produits spéciaux incluant la biotine à un niveau plus élevé (5-20 mg / kg). De nombreux suppléments vitaminiques pour les chevaux ont une teneur élevée en biotine.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Effet sur la qualité et la croissance de la corne</strong><br />Plusieurs études rapportent une meilleure qualité du sabot après une supplémentation orale de teneur relativement élevée en biotine (10-30 mg / j) pendant au moins 9 mois. Certaines études (mais pas toutes) rapportent également une augmentation de la croissance du sabot. Il est important de souligner que la mauvaise qualité du sabot due à des soins inappropriés ne peut être améliorée en donnant de la biotine.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Besoins</strong><br />Des besoins en biotine supérieurs à ceux fournis par les bactéries intestinales, n\'ont pas été établis, et des signes de carence n\'ont pas été rapportés chez les chevaux. La biotine a une faible toxicité et les effets d\'un excès n\'ont pas été décrits chez les chevaux.</p>\r\n<p><strong>PC-Horse<br /></strong>PC-Horse calcule la quantité de biotine dans vos rations, mais comme les besoins optimaux ne sont pas bien établis, aucun avertissement ne signalera une éventuelle carence ou un excès. </p>\r\n<p><em>This article was originally written by Dr. Day Austbø.</em><br /><em> Copyright: PC-Horse International - Norway 2013.</em><br /><em>Feel free to use and publish the material. Please indicate the source and author.</em></p>','',1,616,'2011-02-15 15:59:09',62,'','2016-10-01 07:09:31',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-08-31 23:55:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',3,140,'','',1,676,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'fr-FR',''),(4263,5012,'46 Gratis 10 dgr','gratis10-dgr-sv','<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>Välkommen till PC-Horse!</strong></span></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">Vill Du testa Europas ledande foderstatsprogram gratis? <br />I så fall är du bara en minut från att få göra ditt livs bästa foderstater. </span><br /><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">Och det kommer inte att kosta Dig ett öre. Allt du behöver är en Windowsdator.<br /><strong>Erbjudandet gäller fram till 30 oktober 2016.</strong><br /></span></p>\r\n<table style=\"width: 574px; height: 244px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Börja med att ladda ner och </strong><br /><strong>installera programmet här</strong></td>\r\n<td><strong>När det är gjort hämtar Du </strong><br /><strong>Din Test-licens här</strong></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><a href=\"http://download.pc-horse.com/install/46install.exe\"><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/symboler/gratis-download.jpg\" alt=\"Kampanjknapp download\" /></a>&nbsp;</td>\r\n<td>&nbsp;<a href=\"http://sleipner.pc-horse.com/campaign/user/2e6bb84f-d7dd-4b34-a52c-9cbc5ad9447a/\"><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/symboler/gratis-Go.jpg\" alt=\"Kampanjknapp Go\" /></a></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>&nbsp;</td>\r\n<td>&nbsp;</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p>Programmet Du får testa är ett PC-Horse i <a href=\"index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=840:standard&amp;catid=90:general-versions&amp;lang=en-GB&amp;Itemid=3514\">Standardversionen</a>. Du kan göra hur många foderstater Du vill.<br />Och räkna på så många hästar Du vill. Versionen redovisar 24 olika näringsämnen och beräknar behoven för alla kända raser i Sverige. Över <a href=\"index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=4253:sverige-listan-2&amp;catid=83:feeds-national-feedlist&amp;lang=sv-SE&amp;Itemid=2718\">300 foderanalyser</a> från de ledande foderföretagen ligger klara för användning i programmet.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Testlicensen är aktiv i 10 dagar från det Du aktiverat den.</strong></p>\r\n<p>Om Du önskar fortsätta använda programmet kan Du köpa en riktig licens till \"förlängningspriset\", dvs halva nyköpspriset. Du kan även uppgradera till våra högre (professionella) versioner till det förmånliga förlängningspriset.</p>\r\n<p>Alla Dina hästar, inlagda foder och foderstater ligger då kvar så att Du kan fortsätta använda dem.</p>\r\n<p>Det finns inget köptvång i vårt erbjudande. Vi vill bara att Du ska få prova på hur det är att göra foderstater som verkligen tar hänsyn till vad Din häst behöver i sina olika behovssituationer.</p>\r\n<p>Lycka till!</p>','',1,621,'2016-09-21 15:53:23',10,'','2016-10-16 11:13:22',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-09-21 15:53:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"show_title\":\"0\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',19,1,'','',1,4576,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'sv-SE',''),(4264,5013,'Oktober 2016 - Energibehov til hester i trening','okt2016-no','<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"index.php/nb/articles/topic-of-the-month/topics-topics/619-topics/topics-feedback/3880-poll-nb\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Vennligst kommentere denne artikkelen</strong></span></a></p>\r\n<p><strong>Når hester trenes øker energibehovet og mengden energi (FEh) i fôrrasjonen må økes tilsvarende. Det er vanskelig å anslå nøyaktig hvor mye ekstra energi som må tilføres som følge av treningen, og flere modeller for å bestemme dette har vært foreslått. Her vil jeg beskrive hvordan PC-Horse beregner energibehovet til hester i trening.</strong></p>\r\n<table border=\"0\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/galopp.jpg\" alt=\"galopp\" width=\"179\" height=\"132\" style=\"display: block; margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto;\" /></td>\r\n<td><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/dressyr.jpg\" alt=\"dressyr\" style=\"display: block; margin-right: auto;\" /></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/trav.jpg\" alt=\"trav\" style=\"display: block; margin-right: auto;\" /></td>\r\n<td><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/hopp.jpg\" alt=\"hopp\" style=\"display: block; margin-right: auto;\" /></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p><strong>Hva er trening?</strong><br />Trening kan defineres som fysisk aktivitet som øker oksygenforbruket. Økningen i oksygenforbruket avhenger av varigheten og intensiteten av treningen. Varigheten av en treningsøkt er lett å måle (tid). Intensiteten i treningen kan måles ved hjelp av en pulsmåler og påvirkes av flere faktorer, f.eks. hastighet, ulike underlag og stigningsforhold (oppover/flatt/nedover), vekt av rytter eller vogn, antall sprang over hinder etc. I løpet av en typisk uke vil treningsmengden variere fra dag til dag fra å ha fri (kanskje en til to dager i uken) til mer intensive treningsøkter eller konkurranser. Når vi skal sette opp fôrrasjoner til hester i trening må vi derfor gå ut fra det gjennomsnittlige energibehovet over flere dager eller en uke.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Hvordan definerer vi treningsmengden?</strong><br />I forhold til næringsbehovet kan trening defineres ut fra økningen i energibehovet relativt til energibehovet til vedlikehold, det vil si når hesten ikke er i trening (NRC 2007).<br /><br />I PC-Horse har vi brukt denne modellen og definert ulike treningsnivåer med utgangspunkt i hvor mye energibehovet er økt i forhold til vedlikeholdsbehovet.<br /><br /><em>Lett trening:</em> 1,25 x vedlikeholdsbehovet<br /><em>Moderat trening:</em> 1.5 x vedlikeholdsbehovet<br /><em>Hard trening:</em> 1.75 x vedlikeholdsbehovet<br /><em>Intens trening:</em> 2.0 x vedlikeholdsbehovet</p>\r\n<p>I PC-Horse blir treningsnivåene fremstilt grafisk. Du kan klikke direkte på hvert treningsnivå, eller bruke glideren på treningsbarometeret (se grønn pil). Etter hvert som du øker treningsnivået omregnes energibehovet kontinuerlig (øvre blå pil) og du ser det aktuelle treningsnivået som i dette eksempelet er 1,36 x vedlikeholdsbehovet, dvs mellom Lett trening og Moderat trening.</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/47%20trainingdia.png\" alt=\"47 trainingdia\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" />Når du har satt sammen en fôrrasjon som dekker 100% av hestens beregnede energibehov vil du se at tallene for «Energibehov» og «Rasjonen gir nå» blir omtrent like.<br /><br /><strong>Hvordan kan du finne det aktuelle treningsnivået for din hest?</strong><br />Dersom du lurer på hva det aktuelle treningsnivået for din hest er kan du gjøre følgende:<br />Legg inn og definer hesten i PC-Horse. Velg det treningsnivået du tror passer best. Deretter anslår du så nøyaktig som mulig hestens vekt og mengdene (kg) av hver fôrtype i rasjonen og legger dette inn i programmet. Her vil det være en stor hjelp dersom du har analyse av grovfôret som brukes.<br /><br />Dersom hesten er i stabilt fint hold, hverken legger på seg eller blir tynnere, kan vi gå ut fra at energiinnholdet i rasjonen du bruker er omtrent som hestens energibehov. I PC-Horse vises dette i treningsvinduet under «Rasjonen gir nå» (nederste blå pil). Nå kan du bruke glideren på treningsbarometeret og øke eller minske treningsnivået til tallene under «Rasjonen gir nå» og «Energibehov» blir omtrent like. Da vil du samtidig se beregningen av det aktuelle treningsnivået for hesten din og du kan gjøre endringer i fôrrasjonen og balansere også for de andre næringsstoffene i fôrplanen.</p>\r\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.1pt; text-align: right;\"><em><a href=\"index.php/nb/articles/topic-of-the-month/topics-topics/619-topics/topics-feedback/3880-poll-nb\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Vennligst kommentere denne artikkelen</strong></span></a></em></p>\r\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.1pt;\"><em><br />This article was originally written by Dr. Day Austbø.</em><br /> <em>Copyright: PC-Horse International - Norway 2012.</em><br /> <em>Feel free to use and publish the material. Please indicate the source and author.</em></p>','',1,616,'2011-02-15 15:59:09',62,'','2016-10-31 07:55:22',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-10-01 00:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',3,12,'','',1,1179,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'nb-NO',''),(4265,5014,'Oktober 2016 - Energibehovet hos hästar i träning','okt2016-sv','<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"index.php/sv/articles/topic-of-the-month/topics-topics/619-topics/topics-feedback/3879-vill-du-kommentera-var-manadsartikel\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Kommentera gärna denna artikel.</strong></span></a></p>\r\n<p><strong>När hästarna tränas ökar energibehovet och mängden energi (MJ) i foderransonen måste då naturligtvis ökas i motsvarande grad.Det är svårt att ange lämpliga nivåer för hur mycket extra energi som bör tillföras ransonen som en följd av träningen. Det finns flera förslag till modeller för detta. I den här artikeln beskriver vi hur PC-Horse beräknar energibehovet för hästar i träning.<br /></strong></p>\r\n<table border=\"0\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/galopp.jpg\" alt=\"galopp\" width=\"179\" height=\"132\" style=\"display: block; margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto;\" /></td>\r\n<td><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/dressyr.jpg\" alt=\"dressyr\" style=\"display: block; margin-right: auto;\" /></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/trav.jpg\" alt=\"trav\" style=\"display: block; margin-right: auto;\" /></td>\r\n<td><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/hopp.jpg\" alt=\"hopp\" style=\"display: block; margin-right: auto;\" /></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p><strong>Vad är träning?</strong><br />Träning kan definieras som en fysisk aktivitet vilken ökar hästens syreförbrukning. Och ökningen av syreförbrukningen avhänger varaktigheten och intensiteten i träningen. Varaktigheten är lätt att mäta (tid i timmar och minuter). Intensiteten i träningen kan mätas med hjälp av en pulsmätare, men den påverkas av flera olika faktorer, t.ex hastighet, olika underlag, markstigning (uppför, slätt, nedför), ryttarens vikt eller vagnanes vikt, antal språng över hinder etc. Under loppet av en typisk vecka kan träningsmängden variera från dag till dag och med en fridag (kanske en till två dagar i veckan) till mer intensiva träningspass eller tävlingar.</p>\r\n<p>Med så stora variationer över tiden måste man därför utgå ifrån ett genomsnittligt energibehov över flera dagar - eller en vecka.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Hur definierar vi träningsmängden?</strong><br />I förhållande till näringsbehovet kan träning definieras som ökningen i energibehovet i förhållade till energibehovet vid underhåll, det vill säga när hästen inte är i träning (NRC 2007).<br /><br />I PC-Horse har vi använt denna modell och definierar olika träningsnivåer med utgångspunkt med ökningen i förjhållande till underhållsbehovet.<br /><br /><em>Lätt träning:</em> 1,25 x underhållsbehovet<br /><em>Moderat träning:</em> 1.5 x underhållsbehovet<br /><em>Hård träning:</em> 1.75 x underhållsbehovet<br /><em>Intensiv träning:</em> 2.0 x underhållsbehovet</p>\r\n<p>I PC-Horse visas träningsnivåerna grafisk. Du kanklicka direkt på träningsbaromentern (se grön pil). Efter hand som du ökar träningsnivån omräknas energibehovet kontinuerligt (se övre blå pilen) och du ser det aktuella träningsnivån förändras, vilket i det här exemplet är 1,36 x underhållsbehovet, dvs någonstans mellan Lätt träning och Moderat träning.</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/46%20trainingdia.png\" alt=\"46 trainingdia\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" /></p>\r\n<p><br />När du skapat en foderranson som täcker 100% av hästens beräknade energibehov kommer du att se att värdena för \"energibehov\" och \"Ransonen ger nu\" blir lika stora.</p>\r\n<p><br /><strong>Hur kan du nu finna ut det aktuella träningsbehovet för just din häst?</strong><br />Om du nu funderar på vad den aktuella träningsnivån är för din häst kan du göra så här:</p>\r\n<p>Lägg in och definiera hästen i PC-Horse. Välj den träningsnivå som du tror passar bäst. Därefter anger du hästens vikt så gott det går och doserar fodermängderna (kg) av varje foder du ger i programmet. Här är det naturligtvis väsentligt att du har en riktig analys på grovfodret som används.</p>\r\n<p>Om hästen är i gott och stabilt hull, varjen lägger på sig eller tunnar ut, kan du utgå från att ransonen som du använder ligger i närheten av hästens energibehov. I PC-Horse visas detta i träningsfönstret under \"Ransonen ger nu\" (den nedre blå pilen). Sedan kan du använda reglaget på träningsbaromentern för att öka eller minska träningsnivån tills talen under \"Ransonen ger nu\" och \"Energibehov\" blir lika stora.</p>\r\n<p>Samtidigt visas (i samma fönster) vilka fodermängder du har aktuella - och du kan direkt anpassa utfodringen och se hur det påverkar träningsnivån.<br /><br /></p>\r\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.1pt; text-align: right;\"><a href=\"index.php/sv/articles/topic-of-the-month/topics-topics/619-topics/topics-feedback/3879-vill-du-kommentera-var-manadsartikel\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Kommentera gärna denna artikel.</strong></span></a></p>\r\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.1pt;\"><em><br />This article was originally written by Dr. Day Austbø.</em><br /> <em>Copyright: PC-Horse International - Norway 2012.</em><br /> <em>Feel free to use and publish the material. Please indicate the source and author.</em></p>','',1,616,'2011-02-15 15:59:09',62,'','2016-10-31 07:55:22',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-10-01 00:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',7,63,'','',1,1114,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'sv-SE',''),(4266,5015,'Octobre 2016 - Besoins énergétiques pour les chevaux à l’entrainement','oct2016-fr','<p><strong>Lorsque les chevaux sont entrainés, les besoins en énergie augmentent et la quantité d\'énergie (UFC) dans la ration doit être augmentée en conséquence. Il est difficile d\'estimer avec précision l\'énergie supplémentaire nécessaire à la suite de l\'exercice, et plusieurs modèles ont été proposés. Ici, je vais décrire comment PC-Horse calcule les besoins en énergie des chevaux à l\'entrainement.</strong></p>\r\n<table style=\"width: 374px; height: 283px;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>&nbsp;<img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/trav.jpg\" alt=\"trav\" /></td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">&nbsp;<img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/hopp.jpg\" alt=\"hopp\" /></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>&nbsp;<img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/galopp.jpg\" alt=\"galopp\" /></td>\r\n<td>&nbsp;<img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/dressyr.jpg\" alt=\"dressyr\" /></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p>Si vous vous demandez, quel est l’intensité réelle de travail d’un cheval, vous pouvez faire la chose suivante&nbsp;:</p>\r\n<p>Définir le cheval dans PC-Horse. Sélectionnez le niveau de travail que vous pensez être le plus approprié. Ensuite, estimer aussi précisément que possible son poids corporel et les quantités distribuées (kg) de chaque aliment quotidiennement. Entrez les aliments (composition) et la quantité de chacun dans le programme (analyse nutritionnelle du fourrage sera très utile). Si le cheval est dans un état corporel correct et ne prend ni ne perd de poids, nous pouvons supposer que le contenu énergétique de la ration donnée est proche des besoins énergétiques des chevaux. Dans PC-Horse c’est indiqué dans la fenêtre «&nbsp;exercice&nbsp;» <span class=\"alt-edited\">en chiffres</span> sous l’intitulé «<span class=\"alt-edited\">Fourni par la ration</span>» (flèche bleue du bas dans l\'image). Ensuite, utilisez le curseur sur le graphique à barres et le déplacer vers le haut ou vers le bas jusqu\'à ce que le chiffre sous la rubrique «Besoins en énergie\" (flèche bleue du <span class=\"alt-edited\">haut</span>) soit aussi proche que possible du <span class=\"alt-edited\">chiffre</span> sous l’intitulé «<span class=\"alt-edited\">Fourni par la ration</span> ». Ensuite, vous voyez immédiatement le niveau d\'exercice calculé de votre cheval et vous pouvez apporter des corrections à la ration et équilibrer le reste des éléments nutritifs.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Qu’est-ce que le travail ?</strong></p>\r\n<p>Le travail peut être défini comme une activité physique qui augmente la consommation d\'oxygène. L\'augmentation de la consommation d\'oxygène dépend de la durée et l\'intensité du travail. La durée d\'une séance de travail est facile à mesurer (temps). L\'intensité peut être mesurée avec un moniteur de fréquence cardiaque et est influencée par un certain nombre de facteurs tels que la vitesse, la résistance du sol et de l\'inclinaison, le poids du cavalier ou de l\'attelage, le nombre de sauts, etc. Au cours d\'une semaine type, la quantité d\'exercice varie entre les jours avec absence de travail (peut-être un à deux jours par semaine) et ceux avec des entrainements plus intenses ou des compétitions. Lors de la composition des rations pour les chevaux à l\'entrainement, nous devons donc considérer les besoins moyens en énergie sur plusieurs jours ou sur une semaine.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Comment définir le niveau de travail ?</strong></p>\r\n<p>En termes nutritionnels, l’intensité de travail peut être définie comme une augmentation des besoins en énergie comparativement aux besoins en énergie pour l’entretien (NRC 2007).</p>\r\n<p>Dans PC-Horse nous avons utilisé ce modèle et défini différents niveaux de travail en fonction de combien les besoins en énergie ont été augmentés comparés aux besoins en entretien.</p>\r\n<p>Travail léger 1.25 x maintenance<br />Travail modéré 1.50 x maintenance<br />Travail intense 1.75 x maintenance<br />Travail très intense 2.00 x maintenance</p>\r\n<p>Dans PC-Horse le niveau de travail est présenté sur un graphique. Vous pouvez cliquer directement sur chaque niveau de travail, ou utilisez le curseur (flèche verte) sur la barre d\'exercice. Dès que vous augmentez le niveau de travail, le besoin en énergie est recalculé en continu (flèche bleue du haut) et vous verrez le niveau de travail actuel, dans cet exemple 1,36 fois l\'entretien, qui se situe entre travail léger et modéré.</p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/33%20trainingdia.png\" alt=\"33 trainingdia\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" /></p>\r\n<p>Lorsque vous avez composé une ration qui fournit 100% des besoins calculés en énergie, vous verrez que les chiffres pour \"besoin en énergie» et «Fourni par la ration \" sont identiques ou très proches.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Comment pouvez-vous définir l’intensité réelle de travail de votre cheval ?</strong></p>\r\n<p>Si vous vous demandez, quel est l’intensité réelle de travail d’un cheval, vous pouvez faire la chose suivante :</p>\r\n<p>Définir le cheval dans PC-Horse. Sélectionnez le niveau de travail que vous pensez être le plus approprié. Ensuite, estimer aussi précisément que possible son poids corporel et les quantités distribuées (kg) de chaque aliment quotidiennement. Entrez les aliments (composition) et la quantité de chacun dans le programme (analyse nutritionnelle du fourrage sera très utile).</p>\r\n<p>Si le cheval est dans un état corporel correct et ne prend ni ne perd de poids, nous pouvons supposer que le contenu énergétique de la ration donnée est proche des besoins énergétiques des chevaux. Dans PC-Horse c’est indiqué dans la fenêtre « exercice » en chiffres sous l’intitulé «Fourni par la ration» (flèche bleue du bas dans l\'image). Ensuite, utilisez le curseur sur le graphique à barres et le déplacer vers le haut ou vers le bas jusqu\'à ce que le chiffre sous la rubrique «Besoins en énergie\" (flèche bleue du haut) soit aussi proche que possible du chiffre sous l’intitulé «Fourni par la ration ». Ensuite, vous voyez immédiatement le niveau d\'exercice calculé de votre cheval et vous pouvez apporter des corrections à la ration et équilibrer le reste des éléments nutritifs.</p>\r\n<p><em>This article was originally written by Dr. Day Austbø.</em><br /><em> Copyright: PC-Horse International - Norway 2013.</em><br /><em>Feel free to use and publish the material. Please indicate the source and author.</em></p>','',1,616,'2011-02-15 15:59:09',62,'','2016-11-15 10:46:36',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-10-01 00:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',4,30,'','',1,1025,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'fr-FR',''),(4267,5016,'Lokakuu 2016 – Valmennettavien hevosten energiantarve','okt2016-fi','<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Hevosia valmennettaessa energiantarve nousee ja rehustuksesta saatavan energiamäärän (MJ) on noustava vastaavasti. On vaikea arvioida tarkalleen valmennuksen aiheuttamaa ylimääräistä energiantarvetta ja siihen on olemassa useita eri laskentamalleja. Tässä kuvataan, kuinka PC-Horse laskee valmennettavien hevosten energiantarpeen</strong> </p>\r\n<table style=\"width: 374px; height: 283px;\" align=\"center\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>&nbsp;<img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/trav.jpg\" alt=\"trav\" /></td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">&nbsp;<img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/hopp.jpg\" alt=\"hopp\" /></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>&nbsp;<img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/galopp.jpg\" alt=\"galopp\" /></td>\r\n<td>&nbsp;<img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/dressyr.jpg\" alt=\"dressyr\" /></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p><strong>Mitä valmennus on?</strong><br />Valmennus voidaan kuvailla fyysisenä aktiviteettina, mikä lisää hapen kulutusta. Hapen kulutuksen lisäys riippuu valmennuksen kestosta ja intensiteetistä. Harjoituksen kesto on helppo mitata (aika). Intensiteettiä voidaan mitata sykemittarilla ja siihen vaikuttaa useita tekijöitä, kuten nopeus, vastus ja kaltevuus, ratsastajan tai kärryn paino, hyppyjen lukumäärä jne. Tavallisesti valmennuksen määrä vaihtelee viikon sisällä lepopäivistä (ehkä yksi tai kaksi päivää viikossa) intensiivisempiin harjoituskertoihin tai kilpailuihin. Kun valmennettavalle hevoselle suunnitellaan ruokintaa, tulee tämän vuoksi huomioida keskimääräinen energiantarve useiden päivien tai viikon aikana.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Miten rasitustaso määritellään</strong><br />Ravitsemuksellisin termein valmennuksen rasitustaso voidaan määritellä energiantarpeen nousuna ylläpitotasoon nähden (NRC 2007).</p>\r\n<p>PC-Horsessa käytämme tätä laskentamallia ja olemme määrittäneet erilaiset rasitustasot energiantarpeen nousun suhteena ylläpitotarpeeseen</p>\r\n<p>Kevyt valmennus: 1.25 x ylläpitotaso<br />Keskiraskas valmennus: 1.5 x ylläpitotaso<br />Raskas valmennus: 1.75 x ylläpitotaso<br />Erittäin raskas valmennus: 2.0 x ylläpitotaso</p>\r\n<p>PC-Horsessa valmennuksen rasitustaso näytetään graafisesti. Voit klikata suoraan haluttua rasitustasoa tai liikuttaa rasitustason pylvästä (vihreä nuoli). Kun nostat rasitustasoa, muuttuu laskennallinen energiantarve vastaavasti (ylempi sininen nuoli) ja näet valitun rasitustason, mikä tässä esimerkissä on 1.36 kertainen ylläpitotasoon nähden, ollen kevyen ja keskiraskaan valmennustason välissä.</p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/358%20trainingdia.png\" alt=\"358 trainingdia\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" /></p>\r\n<p>Kun olet suunnitellut rehustuksen, josta hevonen saa 100 % laskennallisesta energiantarpeesta, ovat luvut “energiantarve” ja “annos tarjoaa” samoja tai lähellä toisiaan.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Mistä tiedät hevosesi todellisen rasitustason?</strong><br />Jos mietit, mikä olisi hevosesi todellinen rasitustaso, voit tehdä seuraavasti:</p>\r\n<p>Määrittele hevonen PC-Horseen. Valitse rasitustaso, mikä mielestäsi on sopivin. Arvioi tämän jälkeen mahdollisimman tarkasti hevosen elopaino ja päivittäin käytetty määrä (kg) kullekin rehulle. Lisää rehut ja määrät ohjelmaan (rehuanalyysi käytössä olevasta karkearehusta on hyvin hyödyllinen).</p>\r\n<p>Jos hevonen on sopivassa kuntoluokassa eikä liho eikä laihdu, voidaan olettaa käytetyn rehumäärän olevan lähellä hevosen energiantarvetta. PC-Horsessa tämä näytetään ikkunassa ”Rasitustaso” otsikolla “annos tarjoaa“ (alempi sininen nuoli kuvassa). Siirrä tämän jälkeen rasitustasoa kuvaavaa pylvästä ylös tai alaspäin, kunnes energiantarvetta kuvaava luku (ylempi sininen nuoli) on mahdollisimman lähellä rehustuksen sisältämää lukuarvoa. Näin näet välittömästi hevosesi laskennallisen rasitustason ja voit tämän jälkeen muokata ruokintaa ja tasapainottaa muut ravintoaineet.</p>\r\n<p><br /><em>This article was originally written by Dr. Day Austbø.</em><br /><em> Copyright: PC-Horse International - Norway 2013.</em><br /><em>Feel free to use and publish the material. Please indicate the source and author.</em></p>','',1,616,'2011-02-15 15:59:09',62,'','2016-11-15 10:46:36',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-10-01 00:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',4,46,'','',1,922,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'fi-FI',''),(4268,5017,'Oktober 2016 - Energibehov til heste i træning','okt2016-dk','<div>\r\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.1pt; text-align: right;\"><a href=\"index.php/da/619-topics/topics-feedback/3881-poll-dk\" marked=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><span id=\"result_box\" class=\"short_text\" lang=\"da\"><span class=\"hps\">Venligst</span> <span class=\"hps\">kommentere denne artikel</span></span></strong></span></a></p>\r\n</div>\r\n<div><strong><br />Når hesten arbejder øges energibehovet og mængden af energi (FEh) i foderrationen må øges tilsvarende. Det er vanskeligt nøjagtig at vurdere hvor meget ekstra energi der skal tilføres som følge af træningen. Her beskrives hvordan PC-Horse beregner energibehovet til heste i træning.</strong><br /><br /></div>\r\n<table style=\"width: 374px; height: 283px;\" align=\"center\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>&nbsp;<img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/trav.jpg\" alt=\"trav\" /></td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">&nbsp;<img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/hopp.jpg\" alt=\"hopp\" /></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>&nbsp;<img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/galopp.jpg\" alt=\"galopp\" /></td>\r\n<td>&nbsp;<img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/dressyr.jpg\" alt=\"dressyr\" /></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<div>&nbsp;</div>\r\n<div><strong>Hvad er træning?</strong><br />Træning kan defineres som fysisk aktivitet som øger iltforbruget. Hvor meget iltforbruget øges, afhænger af varighed og intensitet af træningen. Varigheden af træningen er let at måle (tid). Intensiteten i træningen kan måles ved hjælp af en pulsmåler og påvirkes af flere faktorer, f.eks. hastighed, underlagets beskaffenhed og stigningsforhold , vægt af rytter eller vogn, antal spring over forhindringerer etc. I løbet af en typisk uge vil træningsmængden variere fra dag til dag fra at have fri (måske en til to dage om ugen) til mere intensiv træning eller konkurrence. Når vi skal sammensætte foderrationer til heste i træning må vi derfor gå ud fra det gennemsnitlige energibehov over flere dage eller en uge.</div>\r\n<div>&nbsp;</div>\r\n<div><strong>Hvordan definerer vi træningsmængden?</strong><br />I forhold til næringsbehovet kan træning defineres ud fra stigningen i energibehovet i forhold til energibehovet til vedligehold, det vil sige når hesten ikke er i træning (NRC 2007).<br />I PC-Horse har vi brugt denne model og defineret forskellige træningsniveauer med udgangspunkt i hvor meget energibehovet er øget i forhold til vedligeholdsbehovet.<br /><br />Let træning: 1,25 x vedligeholdsbehovet<br />Moderat træning: 1.5 x vedligeholdsbehovet<br />Hård træning: 1.75 x vedligeholdsbehovet<br />Intens træning: 2.0 x vedligeholdsbehovet<br /><br />I PC-Horse bliver træningsniveauerne fremstillet grafisk. Du kan klikke direkte på hvert træningsniveau, eller bruge træningsbarometeret (se grøn pil). Efterhånden som du øger træningsniveauet omregnes energibehovet kontinuerligt (øverste blå pil) og du ser det aktuelle træningsniveau som i dette eksempel er 1,36 x vedligeholdsbehovet, dvs mellem Let træning og Moderat træning.</div>\r\n<div>&nbsp;</div>\r\n<div><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/45%20trainingdia.png\" alt=\"45 trainingdia\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" /></div>\r\n<div>&nbsp;</div>\r\n<div>Når du har sammensat en foderration som dækker 100% af hestens beregnede energibehov, vil du se at tallene for «Energibehov» og «Rationen giver nu» bliver omtrendt ens.<br /><br /><strong>Hvordan kan du finde det aktuelle træningsniveau for din hest?</strong><br />Hvis du er i tvivl om hvad der er det aktuelle træningsniveau for din hest kan du gøre følgende:<br /><br />Definer hesten i PC-Horse. Vælg det træningsniveau som du tror passer bedst. Derefter anslår du så præcist som muligt hestens vægt og mængderne (kg) af hver fodertype i rationen og lægger dette ind i programmet. Her vil det være en stor hjælp hvis du har en analyse af det grovfoder som bruges.<br /><br />Hvis hesten er i passende huld, hverken tager på eller taber sig, kan vi gå ud fra at energiindholdet i rationen du anvender er omtrent som hestens energibehov. I PC-Horse vises dette i træningsvinduet under «Rationen giver nu» (nederste blå pil). Nu kan du bruge træningsbarometeret og øge eller mindske træningsniveauet til tallene under «Rationen giver nu» og «Energibehov» bliver omtrendt lige. Så vil du samtidig se beregningen af det aktuelle træningsniveau for din hest og du kan gøre ændringer i foderrationen også for de andre næringsstoffer i foderplanen.<br />\r\n<div>\r\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.1pt; text-align: right;\"><a href=\"index.php/da/619-topics/topics-feedback/3881-poll-dk\" marked=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><span id=\"result_box\" class=\"short_text\" lang=\"da\"><span class=\"hps\">Venligst</span> <span class=\"hps\">kommentere denne artikel</span></span></strong></span></a></p>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n<p><em>This article was originally written by Dr. Day Austbø</em><br /><em> Copyright: PC-Horse International - Norway 2012.</em><br /><em>Feel free to use and publish the material. Please indicate the source and author.</em></p>','',1,616,'2011-02-15 15:59:09',62,'','2016-11-15 10:46:36',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-10-01 00:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',3,67,'','',1,1345,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'da-DK',''),(4269,5018,'October 2016 - Energy requirement for exercised horses','oct2016-eng','<p><strong><span id=\"result_box\" class=\"short_text\" lang=\"fi\"><span class=\"\">When horses are being exercised, their energy requirement increases and the amount of energy (MJ) in the ration has to be increased accordingly. It is difficult to accurately estimate the extra energy needed as a result of exercise, and several models have been proposed. Here I will describe how PC-Horse calculates the energy requirement of exercised horses.</span></span></strong></p>\r\n<table style=\"width: 374px; height: 283px;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>&nbsp;<img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/trav.jpg\" alt=\"trav\" /></td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">&nbsp;<img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/hopp.jpg\" alt=\"hopp\" /></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>&nbsp;<img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/galopp.jpg\" alt=\"galopp\" /></td>\r\n<td>&nbsp;<img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/dressyr.jpg\" alt=\"dressyr\" /></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p><strong>What is exercise?</strong><br />Exercise can be defined as physical activity that increases oxygen consumption. This increase in oxygen consumption is dependent on the duration and intensity of the exercise. The duration of any bout of exercise is easy to measure (time). Its intensity can be measured with a heart rate monitor and is influenced by a number of factors such as speed, ground resistance and inclination, weight of rider or wagon, number of jumps etc. During a typical week, the amount of exercise will vary from days with no exercise (or maybe from just one or two days a week) to more intensive exercise bouts or competitions. When composing rations for exercised horses we therefore have to consider the average energy requirement over several days or a week.</p>\r\n<p><strong>How to define the amount of exercise</strong><br />In nutritional terms, the amount of exercise can be defined as an increase in energy requirement relative to the maintenance energy requirement (NRC 2007).<br />This is the model we have used in PC-Horse. We have defined different exercise levels according to how much the energy requirement has been increased above the maintenance requirement.</p>\r\n<p>Light exercise: 1.25 x maintenance<br />Moderate exercise: 1.5 x maintenance<br />Heavy exercise: 1.75 x maintenance<br />Very heavy exercise: 2.0 x maintenance</p>\r\n<p>In PC-Horse the level of exercise is presented graphically. You can click directly on each exercise level, or use the slider (green arrow) on the exercise bar. As you increase the exercise level, the energy requirement is recalculated continuously (upper blue arrow) and you will see the actual exercise level. In this example, it is 1.36 times maintenance, which is between Light and Moderate exercise.</p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/45%20trainingdia.png\" alt=\"45 trainingdia\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" />When you have composed a ration that provides 100% of the calculated energy requirement, you will see that the figures for “Energy requirement” and “Ration provides” are identical or very close.</p>\r\n<p><strong>How can you determine the actual level of exercise for your horse?<br /></strong>To calculate the actual exercise level of a horse, you can do the following:</p>\r\n<p>Define the horse in PC-Horse. Select the exercise level you think is the most appropriate. Then estimate as accurate as possible the body weight and the amounts (kg) of each feed given daily. Enter the feeds and the amount of each into the program (Feed analysis of the actual forage will be very useful).</p>\r\n<p>If the horse is in a favorable body condition and neither gaining nor losing weight, we can assume that the energy content of the ration given is close to the horse’s energy requirement. In PC-Horse this is shown in the Exercise window as a figure under “Ration provides” (lower blue arrow in picture). Move the slider on the bar graph up or down until the figure under “Energy requirement” (upper blue arrow) is as close as possible to the figure under “Ration provides”. This will allow you to see directly the exercise level calculated for your horse. You can now make any corrections needed to the ration and balance the rest of the nutrients.</p>\r\n<p><em>This article was originally written by Dr. Day Austbø.</em><br /><em> Copyright: PC-Horse International - Norway 2013.</em><br /><em>Feel free to use and publish the material. Please indicate the source and author.</em></p>','',1,616,'2011-02-15 15:59:09',62,'','2016-11-15 10:46:36',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-10-01 00:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',4,70,'','',1,1081,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'en-GB',''),(4270,5019,'October 2016 - Energy requirement for exercised horses','oct2016-de','<p><strong><span id=\"result_box\" class=\"short_text\" lang=\"fi\"><span class=\"\">When horses are being exercised, their energy requirement increases and the amount of energy (MJ) in the ration has to be increased accordingly. It is difficult to accurately estimate the extra energy needed as a result of exercise, and several models have been proposed. Here I will describe how PC-Horse calculates the energy requirement of exercised horses.</span></span></strong></p>\r\n<table style=\"width: 374px; height: 283px;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>&nbsp;<img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/trav.jpg\" alt=\"trav\" /></td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">&nbsp;<img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/hopp.jpg\" alt=\"hopp\" /></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>&nbsp;<img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/galopp.jpg\" alt=\"galopp\" /></td>\r\n<td>&nbsp;<img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/dressyr.jpg\" alt=\"dressyr\" /></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p><strong>What is exercise?</strong><br />Exercise can be defined as physical activity that increases oxygen consumption. This increase in oxygen consumption is dependent on the duration and intensity of the exercise. The duration of any bout of exercise is easy to measure (time). Its intensity can be measured with a heart rate monitor and is influenced by a number of factors such as speed, ground resistance and inclination, weight of rider or wagon, number of jumps etc. During a typical week, the amount of exercise will vary from days with no exercise (or maybe from just one or two days a week) to more intensive exercise bouts or competitions. When composing rations for exercised horses we therefore have to consider the average energy requirement over several days or a week.</p>\r\n<p><strong>How to define the amount of exercise</strong><br />In nutritional terms, the amount of exercise can be defined as an increase in energy requirement relative to the maintenance energy requirement (NRC 2007).<br />This is the model we have used in PC-Horse. We have defined different exercise levels according to how much the energy requirement has been increased above the maintenance requirement.</p>\r\n<p>Light exercise: 1.25 x maintenance<br />Moderate exercise: 1.5 x maintenance<br />Heavy exercise: 1.75 x maintenance<br />Very heavy exercise: 2.0 x maintenance</p>\r\n<p>In PC-Horse the level of exercise is presented graphically. You can click directly on each exercise level, or use the slider (green arrow) on the exercise bar. As you increase the exercise level, the energy requirement is recalculated continuously (upper blue arrow) and you will see the actual exercise level. In this example, it is 1.36 times maintenance, which is between Light and Moderate exercise.</p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/45%20trainingdia.png\" alt=\"45 trainingdia\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" />When you have composed a ration that provides 100% of the calculated energy requirement, you will see that the figures for “Energy requirement” and “Ration provides” are identical or very close.</p>\r\n<p><strong>How can you determine the actual level of exercise for your horse?<br /></strong>To calculate the actual exercise level of a horse, you can do the following:</p>\r\n<p>Define the horse in PC-Horse. Select the exercise level you think is the most appropriate. Then estimate as accurate as possible the body weight and the amounts (kg) of each feed given daily. Enter the feeds and the amount of each into the program (Feed analysis of the actual forage will be very useful).</p>\r\n<p>If the horse is in a favorable body condition and neither gaining nor losing weight, we can assume that the energy content of the ration given is close to the horse’s energy requirement. In PC-Horse this is shown in the Exercise window as a figure under “Ration provides” (lower blue arrow in picture). Move the slider on the bar graph up or down until the figure under “Energy requirement” (upper blue arrow) is as close as possible to the figure under “Ration provides”. This will allow you to see directly the exercise level calculated for your horse. You can now make any corrections needed to the ration and balance the rest of the nutrients.</p>\r\n<p><em>This article was originally written by Dr. Day Austbø.</em><br /><em> Copyright: PC-Horse International - Norway 2013.</em><br /><em>Feel free to use and publish the material. Please indicate the source and author.</em></p>','',1,616,'2011-02-15 15:59:09',62,'','2016-11-15 10:46:36',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-10-01 00:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',2,76,'','',1,783,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(4271,5020,'October 2016 - Energy requirement for exercised horses','oct2016-nl','<p><strong><span id=\"result_box\" class=\"short_text\" lang=\"fi\"><span class=\"\">When horses are being exercised, their energy requirement increases and the amount of energy (MJ) in the ration has to be increased accordingly. It is difficult to accurately estimate the extra energy needed as a result of exercise, and several models have been proposed. Here I will describe how PC-Horse calculates the energy requirement of exercised horses.</span></span></strong></p>\r\n<table style=\"width: 374px; height: 283px;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>&nbsp;<img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/trav.jpg\" alt=\"trav\" /></td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">&nbsp;<img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/hopp.jpg\" alt=\"hopp\" /></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>&nbsp;<img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/galopp.jpg\" alt=\"galopp\" /></td>\r\n<td>&nbsp;<img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/dressyr.jpg\" alt=\"dressyr\" /></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p><strong>What is exercise?</strong><br />Exercise can be defined as physical activity that increases oxygen consumption. This increase in oxygen consumption is dependent on the duration and intensity of the exercise. The duration of any bout of exercise is easy to measure (time). Its intensity can be measured with a heart rate monitor and is influenced by a number of factors such as speed, ground resistance and inclination, weight of rider or wagon, number of jumps etc. During a typical week, the amount of exercise will vary from days with no exercise (or maybe from just one or two days a week) to more intensive exercise bouts or competitions. When composing rations for exercised horses we therefore have to consider the average energy requirement over several days or a week.</p>\r\n<p><strong>How to define the amount of exercise</strong><br />In nutritional terms, the amount of exercise can be defined as an increase in energy requirement relative to the maintenance energy requirement (NRC 2007).<br />This is the model we have used in PC-Horse. We have defined different exercise levels according to how much the energy requirement has been increased above the maintenance requirement.</p>\r\n<p>Light exercise: 1.25 x maintenance<br />Moderate exercise: 1.5 x maintenance<br />Heavy exercise: 1.75 x maintenance<br />Very heavy exercise: 2.0 x maintenance</p>\r\n<p>In PC-Horse the level of exercise is presented graphically. You can click directly on each exercise level, or use the slider (green arrow) on the exercise bar. As you increase the exercise level, the energy requirement is recalculated continuously (upper blue arrow) and you will see the actual exercise level. In this example, it is 1.36 times maintenance, which is between Light and Moderate exercise.</p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/45%20trainingdia.png\" alt=\"45 trainingdia\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" />When you have composed a ration that provides 100% of the calculated energy requirement, you will see that the figures for “Energy requirement” and “Ration provides” are identical or very close.</p>\r\n<p><strong>How can you determine the actual level of exercise for your horse?<br /></strong>To calculate the actual exercise level of a horse, you can do the following:</p>\r\n<p>Define the horse in PC-Horse. Select the exercise level you think is the most appropriate. Then estimate as accurate as possible the body weight and the amounts (kg) of each feed given daily. Enter the feeds and the amount of each into the program (Feed analysis of the actual forage will be very useful).</p>\r\n<p>If the horse is in a favorable body condition and neither gaining nor losing weight, we can assume that the energy content of the ration given is close to the horse’s energy requirement. In PC-Horse this is shown in the Exercise window as a figure under “Ration provides” (lower blue arrow in picture). Move the slider on the bar graph up or down until the figure under “Energy requirement” (upper blue arrow) is as close as possible to the figure under “Ration provides”. This will allow you to see directly the exercise level calculated for your horse. You can now make any corrections needed to the ration and balance the rest of the nutrients.</p>\r\n<p><em>This article was originally written by Dr. Day Austbø.</em><br /><em> Copyright: PC-Horse International - Norway 2013.</em><br /><em>Feel free to use and publish the material. Please indicate the source and author.</em></p>','',1,616,'2011-02-15 15:59:09',62,'','2016-11-15 10:46:36',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-10-01 00:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',3,80,'','',1,1078,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'nl-NL',''),(4272,5021,'October 2016 - Energy requirement for exercised horses (2)','oct2016-nl-2','<p><strong><span id=\"result_box\" class=\"short_text\" lang=\"fi\"><span class=\"\">When horses are being exercised, their energy requirement increases and the amount of energy (MJ) in the ration has to be increased accordingly. It is difficult to accurately estimate the extra energy needed as a result of exercise, and several models have been proposed. Here I will describe how PC-Horse calculates the energy requirement of exercised horses.</span></span></strong></p>\r\n<table style=\"width: 374px; height: 283px;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>&nbsp;<img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/trav.jpg\" alt=\"trav\" /></td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">&nbsp;<img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/hopp.jpg\" alt=\"hopp\" /></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>&nbsp;<img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/galopp.jpg\" alt=\"galopp\" /></td>\r\n<td>&nbsp;<img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/dressyr.jpg\" alt=\"dressyr\" /></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p><strong>What is exercise?</strong><br />Exercise can be defined as physical activity that increases oxygen consumption. This increase in oxygen consumption is dependent on the duration and intensity of the exercise. The duration of any bout of exercise is easy to measure (time). Its intensity can be measured with a heart rate monitor and is influenced by a number of factors such as speed, ground resistance and inclination, weight of rider or wagon, number of jumps etc. During a typical week, the amount of exercise will vary from days with no exercise (or maybe from just one or two days a week) to more intensive exercise bouts or competitions. When composing rations for exercised horses we therefore have to consider the average energy requirement over several days or a week.</p>\r\n<p><strong>How to define the amount of exercise</strong><br />In nutritional terms, the amount of exercise can be defined as an increase in energy requirement relative to the maintenance energy requirement (NRC 2007).<br />This is the model we have used in PC-Horse. We have defined different exercise levels according to how much the energy requirement has been increased above the maintenance requirement.</p>\r\n<p>Light exercise: 1.25 x maintenance<br />Moderate exercise: 1.5 x maintenance<br />Heavy exercise: 1.75 x maintenance<br />Very heavy exercise: 2.0 x maintenance</p>\r\n<p>In PC-Horse the level of exercise is presented graphically. You can click directly on each exercise level, or use the slider (green arrow) on the exercise bar. As you increase the exercise level, the energy requirement is recalculated continuously (upper blue arrow) and you will see the actual exercise level. In this example, it is 1.36 times maintenance, which is between Light and Moderate exercise.</p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/45%20trainingdia.png\" alt=\"45 trainingdia\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" />When you have composed a ration that provides 100% of the calculated energy requirement, you will see that the figures for “Energy requirement” and “Ration provides” are identical or very close.</p>\r\n<p><strong>How can you determine the actual level of exercise for your horse?<br /></strong>To calculate the actual exercise level of a horse, you can do the following:</p>\r\n<p>Define the horse in PC-Horse. Select the exercise level you think is the most appropriate. Then estimate as accurate as possible the body weight and the amounts (kg) of each feed given daily. Enter the feeds and the amount of each into the program (Feed analysis of the actual forage will be very useful).</p>\r\n<p>If the horse is in a favorable body condition and neither gaining nor losing weight, we can assume that the energy content of the ration given is close to the horse’s energy requirement. In PC-Horse this is shown in the Exercise window as a figure under “Ration provides” (lower blue arrow in picture). Move the slider on the bar graph up or down until the figure under “Energy requirement” (upper blue arrow) is as close as possible to the figure under “Ration provides”. This will allow you to see directly the exercise level calculated for your horse. You can now make any corrections needed to the ration and balance the rest of the nutrients.</p>\r\n<p><em>This article was originally written by Dr. Day Austbø.</em><br /><em> Copyright: PC-Horse International - Norway 2013.</em><br /><em>Feel free to use and publish the material. Please indicate the source and author.</em></p>','',-2,81,'2011-02-15 15:59:09',62,'','2016-09-26 12:31:10',0,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-10-01 00:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',1,24,'','',1,0,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'nl-NL',''),(4273,5022,'46 Ridklubbar Gratis 10 dgr','ridklubbar-gratis10-dgr-sv','<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>Välkommen till PC-Horse!</strong></span></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Vi tänkte att din ridklubb ska få testa Europas ledande foderstatsprogram gratis under 10 dagar.<br />En ridklubb förvaltar ju egentligen en förmögenhet i form av fina hästar. Och värdefulla hästar förtjänar naturligtvis den bästa utfodring man kan ge - och sådan kan man inte ge på en höft. Det är omöjligt att ge varje individ rätt mängder energi, protein, mineraler och vitaminer om man inte har tillgång till ett smart hjälpmedel som både kan definera vad varje häst har för behov - och vilka foder som tillfredsställer dess behov. <br />Och, naturligtvis, har en analys på sitt grovfoder.<br /></span></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Ett sådant verktyg är PC-Horse (programmet som alla foderfirmor använder i sin rådgivning) och det kan du testa på din och klubbens hästar nu. Och det kommer inte att kosta Dig ett öre. Allt du behöver är en windows-dator.<br /><strong>Erbjudandet gäller fram till 30 oktober 2016.</strong><br /><br /></span></p>\r\n<table style=\"width: 574px; height: 244px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Börja med att ladda ner och </strong><br /><strong>installera programmet här</strong></td>\r\n<td><strong>När det är gjort hämtar Du </strong><br /><strong>Din Test-licens här</strong></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><a href=\"http://download.pc-horse.com/install/46install.exe\"><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/symboler/gratis-download.jpg\" alt=\"Kampanjknapp download\" /></a>&nbsp;</td>\r\n<td>&nbsp;<a href=\"http://sleipner.pc-horse.com/campaign/user/2e6bb84f-d7dd-4b34-a52c-9cbc5ad9447a/\"><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/symboler/gratis-Go.jpg\" alt=\"Kampanjknapp Go\" /></a></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>&nbsp;</td>\r\n<td>&nbsp;</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p>Programmet Du får testa är ett PC-Horse i <a href=\"index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=840:standard&amp;catid=90:general-versions&amp;lang=en-GB&amp;Itemid=3514\">Standardversionen</a>. Du kan göra hur många foderstater Du vill.<br />Och räkna på så många hästar Du vill. Versionen redovisar 24 olika näringsämnen och beräknar behoven för alla kända raser i Sverige. Över <a href=\"index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=4253:sverige-listan-2&amp;catid=83:feeds-national-feedlist&amp;lang=sv-SE&amp;Itemid=2718\">300 foderanalyser</a> från de ledande foderföretagen ligger klara för användning i programmet.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Testlicensen är aktiv i 10 dagar från det Du aktiverat den.</strong></p>\r\n<p>Om Du önskar fortsätta använda programmet kan Du köpa en riktig licens till \"förlängningspriset\", dvs halva nyköpspriset. Du kan även uppgradera till våra högre (professionella) versioner till det förmånliga förlängningspriset.</p>\r\n<p>Alla Dina hästar, inlagda foder och foderstater ligger då kvar så att Du kan fortsätta använda dem.</p>\r\n<p>Det finns inget köptvång i vårt erbjudande. Vi vill bara att Du ska få prova på hur det är att göra foderstater som verkligen tar hänsyn till vad Din häst behöver i sina olika behovssituationer.</p>\r\n<p>Lycka till!</p>','',1,621,'2016-09-21 15:53:23',10,'','2016-10-16 11:13:35',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-09-21 15:53:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"show_title\":\"0\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',6,2,'','',1,617,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'sv-SE',''),(4274,5023,'November 2016 - Changing the body condition of your horse','nov2016-eng','<p><strong>If a horse is too fat or too thin, its body condition needs close attention and improvement. If a horse is healthy, has proper dental care and is dewormed according to veterinarian advice, its body condition will, to a major extent, be the result of physical activity, any relevant reproduction phase (pregnant, lactating, growing etc.) and energy intake.</strong></p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/Hennecke_fat_deposits.jpg\" alt=\"Hennecke fat deposits\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" width=\"600\" /></p>\r\n<p><strong>Body condition scoring<br /></strong><br />To describe the body condition of a horse, we use a system that allows a horse’s body condition score (BCS) to be set. The BCS scale goes from 1 to 9, where 1 is extremely thin, 5 is moderate and 9 is extremely fat. To study this system in more detail, follow this link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henneke_horse_body_condition_scoring_system<br /><br />This system scores a horse on fat cover at several locations on the body. For most horses, the optimal BCS will be in the range 4 to 6. For breeding mares, the BCS should be a little higher, 6 to 7, as this has been shown to increase fertility and reproductive success.<br /><br />Today we don’t see so many thin horses. However, the number of fat or obese horses is increasing, together with the frequency of obesity related diseases such as insulin resistance and laminitis. In a recent Danish study on the body condition of Islandic horses in Denmark (Jensen et al., 2016), they found that 6 % of the horses had a BSC of 3 to 4 (were thin), while 24 % had a BSC of 7 to 9 (were very fat).<br /><br /><strong>Changing the body condition of a horse</strong><br /><br />To change the body condition of a horse takes time. It can be achieved by:<br /><br />1) Increasing or decreasing the physical activity (exercise) of the horse<br />2) Increasing or decreasing the energy content of the ration<br />3) A combination of 1 and 2.<br /><br />Many factors will influence the amount of energy needed to gain weight or the reduction of energy needed to lose weight. One rough assumption can be that increasing or decreasing the energy content of the ration by 15-20% for 120 days will lead to 1 unit of change of the body condition score. It is important to note that the body condition of a horse (or pony) should not be changed too quickly, as severe over or underfeeding may lead to several diseases.<br /><br />In PC-Horse you can adjust the calculated energy requirement of a horse by choosing “Correction of body weight” when you enter the body weight of the horse (see picture). You will see how much the calculated energy requirement (in percent) is being changed (red figure). This option is available for all types except for young growing horses. If the body condition of a young growing horse needs to be corrected, it can be done by choosing “Normal” or “High” targeted growth rate, or by choosing a higher or lower “Expected adult body weight,” or changing the level of “Exercise”.</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/44novarticle1.png\" alt=\"44novarticle1\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" /></p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/44novarticle2.png\" alt=\"44novarticle2\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" /></p>\r\n<p><em>This article was originally written by Dr. Day Austbø.</em><br /><em> Copyright: PC-Horse International - Norway 2013.</em><br /><em>Feel free to use and publish the material. Please indicate the source and author.</em></p>','',1,616,'2011-02-15 15:59:09',62,'','2016-12-23 10:30:45',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-10-31 00:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',9,86,'','',1,893,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'en-GB',''),(4275,5024,'November 2016 - Changing the body condition of your horse','nov2016-nl','<p><strong>If a horse is too fat or too thin its body condition should be corrected. If the horse is healthy, have proper dental care and is dewormed according to your veterinarian’s advice, the body condition will to a major extent be a result of the horse’s physical activity, production (pregnant, lactating, growing) and energy intake.</strong></p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/Hennecke_fat_deposits.jpg\" alt=\"Hennecke fat deposits\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" width=\"600\" /></p>\r\n<p><strong>Body condition scoring<br /></strong><br />To describe the body condition of a horse, we use a system that allows a horse’s body condition score (BCS) to be set. The BCS scale goes from 1 to 9, where 1 is extremely thin, 5 is moderate and 9 is extremely fat. To study this system in more detail, follow this link: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henneke_horse_body_condition_scoring_system\" marked=\"1\">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henneke_horse_body_condition_scoring_system</a></p>\r\n<p>This system scores a horse on fat cover at several locations on the body. For most horses, the optimal BCS will be in the range 4 to 6. For breeding mares, the BCS should be a little higher, 6 to 7, as this has been shown to increase fertility and reproductive success.</p>\r\n<p>Today we don’t see so many thin horses. However, the number of fat or obese horses is increasing, together with the frequency of obesity related diseases such as insulin resistance and laminitis. In a recent Danish study on the body condition of Islandic horses in Denmark (Jensen et al., 2016), they found that 6 % of the horses had a BSC of 3 to 4 (were thin), while 24 % had a BSC of 7 to 9 (were very fat).</p>\r\n<p><strong>Changing the body condition of a horse</strong></p>\r\n<p>To change the body condition of a horse takes time. It can be achieved by:</p>\r\n<p>1) Increasing or decreasing the physical activity (exercise) of the horse<br />2) Increasing or decreasing the energy content of the ration<br />3) A combination of 1 and 2.</p>\r\n<p>Many factors will influence the amount of energy needed to gain weight or the reduction of energy needed to lose weight. One rough assumption can be that increasing or decreasing the energy content of the ration by 15-20% for 120 days will lead to 1 unit of change of the body condition score. It is important to note that the body condition of a horse (or pony) should not be changed too quickly, as severe over or underfeeding may lead to several diseases.</p>\r\n<p>In PC-Horse you can adjust the calculated energy requirement of a horse by choosing “Correction of body weight” when you enter the body weight of the horse (see picture). You will see how much the calculated energy requirement (in percent) is being changed (red figure). This option is available for all types except for young growing horses. If the body condition of a young growing horse needs to be corrected, it can be done by choosing “Normal” or “High” targeted growth rate, or by choosing a higher or lower “Expected adult body weight,” or changing the level of “Exercise”.</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/31novarticle1.png\" alt=\"31novarticle1\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" /></p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/31novarticle2.png\" alt=\"31novarticle2\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" /></p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p><em>This article was originally written by Dr. Day Austbø.</em><br /><em> Copyright: PC-Horse International - Norway 2013.</em><br /><em>Feel free to use and publish the material. Please indicate the source and author.</em></p>','',1,616,'2011-02-15 15:59:09',62,'','2016-12-23 10:31:12',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-10-31 00:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',6,90,'','',1,951,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'nl-NL',''),(4276,5025,'Novembre 2016 - Changer l’état corporel de votre cheval','nov2016-fr','<p><strong>Si un cheval est trop gros ou trop maigre son état corporel devrait être corrigé. Si le cheval est en bonne santé, reçoit des soins dentaires appropriés et est vermifugé selon les conseils de votre vétérinaire, la condition corporelle résultera dans une large mesure de l\'activité physique du cheval, de ses besoins de production (gestante, allaitante, en croissance) et l\'apport en énergie.</strong></p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/Hennecke_fat_deposits.jpg\" alt=\"Hennecke fat deposits\" width=\"600\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" /></p>\r\n<p><strong>Note d’état corporel</strong></p>\r\n<p>Pour décrire l\'état corporel d\'un cheval, nous utilisons un système où la note d\'état corporel d\'un cheval (NEC) peut être réglée. L\'échelle va de 1 à 9, où 1 est extrêmement maigre, 5 est modéré et 9 est extrêmement gras. Pour étudier ce système plus en détail, suivez ce lien :</p>\r\n<p><strong><em>http://www.le-site-cheval.com/dossiers/cheval-environnement/etat-corporel.php</em></strong><br /><strong><em>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henneke_horse_body_condition_scoring_system</em></strong></p>\r\n<p>De nos jours, nous ne voyons pas beaucoup de chevaux maigres. Cependant, le nombre de chevaux gras ou obèses est en augmentation, de même que la fréquence des maladies liées au surpoids telles que la résistance à l\'insuline et la fourbure. Dans une récente étude danoise sur l\'état corporel des chevaux islandais au Danemark (Jensen et al. 2016), il a été constaté que 6% des chevaux avait un NEC de 3 à 4 (étaient minces), tandis que 24% avaient un NEC de 7 à 9 (étaient très gras).</p>\r\n<p><strong>Modifier l’état corporel d\'un cheval</strong></p>\r\n<p>Modifier l\'état du corps d\'un cheval prend du temps. Elle peut être obtenue par :</p>\r\n<p>1) L\'augmentation ou la diminution de l\'activité physique (exercice) du cheval<br />2) L\'augmentation ou la diminution de la teneur énergétique de la ration<br />3) Une combinaison de 1 et 2.</p>\r\n<p>De nombreux facteurs influencent la quantité d\'énergie nécessaire pour prendre du poids ou pour perdre du poids. Une hypothèse grossière peut être que l\'augmentation ou la diminution de la teneur en énergie de la ration de 15-20% pendant 120 jours conduira à 1 unité de changement de note d\'état corporel. Il est important de noter que la condition physique d\'un cheval (ou poney) ne doit pas être changé trop vite, une sur ou sous-alimentation aussi sévère peut conduire à plusieurs maladies.</p>\r\n<p>Dans PC-Horse vous pouvez ajuster les besoins calculés en énergie d\'un cheval en choisissant \"Correction du poids corporel\" lorsque vous entrez le poids vif du cheval (voir photo). Vous verrez de combien les besoins calculés en énergie (en pourcentage) sont modifiés (figure rouge). Cette option est active pour tous les types de chevaux, sauf pour les jeunes chevaux en croissance. Si l’état corporel d\'un jeune cheval a besoin d\'être corrigé, cela peut être fait en choisissant un taux de croissance envisagée normal ou élevé, ou en choisissant un poids corporel attendu à l’âge adulte plus ou moins élevé, ou en modifiant le niveau d\'exercice.</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/33novarticle1.png\" alt=\"33novarticle1\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" /></p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/33novarticle2.png\" alt=\"33novarticle2\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" /></p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p><em>This article was originally written by Dr. Day Austbø.</em><br /><em> Copyright: PC-Horse International - Norway 2013.</em><br /><em>Feel free to use and publish the material. Please indicate the source and author.</em></p>','',1,616,'2011-02-15 15:59:09',62,'','2016-12-01 05:49:58',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-10-31 00:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',5,94,'','',1,737,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'fr-FR',''),(4277,5026,'November 2016 - Changing the body condition of your horse','nov2016-de','<p><strong>If a horse is too fat or too thin its body condition should be corrected. If the horse is healthy, have proper dental care and is dewormed according to your veterinarian’s advice, the body condition will to a major extent be a result of the horse’s physical activity, production (pregnant, lactating, growing) and energy intake.</strong></p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/Hennecke_fat_deposits.jpg\" alt=\"Hennecke fat deposits\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" width=\"600\" /></p>\r\n<p><strong>Body condition scoring<br /></strong><br />To describe the body condition of a horse, we use a system that allows a horse’s body condition score (BCS) to be set. The BCS scale goes from 1 to 9, where 1 is extremely thin, 5 is moderate and 9 is extremely fat. To study this system in more detail, follow this link: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henneke_horse_body_condition_scoring_system\" marked=\"1\">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henneke_horse_body_condition_scoring_system</a></p>\r\n<p>This system scores a horse on fat cover at several locations on the body. For most horses, the optimal BCS will be in the range 4 to 6. For breeding mares, the BCS should be a little higher, 6 to 7, as this has been shown to increase fertility and reproductive success.</p>\r\n<p>Today we don’t see so many thin horses. However, the number of fat or obese horses is increasing, together with the frequency of obesity related diseases such as insulin resistance and laminitis. In a recent Danish study on the body condition of Islandic horses in Denmark (Jensen et al., 2016), they found that 6 % of the horses had a BSC of 3 to 4 (were thin), while 24 % had a BSC of 7 to 9 (were very fat).</p>\r\n<p><strong>Changing the body condition of a horse</strong></p>\r\n<p>To change the body condition of a horse takes time. It can be achieved by:</p>\r\n<p>1) Increasing or decreasing the physical activity (exercise) of the horse<br />2) Increasing or decreasing the energy content of the ration<br />3) A combination of 1 and 2.</p>\r\n<p>Many factors will influence the amount of energy needed to gain weight or the reduction of energy needed to lose weight. One rough assumption can be that increasing or decreasing the energy content of the ration by 15-20% for 120 days will lead to 1 unit of change of the body condition score. It is important to note that the body condition of a horse (or pony) should not be changed too quickly, as severe over or underfeeding may lead to several diseases.</p>\r\n<p>In PC-Horse you can adjust the calculated energy requirement of a horse by choosing “Correction of body weight” when you enter the body weight of the horse (see picture). You will see how much the calculated energy requirement (in percent) is being changed (red figure). This option is available for all types except for young growing horses. If the body condition of a young growing horse needs to be corrected, it can be done by choosing “Normal” or “High” targeted growth rate, or by choosing a higher or lower “Expected adult body weight,” or changing the level of “Exercise”.</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/49novarticle1.png\" alt=\"49novarticle1\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" /></p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/49novarticle2.png\" alt=\"49novarticle2\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" /></p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p><em>This article was originally written by Dr. Day Austbø.</em><br /><em> Copyright: PC-Horse International - Norway 2013.</em><br /><em>Feel free to use and publish the material. Please indicate the source and author.</em></p>','',1,616,'2011-02-15 15:59:09',62,'','2016-12-23 10:31:33',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-10-31 00:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',7,96,'','',1,791,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(4278,5027,'November 2016 - Ændring af hestens huld','nov2016-dk','<div>\r\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.1pt; text-align: right;\"><a href=\"index.php/da/619-topics/topics-feedback/3881-poll-dk\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><span id=\"result_box\" class=\"short_text\" lang=\"da\"><span class=\"hps\">Venligst</span> <span class=\"hps\">kommentere denne artikel</span></span></strong></span></a></p>\r\n</div>\r\n<div>&nbsp;</div>\r\n<p><strong>Når en hest er for fed eller for tynd må vi prøve at ændre på hestens huld. Hvis hesten er frisk, har fået checket tænder og for nyligt er blevet behandlet mod indvoldsparasitter efter dyrlægens anbefaling, så vil hestens huld i stor udstrækning være et resultat af dens fysiske aktivitet, produktion (drægtighed, mælkeproduktion, vækst) og indtaget af energi.</strong></p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/Hennecke_fat_deposits.jpg\" alt=\"Hennecke fat deposits\" width=\"600\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" /></p>\r\n<p><strong>Huldpoint</strong><br />For at beskrive huldet på en hest bruger vi et system hvor vi giver hesten huldpoint. Skalaen går fra 1 til 9, hvor 1 er ekstrem tynd, 5 er moderat og 9 er ekstrem fed. Hvis du vil studere dette system i detaljer kan du følge denne link:</p>\r\n<p><strong><em>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henneke_horse_body_condition_scoring_system</em></strong></p>\r\n<p>Systemet giver hesten huldpoint ud fra fedtdepoterne på forskellige dele af kroppen. For de fleste heste vil en huldscore på mellem 4 og 6 være optimalt. For avlshopper derimod, bør huldscoren være lidt højere, mellem 6 og 7, da dette niveau er passende for frugtbarhed og mælkeproduktion.</p>\r\n<p>I dag ser vi ikke så mange tynde heste. Fede heste er derimod et stadig stigende problem og sygdomme som forfangenhed og insulinresistens (nedsat insulinrespons) bliver stadig mere almindelige . I en nyt dansk studie om hold af islandsheste i Danmark (Jensen et al., 2016) fandt man at 6% af hestene havde huldpoint 3-4 (var tynde), mens hele 24% havde huldpoint fra 7-9 (var meget fede).</p>\r\n<p><strong>Hvordan ændre vi på hestens huld</strong><br />Ændringer i hestens huld tager tid. Ændring i hestens huldpoint kan vi opnå ved at:</p>\r\n<p>1) Øge eller mindske hestens fysiske aktivitet (træningen)<br />2) Øge eller mindske energiindholdet i hestens foderration<br />3) En kombination af 1 og 2.</p>\r\n<p>Mange faktorer vil påvirke hvor meget energi hesten behøver for at gå op i vægt eller hvor meget energi der skal reduceres med, for at hesten går ned i vægt. En rettesnor kan være, at ved at øge eller mindske energimængden i rationen 15-20% i 120 dage ,vil det føre til en ændring i huldet på ca 1 point (f.eks fra 4-5). Det er vigtigt , at være klar over, at ændringer i huldet for en hest skal gøres gradvist og tager tid. Ellers kan for stærk overfodring eller underfodring føre til sygdomsproblemer.</p>\r\n<p>I PC-Horse kan du ændre hestens beregnede energibehov ved, at vælge «Korrektion af kropsvægt» når du er i skærmbilledet hvor kropsvægten lægges ind(se billede). Man ser da hvor mange procent den beregnede energimængde er ændret (tal i rødt). Denne funktion er aktiv for alle typer af heste med undtagelse af ungheste i vækst. Hvis der er behov for at ændre på huldet til en unghest kan dette gøres ved at vælge en højere eller lavere forventet voksenvægt, vælge ønsket væksthastighed Normal eller høj opdrætningsintensitet, gør ændringer i træning eller vælg at unghesten er en aktiv og går på fold.</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<div>&nbsp;</div>\r\n<div><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/45novarticle1.png\" alt=\"45novarticle1\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" /></div>\r\n<div>&nbsp;</div>\r\n<div><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/45novarticle2.png\" alt=\"45novarticle2\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" /><br />\r\n<div>\r\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.1pt; text-align: right;\"><a href=\"index.php/da/619-topics/topics-feedback/3881-poll-dk\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><span id=\"result_box\" class=\"short_text\" lang=\"da\"><span class=\"hps\">Venligst</span> <span class=\"hps\">kommentere denne artikel</span></span></strong></span></a></p>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n<p><em>This article was originally written by Dr. Day Austbø</em><br /><em> Copyright: PC-Horse International - Norway 2012.</em><br /><em>Feel free to use and publish the material. Please indicate the source and author.</em></p>','',1,616,'2011-02-15 15:59:09',62,'','2016-12-01 05:49:58',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-10-31 00:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',9,98,'','',1,1336,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'da-DK',''),(4279,5028,'November 2016 - Endring av hestens hold','nov2016-no','<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"index.php/nb/articles/topic-of-the-month/topics-topics/619-topics/topics-feedback/3880-poll-nb\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Vennligst kommentere denne artikkelen</strong></span></a></p>\r\n<p><strong>Når en hest er for fet eller for tynn må vi endre hestens hold. Dersom hesten er frisk, har fått god tannpleie og har blitt behandlet mot innvollsparasitter i henhold til dyrlegens anbefaling, så vil hestens hold for en stor del være et resultat av dens fysiske aktivitet, produksjon (drektighet, melkeproduksjon, vekst) og inntaket av energi.</strong></p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/Hennecke_fat_deposits.jpg\" alt=\"Hennecke fat deposits\" width=\"600\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" /></p>\r\n<p><strong>Holdpoeng</strong><br />For å beskrive holdet til en hest bruker vi et system der vi gir hesten holdpoeng. Skalaen går fra 1 til 9, der 1 er ekstremt tynn, 5 er moderat og 9 er ekstremt fet. Dersom du vil studere dette systemet mer i detalj kan du følge denne linken:<br /><br /><em><strong>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henneke_horse_body_condition_scoring_system</strong></em><br /><br />Dette systemet gir hesten holdpoeng ut fra avsetting av fett på ulike deler av kroppen. For de fleste hester vil holdpoeng mellom 4 og 6 være optimalt. For avlshopper derimot bør holdpoenget være litt høyere, mellom 6 og 7, da det er vist at dette er gunstig for fruktbarhet og melkeproduksjon.</p>\r\n<p>I dag ser vi ikke så mange tynne hester. Fete hester er derimot et stadig økende problem og sykdommer som forfangenhet og insulin resistens (nedsatt insulinrespons) blir alt mer vanlig. I en nylig dansk studie av holdet til islandshester i Danmark (Jensen et al., 2016) ble det funnet at 6% av hestene hadde holdpoeng 3-4 (var tynne), mens hele 24% hadde holdpoeng fra 7-9 (var svært fete).</p>\r\n<p><strong>Hvordan endre hestens hold</strong><br />Dersom vi vil at hesten skal gå opp i vekt eller gå ned i vekt (endre holdpoeng) må vi huske at dette tar tid. Endring i hestens holdpoeng kan vi oppnå ved å:<br /><br />1) Øke eller minske hestens fysiske aktivitet (treningen)<br />2) Øke eller minske energimengden i hestens rasjon<br />3) En kombinasjon av 1 og 2.<br /><br />Mange faktorer vil påvirke hvor mye energi som trengs for å gå opp i vekt eller hvor mye energien må reduseres for at hesten skal gå ned i vekt. En rettesnor kan være at ved å øke eller minske energimengden i rasjonen 15-20% i 120 dager vil det føre til en endring i holdet på ca 1 poeng (f.eks fra 4-5). Det er viktig å være klar over at å endre holdet til en hest (eller ponni) må gå gradvis og tar tid. Ellers kan for sterk overfôring eller underfôring føre til alvorlige sykdommer.</p>\r\n<p>I PC-Horse kan du endre hestens beregnede energibehov ved å velge «Korreksjon av kroppsvekt» når du er i skjermen for å legge inn kroppsvekten (se bilde). Du ser da hvor mange prosent den beregnede energimengden er endret (tall i rødt). Denne funksjonen er aktiv for alle typer hester unntatt for unghester i vekst. Dersom det er behov for å endre holdet til en unghest kan dette gjøres ved å velge en høyere eller lavere forventet voksenvekt, velge ønsket oppdrettsintensitet Normal eller Høy, endre på treningen eller velge at unghesten er Aktiv hest (utegang).</p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/47novarticle1.png\" alt=\"47novarticle1\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" /></p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/47novarticle2.png\" alt=\"47novarticle2\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" /></p>\r\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.1pt; text-align: right;\"><em><a href=\"index.php/nb/articles/topic-of-the-month/topics-topics/619-topics/topics-feedback/3880-poll-nb\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Vennligst kommentere denne artikkelen</strong></span></a></em></p>\r\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.1pt;\"><em><br />This article was originally written by Dr. Day Austbø.</em><br /> <em>Copyright: PC-Horse International - Norway 2012.</em><br /> <em>Feel free to use and publish the material. Please indicate the source and author.</em></p>','',1,616,'2011-02-15 15:59:09',62,'','2016-12-01 05:49:58',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-10-31 00:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',8,100,'','',1,778,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'nb-NO','');
INSERT INTO `pjtfu_content` VALUES (4280,5029,'November 2016 - Att ändra hästens hull','nov2016-sv','<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"index.php/sv/articles/topic-of-the-month/topics-topics/619-topics/topics-feedback/3879-vill-du-kommentera-var-manadsartikel\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Kommentera gärna denna artikel.</strong></span></a></p>\r\n<p><strong>När en häst blivit för fet eller för tunn måste man ändra hästens hull. Om hästen är frisk, har god tandstatus och blivit behandlad mot inälvsparasiter enligt veterinärens anvisningar, så är för övrigt hästens hull till stor del ett resultat av dess fysiska aktivitet, produktionsstatus (dräktighet, digivande, tillväxt) och intaget av energi.<br /></strong></p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/Hennecke_fat_deposits.jpg\" alt=\"Hennecke fat deposits\" width=\"600\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" /></p>\r\n<p><strong>Hullpoäng<br /></strong>För att beskriva hullet hos en häst används ett system ı vilket vi ger hästen <em>hullpoäng</em>. Skalan går från 1 till 9, där 1 är extremt tunn, 5 är moderat och 9 är extremt fet. Vill du studera det här systemet ytterligare kan du läsa mer under följande länk:</p>\r\n<p><em><strong>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henneke_horse_body_condition_scoring_system</strong></em></p>\r\n<p>Detta system ger hästen ett hullpoäng med utgångspunkt av hur fett fördelas på olika delar av kroppen. För de flesta hästar är en poäng mellan 4 och 6 optimalt. För avelsston däremot bör hullpoängen vara lite högre, mellan 6 och 7. Detta har visat sig vara fördelaktigt för fruktsamhet och mjölkproduktion.</p>\r\n<p>I dag ser man sällan för tunna hästar. Feta hästar utgör däremot ett stadigt växande problem. Sjukdomar som fång och insulinresistens (nedsatt insulinrespons) blir allmer vanliga. I en färsk dansk studie av hull hos islandshästar i Danmark (Jensen et al., 2016) befanns det att bara 6% av hästarna hade hullpoäng 3 - 4 (var tunna), medan hela 24% hade hullpoäng från 7 - 9 (mycket feta).</p>\r\n<p><strong>Hur ändra hästens hull? </strong><br />Om du vill att hästen ska gå upp, eller gå ner,&nbsp; i vikt(dvs ändra hullpoäng) måste du acceptera att detta tar tid. En ändring av hullpoäng kan man uppnå genom att:</p>\r\n<p>1) Öka eller minska hästens fysiska aktivitet (träning)<br />2) Öka eller minska energimängden i dagsransonen<br />3) En kombination av 1 och 2</p>\r\n<p>Många faktorer kommer att påverka hur mycket energi som krävs för att gå upp i vikt, eller hur mycket energi som måste reduceras för att den ska gå ner i vikt. Ett rättesnöre brukar vara att om man ökar eller minskar ransonens energimängd med 15 - 20% i 120 dagar - så leder detta till en ändring av hullet med ca 1 poäng (t.ex från 4 till 5). Som du märker är det viktigt att inse att ändra hullet hos en häst (eller ponny) är något som sker gradvis och som måste få ta tid. Om inte kan kraftig över- eller underfodring leda till andra allvarliga sjukdomar hos hästen.</p>\r\n<p>I PC-Horse kan du ändra hästens beräknade energibehov genom att välja \"Korrigering av kroppsvikt\" när du befinner dig i hästens viktfönster (se bilder). Du ser då hur många procent av den beräknade energimängden är ändrad (i nedanstående exempel 10%). Den här funktionen är aktiv för alla typer av hästar, med undantag för unghästar i tillväxt. Om det finns behov för att ändra hullet hos en unghäst kan detta ändå göras genom att man väljer en högre eller lägre förväntad vuxenvikt. Det kan även uppnås genom att man väljer alternativen hög eller normal uppfödningsintensitet, ändrar på träningsinställningarna eller väljer att klicka i alternativet \"Aktiv häst\" i programmet, dvs att hästen går på lösdrift.</p>\r\n<p>Nedan kan du se några av de många parametrar du kan arbeta med i programmet för att påverka hästens behov och utfodring.</p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/46novarticle1.png\" alt=\"46novarticle1\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" /></p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/46novarticle2.png\" alt=\"46novarticle2\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" /></p>\r\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.1pt; text-align: right;\"><a href=\"index.php/sv/articles/topic-of-the-month/topics-topics/619-topics/topics-feedback/3879-vill-du-kommentera-var-manadsartikel\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Kommentera gärna denna artikel.</strong></span></a></p>\r\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.1pt;\"><em><br />This article was originally written by Dr. Day Austbø.</em><br /> <em>Copyright: PC-Horse International - Norway 2012.</em><br /> <em>Feel free to use and publish the material. Please indicate the source and author.</em></p>','',1,616,'2011-02-15 15:59:09',62,'','2016-12-01 05:49:58',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-10-31 00:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',9,102,'','',1,1132,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'sv-SE',''),(4281,5030,'Marraskuu 2016 – Hevosen lihavuuskuntoluokan muuttaminen ','nov2016-fi','<p><strong>Jos hevonen on liian lihava tai laiha, pitää sen lihavuuskunto korjata sopivaksi. Jos kyse on terveestä hevosesta, jonka hampaat on hoidettu asiallisesti ja se on madotettu eläinlääkärin ohjeiden mukaisesti, on kuntoluokka pääosin seurausta hevosen fyysisestä aktiivisuudesta, tuotoksesta (tiineys, maidontuotanto, kasvu) ja energiansaannista.</strong></p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/Hennecke_fat_deposits.jpg\" alt=\"Hennecke fat deposits\" width=\"600\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" /></p>\r\n<p><strong>Kuntoluokitus</strong><br />Hevosen lihavuuskuntoluokan määrittelemiseen on olemassa oma systeeminsä. Skaala on välillä 1-9, missä 1 on erittäin laiha, 5 on hyvä ja 9 on erittäin lihava. Voit tutustua kuntoluokitukseen yksityiskohtaisemmin tästä linkistä:</p>\r\n<p><em><strong>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henneke_horse_body_condition_scoring_system</strong></em></p>\r\n<p>Tämä systeemi pisteyttää hevosen rasvakerroksen useista eri kehonosista. Useille hevosille optimaalinen kuntoluokka on välillä 4–6. Siitostammojen kuntoluokka voi olla hieman korkeampi, välillä 6 ja 7, sillä tämän on havaittu parantavan hedelmällisyyttä ja onnistumista siitoksessa.</p>\r\n<p><br />Nykyään näkee vain harvoin laihoja hevosia. Kuitenkin ylipainoisten ja lihavien hevosten määrä lisääntyy ja myös lihavuuteen liittyvät sairaudet, kuten insuliiniresistenssi ja kaviokuume, yleistyvät. Uuden Tanskassa tehdyn tutkimuksen mukaan 6 % tanskalaisista islanninhevosta kuntoluokitettiin välille 3 - 4 (laiha), kun taas 24 % saivat kuntoluokakseen 7 – 9 (erittäin lihava) (Jensen et al. 2016).</p>\r\n<p><strong>Hevosen kuntoluokan muuttaminen</strong></p>\r\n<p>Hevosen lihavuuskunnon muuttaminen vie aikaa.<br />Se voidaan saada aikaiseksi:<br />1) Lisäämällä tai vähentämällä hevosen fyysistä aktiivisuutta (rasitustasoa).<br />2) Lisäämällä tai vähentämällä rehustuksen energiamäärää<br />3) Yhdistämällä kohdat 1 ja 2.</p>\r\n<p>Useat tekijät vaikuttavat elopainon nousuun tai laskuun tarvittavan energian määrään. Karkean arvion mukaan lisäämällä tai vähentämällä rehustuksen sisältämää energiamäärää 15-20 % 120 päivän ajaksi, tapahtuu 1 yksikön muutos kuntoluokassa. On hyvä huomioida, ettei hevosen (tai ponin) lihavuuskuntoa tule muuttaa liian nopeasti, sillä huomattava yli- tai aliruokinta voi aiheuttaa useita sairauksia.</p>\r\n<p>PC-Horsessa voit mukauttaa hevosen energiantarvetta valitsemalla “painon korjaus” samalla kun lisäät hevosen elopainon (katso kuva). Näet kuinka paljon laskennallinen energiantarve prosentteina muuttuu (punainen luku). Tämä valinta on mahdollinen kaikille hevosille lukuun ottamatta nuoria kasvavia hevosia. Jos kasvavan hevosen lihavuuskuntoa pitää muuttaa, voidaan se tehdä valitsemalla kasvunopeudeksi normaali tai nopea kasvu, tai valitsemalla korkeampi tai matalampi odotettu aikuispaino, tai muokata rasitustasoa.</p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/358novarticle1.png\" alt=\"358novarticle1\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" /></p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/358novarticle2.png\" alt=\"358novarticle2\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" /></p>\r\n<p><em>This article was originally written by Dr. Day Austbø.</em><em>Copyright: PC-Horse International - Norway 2013.<br /></em><em>Feel free to use and publish the material. Please indicate the source and author.</em></p>','',1,616,'2011-02-15 15:59:09',62,'','2016-12-01 05:49:58',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-10-31 00:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',4,104,'','',1,901,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'fi-FI',''),(4282,5033,'November 2016 - Ændring af hestens huld','nov2016-dk-2','<div>\r\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.1pt; text-align: right;\"><a href=\"index.php/da/619-topics/topics-feedback/3881-poll-dk\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><span id=\"result_box\" class=\"short_text\" lang=\"da\"><span class=\"hps\">Venligst</span> <span class=\"hps\">kommentere denne artikel</span></span></strong></span></a></p>\r\n</div>\r\n<div>&nbsp;</div>\r\n<p><strong>Når en hest er for fed eller for tynd må vi prøve at ændre på hestens huld. Hvis hesten er frisk, har fået checket tænder og for nyligt er blevet behandlet mod indvoldsparasitter efter dyrlægens anbefaling, så vil hestens huld i stor udstrækning være et resultat af dens fysiske aktivitet, produktion (drægtighed, mælkeproduktion, vækst) og indtaget af energi.</strong></p>\r\n<p><strong>Huldpoint</strong><br />For at beskrive huldet på en hest bruger vi et system hvor vi giver hesten huldpoint. Skalaen går fra 1 til 9, hvor 1 er ekstrem tynd, 5 er moderat og 9 er ekstrem fed. Hvis du vil studere dette system i detaljer kan du følge denne link:</p>\r\n<p><strong><em>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henneke_horse_body_condition_scoring_system</em></strong></p>\r\n<p>Systemet giver hesten huldpoint ud fra fedtdepoterne på forskellige dele af kroppen. For de fleste heste vil en huldscore på mellem 4 og 6 være optimalt. For avlshopper derimod, bør huldscoren være lidt højere, mellem 6 og 7, da dette niveau er passende for frugtbarhed og mælkeproduktion.</p>\r\n<p>I dag ser vi ikke så mange tynde heste. Fede heste er derimod et stadig stigende problem og sygdomme som forfangenhed og insulinresistens (nedsat insulinrespons) bliver stadig mere almindelige . I en nyt dansk studie om hold af islandsheste i Danmark (Jensen et al., 2016) fandt man at 6% af hestene havde huldpoint 3-4 (var tynde), mens hele 24% havde huldpoint fra 7-9 (var meget fede).</p>\r\n<p><strong>Hvordan ændre vi på hestens huld</strong><br />Ændringer i hestens huld tager tid. Ændring i hestens huldpoint kan vi opnå ved at:</p>\r\n<p>1) Øge eller mindske hestens fysiske aktivitet (træningen)<br />2) Øge eller mindske energiindholdet i hestens foderration<br />3) En kombination af 1 og 2.</p>\r\n<p>Mange faktorer vil påvirke hvor meget energi hesten behøver for at gå op i vægt eller hvor meget energi der skal reduceres med, for at hesten går ned i vægt. En rettesnor kan være, at ved at øge eller mindske energimængden i rationen 15-20% i 120 dage ,vil det føre til en ændring i huldet på ca 1 point (f.eks fra 4-5). Det er vigtigt , at være klar over, at ændringer i huldet for en hest skal gøres gradvist og tager tid. Ellers kan for stærk overfodring eller underfodring føre til sygdomsproblemer.</p>\r\n<p>I PC-Horse kan du ændre hestens beregnede energibehov ved, at vælge «Korrektion af kropsvægt» når du er i skærmbilledet hvor kropsvægten lægges ind(se billede). Man ser da hvor mange procent den beregnede energimængde er ændret (tal i rødt). Denne funktion er aktiv for alle typer af heste med undtagelse af ungheste i vækst. Hvis der er behov for at ændre på huldet til en unghest kan dette gøres ved at vælge en højere eller lavere forventet voksenvægt, vælge ønsket væksthastighed Normal eller høj opdrætningsintensitet, gør ændringer i træning eller vælg at unghesten er en aktiv og går på fold.</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<div>&nbsp;</div>\r\n<div><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/45novarticle1.png\" alt=\"45novarticle1\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" /></div>\r\n<div>&nbsp;</div>\r\n<div><img src=\"images-joomla/stories/seasons/45novarticle2.png\" alt=\"45novarticle2\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" /><br />\r\n<div>\r\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.1pt; text-align: right;\"><a href=\"index.php/da/619-topics/topics-feedback/3881-poll-dk\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><span id=\"result_box\" class=\"short_text\" lang=\"da\"><span class=\"hps\">Venligst</span> <span class=\"hps\">kommentere denne artikel</span></span></strong></span></a></p>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n<p><em>This article was originally written by Dr. Day Austbø</em><br /><em> Copyright: PC-Horse International - Norway 2012.</em><br /><em>Feel free to use and publish the material. Please indicate the source and author.</em></p>','',-2,81,'2011-02-15 15:59:09',62,'','2016-10-26 12:32:43',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-11-01 00:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',3,0,'','',1,0,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'da-DK',''),(4283,5034,'Grupputfodring av hästar på vintern','dec2017-sv','<p>Många håller sina hästar utomhus på lösdrift i grupper under vintern. Det gör att man måste ta hänsyn till den extra utfodring som den kalla väderleken kräver. Hästar klarar sig visserligen bra i kallt klimat, men åldersfaktorer, hull, ras, acklimatiseringsförmåga och utfodring påverkar i hur hög grad varje enskild häst tål kyla. God omvårdnad och utfodring blir därför speciellt viktiga faktorer att uppmärksamma.</p>\r\n<p><strong><strong><img src=\"images/wintergroup8.png\" alt=\"\" /></strong></strong></p>\r\n<p><strong>Vad påverkar hästens förmåga att tåla kyla?</strong></p>\r\n<p>Hur bra tål hästar kallt väder? Det kan på fackspråk definieras som \"lägsta kritiska temperatur\" (LCT) för varje enskild häst. Det vill säga den temperatur där hästen fysiologiskt måste öka sin värmeproduktion för att upprätthålla normal kroppstemperatur. Stora, tunga hästtyper tål kyla bättre än t.ex fullblodshästar. Och vuxna hästar har lägre LCT (tål kyla bättre) än unghästar. Generellt kan man säga att välfödda individer i gott hull tål kyla bättre än svårfödda och tunna hästar. Dåliga tänder, parasiter och sjukdom kan dessutom leda till att hästar inte tål kyla så bra.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Hur reagerar hästar på kyla?<br /></strong></p>\r\n<p>Hästars omedelbara reaktion på plötsligt kallt väder är att ändra beteende. De söker lä, stätt tätt tillsammans och vänder baken mot vind, snö och regn. Temperaturen på benen, öronen och mulen sjunker då blodtillströmningen till extremiteterna minskar för att förhindra värmeförlust. En mer långsam reaktion är att de sätter tjockare päls och börjar äta mer.</p>\r\n<p>Lägre kritisk temperatur (LCT) för acklimatiserade, välfödda vuxna hästar ligger runt -11<sup>o</sup>C till -15<sup> o</sup>C. För åringar kan det ligga mellan&nbsp; 0<sup> o</sup>C og -5<sup> o</sup>C. Vind, snö eller regn/slask påverkar den temperatur som hästen upplever (effektiv temperatur). Det vill säga den köldpåverkan hästen känner under de olika väderförhållandena.</p>\r\n<p>Tabell. Exempel på uppmätt temperatur och effektiv temperatur vid olika vindstyrkor</p>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"GridTable5DarkAccent1\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 26.05pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.7pt; border-width: 1pt medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 26.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">Temperatur <sup>o</sup>C</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.75pt; border-width: 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 26.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">Vind m/sek</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 113.35pt; border-width: 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 26.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">Effektiv temperatur</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.25pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 26.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">Vindstyrke</span></strong></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 12pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.7pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 12pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">+5</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.75pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 12pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">5</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 113.35pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 12pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">+1,3</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.25pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 12pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Lätt bris</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 13.05pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.7pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">+5</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.75pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">10</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 113.35pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-0,4</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.25pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Frisk bris</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 13.05pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.7pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">+5</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.75pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">15</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 113.35pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-1,5</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.25pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Styv kuling</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 13.05pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.7pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">0</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.75pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">5</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 113.35pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-5,0</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.25pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Lätt bris</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 13.05pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.7pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">0</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.75pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">10</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 113.35pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-7,0</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.25pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Frisk bris</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 13.05pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.7pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">0</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.75pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">15</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 113.35pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-8,5</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.25pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Styv kuling</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 13.05pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.7pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">-5</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.75pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">5</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 113.35pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-11,0</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.25pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Lätt bris</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 13.05pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.7pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">-5</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.75pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">10</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 113.35pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-13,7</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.25pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Frisk bris</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 13.05pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.7pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">-5</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.75pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">15</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 113.35pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-15,0</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.25pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Styv kuling</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 13.05pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.7pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">-10</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.75pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">5</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 113.35pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-17,4</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.25pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Lätt bris</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 13.05pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.7pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">-10</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.75pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">10</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 113.35pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-20,3</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.25pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Frisk bris</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 4.05pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.7pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 4.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">-10</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.75pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 4.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">15</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 113.35pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 4.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-22,0</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.25pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 4.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Styv kuling</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p><strong>Nationella riktlinjer för hull hos hästar som går i grupp<br /></strong></p>\r\n<p>För hästar som hålls i grupp finns det nationella riktlinjer och krav på hagar, ätplatser mm som måste efterlevas. Ett av dessa kraven är att hästarna ska ha tillgång till vindskydd med 3 väggar och torra liggplatser för samtliga individer i gruppen. Det skall alltid finnas tillgång till friskt vatten. För lite vatten leder lätt till förstoppning och kolik.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Utfodring</strong></p>\r\n<p>En av de viktigaste faktorerna som påverkar häsgtens köldtolerans är energiintaget. Tillräcklig mängd foder av god kvalitet är nödvändig för att täcka det ökade energibehovet. Hästarna kan själva öka sitt foderintag om energibehovet blir större. Därför är knepet att ge bra hö och hösilage efter aptit den bästa och enklaste metoden att sörja för hästarna foderbehov.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Rangordningen i grupper<br /></strong></p>\r\n<p>Hästar som hålls i grupp upprättar en rangordning sig emellan. Försiktiga individer kan tunna ur även om det finns tillräckligt med foder i hagen. För att säkerställa att samtliga hästar i gruppen får mat i tillräcklig mängd är det viktigt att ha flera matplatser. Och att det är tillräckligt stort avstånd mellan dem. Annars kommer dominanta hästar att jaga undan de underordnade så att de inte får äta tillräckligt - även om det kanske lagts ut tillfredsställande mängder foder.</p>\r\n<p>Vuxna hästar som inte tränas klarar gott av att täcka sitt behov om de får fri tillgång till hö eller hösilage av god kvalitet plus tillskott av en vitamin/mineral-blandning. Unghästar, dräktiga ston och hästar i träning behöver ges extra kraftfoder. Det kräver att det finns möjligheter att fodra hästarna individuellt. Grupptilldelning av kraftfoder rekommenderas inte.</p>\r\n<p>När hästarna går ute i grupp är det särskilt viktigt att man följer varje enskild häst noga. Detta för att säkra att varje häst ges förutsättningar för sin välfärd, utveckling, hull och hälsa. Efter träning ska hästar som är svettiga ges möjlighet att torka innan de släpps ut i gruppen igen. Eventuellt behov för att lägga på täcke ska värderas för varje enskild häst. Många hästar kräver inte detta, såvida det inte är mycket kallt eller dåligt väder.</p>\r\n<p><strong>PC-Horse och grupputfodring<br /></strong></p>\r\n<p>När du använder PC-Horse för att göra foderstater till dina utegående hästar i grupp kan du välja att klicka boxen \"Aktiv häst\". Då ökas hästen energibehov med 10%. Programmet kan inte ta hänsyn till den vädersituation eller temperatur som råder vid varje tillfälle. Det enklaste och säkraste sättet, att sätta upp en foderplan för hästar i lösdrift, är att göra en foderstat som vanligt - och så fodra dem med gott hö eller hösilage efter deras aptit. På det sättet kan hästarna själv reglera och öka sitt foderintag när de behöver extra energi. Se bara till att du har ett analyserat grovfoder så att du vet att du har foder av god kvalitet.</p>\r\n<p>Då du vid grupputfodring inte kan kontrollera hur mycket grovfoder varje enskild häst äter blir det viktigt att du ändå följer utvecklingen hos varje individ. Det är alltid viktigt, men blir särskilt uppenbart om vintern</p>\r\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.1pt;\"><em>This article was originally written by Dr. Day Austbø.</em><br /> <em>Copyright: PC-Horse International - Norway 2012.</em><br /> <em>Feel free to use and publish the material. Please indicate the source and author.</em></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer;\">Save</span></p>','',1,616,'2015-01-26 12:08:52',10,'','2018-05-29 06:58:20',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-12-01 00:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_associations\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_page_title\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',5,67,'','',1,1215,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'sv-SE',''),(4284,5035,'Gruppefodring af heste om vinteren','dec2017-da','<p>Mange heste går i grupper udenfor om vinteren. Det indebærer at fodringen tilpasses til det kolde vintervejr. Heste tilpasser &nbsp;sig&nbsp;godt til koldt klima, men faktorer som alder, huld, race, aklimatisering og udfodring påvirker hvor godt den enkelte hest tåler kulden. God&nbsp;overvågning og udfodring&nbsp; bliver derfor specielt vigtig om vinteren.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Hvad påvirker hestens evne til at tåle kulde?&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</strong><strong>&nbsp;</strong></p>\r\n<p>Hvor godt tåler heste koldt vejr ?&nbsp;&nbsp; Dette kan definieres som Laveste Kritiske Temperaatur&nbsp;(LCT) for hver enkel hest. Det vil síge&nbsp;den temperatur hvor hesten hesten fysiologisk må øge&nbsp; kan man sige at velfodrede heste i godt huld tåler kulden bedre end underfodrede og tynde heste . Dårlige tænder, parasitter og sygdom kan føre til at hestene ikke tåler kulden så godt.</p>\r\n<p>Hestenes umiddelbare reaktion på koldt vejr er, at ændre adfærd. De søger læ, står tæt sammen og vender rumpen mod vindretningen. Vind sne, eller regnblandet sne&nbsp;påvirker det vi kalder den effektive temperatur. Dvs den kuldepåvirkning &nbsp;som&nbsp;hesten føler under de forskellige vejrforhold.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>Tabel. Exempel på&nbsp;registreret temperatur og effektiv temperatur ved&nbsp;forskellig &nbsp;vindstyrke</p>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"GridTable5DarkAccent1\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 26.05pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.7pt; border-width: 1pt medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 26.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">Temperatur <sup>o</sup>C</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.75pt; border-width: 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 26.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">Vind m/sek</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 113.35pt; border-width: 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 26.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">Effektiv temperatur</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.25pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 26.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">Vindstyrke</span></strong></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 12pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.7pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 12pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">+5</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.75pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 12pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">5</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 113.35pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 12pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">+1,3</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.25pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 12pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Let brise</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 13.05pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.7pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">+5</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.75pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">10</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 113.35pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-0,4</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.25pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Frisk brise</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 13.05pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.7pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">+5</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.75pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">15</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 113.35pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-1,5</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.25pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Stiv kuling</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 13.05pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.7pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">0</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.75pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">5</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 113.35pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-5,0</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.25pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Let brise</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 13.05pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.7pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">0</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.75pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">10</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 113.35pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-7,0</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.25pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Frisk brise</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 13.05pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.7pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">0</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.75pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">15</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 113.35pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">8,5</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.25pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Siyv kuling</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 13.05pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.7pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">-5</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.75pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">5</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 113.35pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-11,0</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.25pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Let brise</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 13.05pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.7pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">-5</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.75pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">10</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 113.35pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-13,7</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.25pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Frisk brise</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 13.05pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.7pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">-5</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.75pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">15</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 113.35pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-15,0</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.25pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Stiv kuling</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 13.05pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.7pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">-10</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.75pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">5</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 113.35pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">17,4</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.25pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Let brise</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 13.05pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.7pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">-10</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.75pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">10</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 113.35pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">20,3</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.25pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Frisk brise</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 4.05pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.7pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 4.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">-10</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.75pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 4.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">15</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 113.35pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 4.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">22,0</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.25pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 4.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Stiv kuling</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p><strong><br />Nationalle retningslinjer for huld hos heste i grupper</strong><br />For heste som holdes i grupper udenfor findes der regler som skal overholdes.&nbsp; Et af disse krav er at hestene skal have adgang til læskur for samlige heste i gruppen, med mindre der er tale om islændere og shetlandsponyer som går på meget store arealer. Der skal altid&nbsp;være adgang &nbsp;til friskt vand. For lidt &nbsp;vand kan medføre forstoppelse &nbsp;og kolik.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Udfodrine</strong><br />En af de vigtigste faktorer som påvirker hestenes &nbsp;kuldetolerence&nbsp;&nbsp;er energiindtaget. Tilstrækkelig mængde&nbsp; foder af god kvalitet er nødvendig for at&nbsp;dække det&nbsp;øgede behov&nbsp;for &nbsp;energi. Hestene&nbsp;evne til &nbsp;at&nbsp;optage næring&nbsp;øges efterhånden som energibehovet bliver større. Derfor&nbsp;er det bedste at&nbsp;give mere energi ved at øge tildelingen af hø eller wrap.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Rangordningen i grupper</strong><br />Heste i grupper&nbsp;opretter selv en rangordning. Forsigtige &nbsp;individer kan&nbsp;godt blive tynde på trods af at der findes tilstrækkeligt med&nbsp;tilgængeligt foder. For at være sikker på at alle individer i gruppen skal få tilstrækkeligt med foder er det vigtigt at have flere ædepladser end der er heste og samtidig god afstand mellem ædepladserne. Ellers er der stor risiko for at de dominante heste jager svagere individer bort.</p>\r\n<p>Udvoksne heste som ikke er i træning kan godt få dækket deres energibehov gennem fri adgang til hø eller wrap plus tilskud af en vitamin og mineralblanding.</p>\r\n<p>Ungheste, drægtige hopper og heste i træning bør have tilskud af korn og kraftfoder. Dette kræver at der findes mulighed for at fodre hestene individuelt med kraftfoder. Når heste går ude i grupper bliver det ekstra vigtigt at følge&nbsp;op den enkelte heste huld for at sikre at hesten får sit næringsbehov dækket.</p>\r\n<p>Efter træning &nbsp;skal&nbsp;heste som er svedige&nbsp;gives mulighed for at blive tørre inden de slippes ud til flokken. For de fleste heste er det ikke nødvendigt med et dækken med mindre det er ekstra kold eller meget dårligt vejr.</p>\r\n<p><strong>PC-Horse og gruppefodringfodring</strong><br />Når du anvender PC-Horse for at beregne foderratoner &nbsp;til heste som går ude i grupper kan du vælge at klikke på fanen&nbsp;&nbsp;\"Aktiv Hest\" (Går på fold)).&nbsp; I så fald øges beregningen af energimængden med 10%. Programmet tager ikke hénsyn til aktuel vejrsituation elle temperaturforhold ved beregning af næringsbehov.</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.1pt;\"><em>This article was originally written by Dr. Day Austbø.</em><br /> <em>Copyright: PC-Horse International - Norway 2012.</em><br /> <em>Feel free to use and publish the material. Please indicate the source and author.</em></p>','',1,616,'2015-01-26 12:08:52',10,'','2018-05-29 06:57:42',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-12-01 00:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_associations\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_page_title\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',5,62,'','',1,1162,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'da-DK',''),(4285,5036,'Gruppefôring av hester om vinteren','dec2017-nb','<p>Mange hester holdes ute i grupper om vinteren. Da må vi ta hensyn til de ekstra utfordringene det kalde været medfører. Hestene tilpasser seg godt til kaldt klima, men faktorer som alder, hold, rase, akklimatisering og fôring påvirker hvor godt hver enkelt hest tåler kulde. Godt stell og god fôring er derfor spesielt viktig om vinteren.</p>\r\n<p><strong><strong><img src=\"images/wintergroup8.png\" alt=\"\" /></strong></strong></p>\r\n<p><strong>Hva påvirker hestens evne til å tåle kulde?</strong></p>\r\n<p>Hvor godt tåler hestene kaldt vær? Dette kan defineres som Lavere kritisk temperatur (LCT) for hver enkelt hest. Dette vil si den temperaturen der hesten fysiologisk må øke varmeproduksjonen for å opprettholde normal kroppstemperatur. Store, tunge hestetyper vil tåle kulde bedre enn f.eks fullblodshester, og voksne hester vil ha lavere LCT (tåle kulde bedre) enn unghester (åringer). Generelt vil vellfôra hester i godt hold tåle kulde bedre enn svakt fôra tynne hester. Dårlige tenner, parasitter og sykdom kan føre til at hestene ikke tåler kulde så godt.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Hvordan reagerer hestene på kulde?</strong></p>\r\n<p>Hestenes umiddelbare reaksjon på plutselig kaldt vær er å endre adferd. De søker ly, står tett sammen og vender halen mot kald vind, snø eller regn. Temperaturen på beina, ørene og mulen går ned da blodtilstrømmingen tjl ekstremitetene reduseres for å minske varmetapet. En mer langsiktig reaksjon er å få tykkere pels og øke opptaket av fôr.</p>\r\n<p>Lavere kritisk temperatur (LCT) for akklimatiserte, velfødde voksne hester er rundt -11<sup>o</sup>C til -15<sup> o</sup>C. For åringer kan det være mellom 0<sup> o</sup>C og -5<sup> o</sup>C. Vind, snø eller regn/sludd påvirker den temperaturen hesten opplever (effektiv temperatur). Det vil si den kuldepåvirkning hesten føler under de ulike værforholdene.</p>\r\n<p>Tabell. Eksempler på målt temperatur og effektiv temperatur ved ulik vindstyrke</p>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"GridTable5DarkAccent1\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 26.05pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.7pt; border-width: 1pt medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 26.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">Temperatur <sup>o</sup>C</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.75pt; border-width: 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 26.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">Vind m/sek</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 113.35pt; border-width: 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 26.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">Effektiv temperatur</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.25pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 26.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">Vindstyrke</span></strong></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 12pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.7pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 12pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">+5</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.75pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 12pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">5</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 113.35pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 12pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">+1,3</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.25pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 12pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Lett bris</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 13.05pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.7pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">+5</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.75pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">10</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 113.35pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-0,4</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.25pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Frisk bris</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 13.05pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.7pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">+5</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.75pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">15</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 113.35pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-1,5</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.25pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Stiv kuling</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 13.05pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.7pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">0</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.75pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">5</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 113.35pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-5,0</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.25pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Lett bris</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 13.05pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.7pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">0</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.75pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">10</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 113.35pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-7,0</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.25pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Frisk bris</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 13.05pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.7pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">0</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.75pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">15</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 113.35pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-8,5</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.25pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Stiv kuling</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 13.05pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.7pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">-5</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.75pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">5</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 113.35pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-11,0</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.25pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Lett bris</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 13.05pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.7pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">-5</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.75pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">10</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 113.35pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-13,7</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.25pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Frisk bris</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 13.05pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.7pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">-5</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.75pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">15</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 113.35pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-15,0</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.25pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Stiv kuling</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 13.05pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.7pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">-10</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.75pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">5</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 113.35pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-17,4</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.25pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Lett bris</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 13.05pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.7pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">-10</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.75pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">10</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 113.35pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-20,3</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.25pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 13.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Frisk bris</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 4.05pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.7pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 4.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">-10</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.75pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 4.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">15</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 113.35pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 4.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-22,0</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.25pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 4.05pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Stiv kuling</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p><strong>Nasjonale retningslinjer for hold av hester i grupper</strong></p>\r\n<p>For hester som holdes i grupper ute gis det nasjonale retningslinjer og krav til uteområdet, spiseplasser mm som må etterfølges. Et av disse kravene er at hestene skal ha adgang til leskur med 3 vegger og tørre ligge plasser til alle. Det skal alltid være tilgang til friskt vann. For lite vann kan føre til forstoppelse og kolikk.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Fôring</strong></p>\r\n<p>En av de viktigste faktorene som påvirker hestenes kuldetoleranse er energiinntaket. Tilstrekkelig fôr av god kvalitet er nødvendig for å dekke det økte energibehovet. Hestene kan øke fôropptaket sitt dersom energibehovet blir større. Derfor vil det å gi godt høy eller høysilasje etter appetitt være den enkleste og sikreste måten å sørge for at hestene kan dekke et forhøyet energibehov.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Rangorden i grupper</strong></p>\r\n<p>Hester som holdes i grupper oppretter en rangorden seg imellom, og forsiktige individer kan bli tynne selv om det er nok fôr tilgjengelig. For å sikre at alle hestene i en gruppe får spise nok er det viktig å ha flere spiseplasser og at det er tilstrekkelig avstand mellom dem. Ellers vil dominante hester jage vekk andre hester så disse ikke får spise tilstrekkelig selv om det er rikelig fôr lagt ut.</p>\r\n<p>Voksne hester som ikke trenes klarer godt å dekke energibehovet sitt om de får fri tilgang til høy eller høysilasje av god kvalitet pluss tilskudd av en vitamin/mineral blanding. Unghester, høgdrektige hopper og hester i trening vil trenge å få kraftfôr i tillegg. Dette krever at det er mulig å gi hestene individuell fôring, da gruppeforing med kraftfôr ikke kan anbefales.</p>\r\n<p>Når hester holdes ute i grupper er det særlig viktig at vi følger godt med hver enkelt hest. Dette for å sikre hver hest sin velferd, utvikling, hold og helse. Etter trening skal hester som er svette få anledning til å tørke før de slippes ut i gruppen igjen. Et eventuelt behov for å bruke dekken må vurderes for hver enkelt hest, men for mange hester er ikke dette nødvendig bortsett fra i ekstra kaldt eller dårlig vær.</p>\r\n<p><strong>PC-Horse og gruppefôring</strong></p>\r\n<p>Når vi bruker PC-Horse til å beregne fôrrasjoner til hester som går ute i grupper kan du velge å klikke for valget «Aktiv hest (utegang)». Da vil beregning av hestens energibehovet økes med 10%. PC-Horse kan ikke ta hensyn til de aktuelle vær og temperaturforhold ved beregning av næringsbehovene. Den enkleste og sikreste måten å sette opp balanserte fôrplanert til hester på utegang er å sette opp en fôrplan som vanlig, og så fôre hestene godt høy eller høysilasje etter appetitt. På denne måten kan hestene selv øke fôropptaket sitt når de trenger ekstra energi. Vi bør da ha analyse av grovfôret for å sikre at kvaliteten er god nok. Da vi med gruppefôring ikke kan kontrollere hver hest sitt opptak av grovfôr, men må anslå en mengde, er det spesielt viktig å følge med utviklingen til hvert enkelt individ. Dette er særlig viktig om vinteren.</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.1pt;\"><em>This article was originally written by Dr. Day Austbø.</em><br /> <em>Copyright: PC-Horse International - Norway 2012.</em><br /> <em>Feel free to use and publish the material. Please indicate the source and author.</em></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer;\">Save</span></p>','',1,616,'2015-01-26 12:08:52',10,'','2018-05-29 06:58:20',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-12-01 00:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_associations\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_page_title\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',3,59,'','',1,1039,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'nb-NO',''),(4286,5037,'Alimentation des chevaux en groupe en hiver','dec2017-fr','<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-family: \'Century Gothic\';\">De nombreux chevaux sont maintenus à l\'extérieur et nourris en groupe en hiver. Pour cela, nous devons prendre en compte les défis supplémentaires imposés par les conditions climatiques froides. <span class=\"alt-edited\">Les chevaux sont très adaptables au froid, mais des facteurs tels que l\'âge, la condition physique, la race, l\'acclimatation et l\'alimentation influenceront tous la tolérance individuelle au froid.</span> Une alimentation bien gérée et adaptée est donc particulièrement importante au cours de l\'hiver.</span></p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Century Gothic\';\"><img src=\"images/stories/seasons/wintergroup8.jpg\" alt=\"\" />&nbsp;</span></strong></p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Century Gothic\';\">Qu\'est-ce qui détermine la tolérance au froid?</span></strong></p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-family: \'Century Gothic\';\">Dans quelle mesure les chevaux toléreront ils les conditions climatiques froides ? Cela peut être défini comme la Température Basse Critique (TBC) pour chaque individu. La TBC est la température à laquelle le cheval doit augmenter physiologiquement sa production de chaleur afin de maintenir une température corporelle normale. Les gros chevaux lourds toléreront mieux le froid que les pur-sang, et les chevaux adultes auront une TBC plus basse (donc tolérant mieux le froid) que les chevaux de moins d\'un an. Les chevaux bien nourris en bonne condition physique toléreront mieux le froid (et auront une TBC inférieure) que les chevaux minces et sous-alimentés. Mauvaises dents, parasites et la maladie peuvent encore diminuer la tolérance de l\'individu au froid.</span></p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-family: \'Century Gothic\';\"></span></p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Century Gothic\';\">La réponse du cheval au froid</span></strong></p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-family: \'Century Gothic\';\">La réponse immédiate des chevaux à l\'apparition soudaine des conditions froides est de changer leur comportement. Ils chercheront un abri, se blottiront et se tiendront debout leur queue dos au froid et au vent, la neige et la pluie. La température des jambes, des oreilles et du museau diminue, le sang étant évacué des extrémités afin de réduire la perte de chaleur.<br /> La TBC des chevaux adultes adaptés à l\'hiver et bien nourris est de -11 à -15°C. Pour les yearlings, la TBC est comprise de 0 à -5°C. En plus de la température elle-même, le vent et les précipitations (neige ou conditions humides) augmentent la perte de chaleur du corps. Il est courant d\'utiliser le terme «température ressentie» pour désigner les effets combinés de la température et du vent. La vitesse du vent détermine la fraîcheur du vent, et même des vents modérés peuvent abaisser la température ressentie et se rapprocher de la TBC, c\'est-à-dire à des températures où le cheval doit augmenter sa production de chaleur pour maintenir sa température corporelle normale.</span></p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; line-height: normal;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: \'Century Gothic\'; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">Tabell. </span><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-family: \'Century Gothic\'; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">Exemples de temperature ambiente et de temperature ressentie avec différents vents</span></p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"MsoNormalTable\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.8pt; border: none; background: #5B9BD5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\">\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><strong><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: \'Century Gothic\'; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; color: white; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">Température <sup>o</sup>C</span></strong></p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.9pt; border: none; background: #5B9BD5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><strong><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: \'Century Gothic\'; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; color: white; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">Vent m/sec</span></strong></p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4.0cm; border: none; background: #5B9BD5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><strong><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: \'Century Gothic\'; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; color: white; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">Température</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><strong><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: \'Century Gothic\'; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; color: white; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">ressentie</span></strong></p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.3pt; border: none; background: #5B9BD5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><strong><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: \'Century Gothic\'; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; color: white; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">Qualification du</span></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><strong><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: \'Century Gothic\'; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; color: white; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">Vent</span></strong></p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"mso-yfti-irow: 1;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.8pt; border: none; background: #5B9BD5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\">\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><strong><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: \'Century Gothic\'; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; color: white; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">+5</span></strong></p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.9pt; border: none; background: #BDD6EE; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: \'Century Gothic\'; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">5</span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4.0cm; border: none; background: #BDD6EE; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: \'Century Gothic\'; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">+1,3</span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.3pt; border: none; background: #BDD6EE; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: \'Century Gothic\'; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">Brise légère</span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"mso-yfti-irow: 2;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.8pt; border: none; background: #5B9BD5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\">\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><strong><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: \'Century Gothic\'; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; color: white; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">+5</span></strong></p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.9pt; border: none; background: #DEEAF6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: \'Century Gothic\'; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">10</span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4.0cm; border: none; background: #DEEAF6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: \'Century Gothic\'; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">-0,4</span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.3pt; border: none; background: #DEEAF6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: \'Century Gothic\'; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">Brise fraîche</span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"mso-yfti-irow: 3;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.8pt; border: none; background: #5B9BD5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\">\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><strong><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: \'Century Gothic\'; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; color: white; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">+5</span></strong></p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.9pt; border: none; background: #BDD6EE; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: \'Century Gothic\'; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">15</span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4.0cm; border: none; background: #BDD6EE; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: \'Century Gothic\'; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">-1,5</span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.3pt; border: none; background: #BDD6EE; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: \'Century Gothic\'; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">Grand vent</span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"mso-yfti-irow: 4;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.8pt; border: none; background: #5B9BD5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\">\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><strong><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: \'Century Gothic\'; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; color: white; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">0</span></strong></p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.9pt; border: none; background: #DEEAF6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: \'Century Gothic\'; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">5</span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4.0cm; border: none; background: #DEEAF6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: \'Century Gothic\'; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">-5,0</span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.3pt; border: none; background: #DEEAF6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: \'Century Gothic\'; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">Brise légère</span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"mso-yfti-irow: 5;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.8pt; border: none; background: #5B9BD5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\">\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><strong><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: \'Century Gothic\'; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; color: white; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">0</span></strong></p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.9pt; border: none; background: #BDD6EE; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: \'Century Gothic\'; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">10</span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4.0cm; border: none; background: #BDD6EE; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: \'Century Gothic\'; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">-7,0</span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.3pt; border: none; background: #BDD6EE; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: \'Century Gothic\'; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">Brise fraîche</span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"mso-yfti-irow: 6;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.8pt; border: none; background: #5B9BD5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\">\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><strong><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: \'Century Gothic\'; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; color: white; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">0</span></strong></p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.9pt; border: none; background: #DEEAF6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: \'Century Gothic\'; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">15</span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4.0cm; border: none; background: #DEEAF6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: \'Century Gothic\'; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">-8,5</span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.3pt; border: none; background: #DEEAF6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: \'Century Gothic\'; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">Grand vent</span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"mso-yfti-irow: 7;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.8pt; border: none; background: #5B9BD5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\">\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><strong><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: \'Century Gothic\'; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; color: white; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">-5</span></strong></p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.9pt; border: none; background: #BDD6EE; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: \'Century Gothic\'; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">5</span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4.0cm; border: none; background: #BDD6EE; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: \'Century Gothic\'; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">-11,0</span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.3pt; border: none; background: #BDD6EE; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: \'Century Gothic\'; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">Brise légère</span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"mso-yfti-irow: 8;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.8pt; border: none; background: #5B9BD5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\">\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><strong><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: \'Century Gothic\'; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; color: white; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">-5</span></strong></p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.9pt; border: none; background: #DEEAF6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: \'Century Gothic\'; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">10</span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4.0cm; border: none; background: #DEEAF6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: \'Century Gothic\'; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">-13,7</span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.3pt; border: none; background: #DEEAF6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: \'Century Gothic\'; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">Brise fraîche</span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"mso-yfti-irow: 9;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.8pt; border: none; background: #5B9BD5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\">\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><strong><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: \'Century Gothic\'; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; color: white; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">-5</span></strong></p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.9pt; border: none; background: #BDD6EE; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: \'Century Gothic\'; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">15</span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4.0cm; border: none; background: #BDD6EE; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: \'Century Gothic\'; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">-15,0</span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.3pt; border: none; background: #BDD6EE; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: \'Century Gothic\'; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">Grand vent</span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"mso-yfti-irow: 10;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.8pt; border: none; background: #5B9BD5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\">\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><strong><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: \'Century Gothic\'; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; color: white; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">-10</span></strong></p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.9pt; border: none; background: #DEEAF6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: \'Century Gothic\'; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">5</span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4.0cm; border: none; background: #DEEAF6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: \'Century Gothic\'; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">-17,4</span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.3pt; border: none; background: #DEEAF6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: \'Century Gothic\'; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">Brise légère</span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"mso-yfti-irow: 11;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.8pt; border: none; background: #5B9BD5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\">\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><strong><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: \'Century Gothic\'; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; color: white; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">-10</span></strong></p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.9pt; border: none; background: #BDD6EE; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: \'Century Gothic\'; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">10</span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4.0cm; border: none; background: #BDD6EE; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: \'Century Gothic\'; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">-20,3</span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.3pt; border: none; background: #BDD6EE; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: \'Century Gothic\'; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">Brise fraîche</span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"mso-yfti-irow: 12; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.8pt; border: none; background: #5B9BD5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\">\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><strong><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: \'Century Gothic\'; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; color: white; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">-10</span></strong></p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.9pt; border: none; background: #DEEAF6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: \'Century Gothic\'; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">15</span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4.0cm; border: none; background: #DEEAF6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: \'Century Gothic\'; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">-22,0</span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.3pt; border: none; background: #DEEAF6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: \'Century Gothic\'; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">Grand vent</span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-family: \'Century Gothic\';\"></span></p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Century Gothic\';\">Législation</span></strong></p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-family: \'Century Gothic\';\">Pour les chevaux maintenus à l’extérieur pendant l\'hiver, il existe diverses réglementations nationales qui doivent être respectées.</span></p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-family: \'Century Gothic\';\">En Scandinavie, les chevaux devraient avoir accès à un hangar avec 3 murs et un espace sec pour s\'allonger.<br /> L\'eau devrait être disponible en tout temps, car l\'approvisionnement en eau insuffisante peut conduire à une constipation intestinale et des coliques.</span></p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Century Gothic\';\">Alimentation</span></strong></p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-family: \'Century Gothic\';\">L\'un des facteurs les plus critiques déterminant le développement de la tolérance au froid chez les chevaux est l\'apport énergétique. Une quantité suffisante d\'aliments de bonne qualité est nécessaire pour répondre aux besoins énergétiques croissants. Les chevaux sont tout à fait capables d\'augmenter l\'apport alimentaire volontaire quand c’est nécessaire. Par conséquent, fournir du foin de haute qualité ou de foin en libre accès est le moyen le plus simple et le plus approprié de fournir l\'énergie supplémentaire.</span></p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Century Gothic\';\">Dynamique de groupe</span></strong></p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-family: \'Century Gothic\';\">Les chevaux en groupe ont généralement un ordre hiérarchique et les individus timides peuvent maigrir, même lorsque l\'alimentation est disponible et abondante. Dans les groupes mixtes, plus jeunes sont les chevaux, plus le rang est bas. Pour s\'assurer que tous les chevaux d\'un groupe particulier reçoivent suffisamment de nourriture, un espace d\'alimentation individuel suffisant est nécessaire. Si ce n\'est pas le cas, les individus dominants ne permettront pas à ceux de rangs inférieurs de manger des quantités suffisantes, même lorsqu’il y a beaucoup d\'aliments disponibles.<br /> Les chevaux adultes qui ne sont pas à l’entrainement peuvent bien être capables de couvrir leurs besoins énergétiques lorsqu\'ils sont nourris avec du foin de bonne qualité ou du foin en libre accès, avec en plus un supplément minéral / vitaminé. Les jeunes chevaux en croissance, les juments en fin de gestation et les chevaux à l’entrainement devront être complétés avec des concentrés. Cela nécessite des installations pour nourrir de manière individuelle, car l\'alimentation en groupe en concentrés ne peut pas être recommandée.</span></p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-family: \'Century Gothic\';\">Garder les chevaux à l\'extérieur en groupes exige que chaque individu soit soigneusement observé pour assurer le bien-être, le développement normal, l\'état corporel et la santé. Après l\'exercice, les chevaux qui sont mouillés par la transpiration devraient avoir la possibilité de sécher avant d\'être ramenés dans le groupe. La nécessité d\'utiliser des couvertures doit être envisagée pour chaque individu, mais pour de nombreux chevaux, cela ne sera pas nécessaire sauf dans des conditions très dures.</span></p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: \'Century Gothic\';\">PC-Horse et alimentation en groupe</span></strong></p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-family: \'Century Gothic\';\">Lors de l\'utilisation de PC-Horse pour calculer les rations pour les chevaux maintenus à l\'extérieur en groupes, vous pouvez cocher l\'option «Cheval actif». Cela augmentera les besoins en énergie calculée de 10%. PC-Horse ne peut pas prendre en compte les conditions météorologiques réelles. La méthode la plus simple et la plus efficace pour obtenir une ration équilibrée et un apport énergétique suffisant pour chaque cheval est de calculer une ration avec PC-Horse comme d\'habitude, et de fournir du foin ou enrubanné de bonne qualité en libre accès pour que les chevaux puissent augmenter leur prise alimentaire volontairement si nécessaire. Le foin ou l’enrubanné doit être analysé pour vérifier qu’il apporte une qualité suffisante. Comme l\'ingestion individuelle de fourrage ne peut être contrôlée, mais doit être estimée, chaque cheval doit être soigneusement observé, surtout en hiver.</span></p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-family: \'Century Gothic\';\"></span></p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin: .1pt 0cm .1pt 0cm;\"><em><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">Cet article a été écrit par le Dr Day Austbø.</span></em><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-fareast-language: FR;\"><br /> </span><em><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">Copyright: PC-Horse International - Norway 2012.</span></em><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: FR;\"><br /> </span><em><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">Vous pouvez utiliser librement et publier ces informations. Merci d’indiquer la source et l’auteur.<a name=\"_GoBack\"></a></span></em></p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer;\">Save</span></p>','',1,616,'2013-01-23 14:42:54',62,'','2018-05-29 06:56:46',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-12-01 00:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_associations\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_page_title\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',5,52,'','',1,968,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'fr-FR',''),(4287,5038,'Group feeding of horses during winter','dec2017-en','<p>Many horses are kept outdoors and fed as a group during winter. For this, we have to take into account extra challenges presented by cold weather conditions. Horses are very adaptable to cold weather, but factors such as age, body condition, breed, acclimatization and feeding will all influence the tolerance of cold in each individual\'s case. A good management and feeding regime is therefore especially important during winter.</p>\r\n<p><strong><strong><img src=\"images/wintergroup8.png\" alt=\"\" /></strong></strong></p>\r\n<p><strong>What determines the cold tolerance?</strong><br />How well will horses tolerate cold weather conditions? This can be defined as the Lower Critical Temperature (LCT) for each individual. The LCT is the temperature at which the horse has to physiologically increase its production of heat so as to maintain a normal body temperature. Large, heavy horses will tolerate cold better than thoroughbreds, and adult horses will have a lower LCT (thus tolerating cold better) than horses younger than one year. Well fed horses in good body condition will also tolerate cold better (and have a lower LCT) than thin, underfed horses. Poor teeth, parasites and disease can further decrease the individual\'s tolerance of cold.</p>\r\n<p><strong>The horse\'s response to cold</strong><br />The immediate response of horses to the sudden onset of cold conditions is to change their behavior. They will seek shelter, huddle together and stand with their tail against the cold and wind, snow and rain. The temperature of the legs, ears and muzzle decreases as blood is shunted from the extremities to reduce heat loss.<br />The LCT of winter-adapted, well fed adult horses is -11 to -15oC. For yearlings, LCT is in the range 0 to -5oC. In addition to the temperature itself, wind, and precipitation (snow or wet conditions) increase the heat loss from the body. It is common to use the term \"effective temperature\" to denote the combined effects of temperature and wind. The wind speed determines the wind chill, and even moderate winds may lower the effective temperature down to the LTC, ie. to temperatures where the horse has to increase its heat production to maintain normal body temperature.<br /><br />Tabell. Examples of ambient temperature and effective temperature with varying winds</p>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"GridTable5DarkAccent1\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.8pt; border-width: 1pt medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">Temperature <sup>o</sup>C</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.9pt; border-width: 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">Wind m/sec</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4cm; border-width: 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">Effective temperature</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.3pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">Definition of wind</span></strong></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.8pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">+5</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">5</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">+1,3</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.3pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Light breeze</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.8pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">+5</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">10</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-0,4</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.3pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Fresh breeze</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.8pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">+5</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">15</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-1,5</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.3pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Gale</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.8pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">0</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">5</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-5,0</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.3pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Light breeze</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.8pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">0</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">10</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-7,0</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.3pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Fresh breeze</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.8pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">0</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">15</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-8,5</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.3pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Gale</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.8pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">-5</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">5</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-11,0</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.3pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Light breeze</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.8pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">-5</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">10</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-13,7</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.3pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Fresh breeze</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.8pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">-5</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">15</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-15,0</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.3pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Gale</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.8pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">-10</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">5</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-17,4</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.3pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Light breeze</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.8pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">-10</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">10</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-20,3</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.3pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Fresh breeze</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.8pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">-10</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">15</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-22,0</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.3pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Gale</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p><strong>Legislation</strong><br />For horses kept outdoors during winter, there are various national regulations that have to be met.<br />In Scandinavia, horses should have access to a shed with 3 walls and a dry space to lie down.<br />Water should be available at all times, as insufficient water supply may lead to intestinal constipation and colic.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Feeding</strong><br />One of the most critical factors determining development of cold tolerance in horses is energy intake. Enough good-quality feed is needed to supply increasing energy requirements. Horses are well able to increase voluntary feed intake when it is needed. Therefore, feeding high quality hay or haylage free-choice is the easiest and most suitable way of supplying additional energy.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Group dynamics</strong><br />Grouped horses typically have a pecking order and timid individuals can become thin, even when feed is available and plentiful. In mixed groups, the younger the horses, the lower the rank. To ensure that all the horses in any particular group get enough to eat, sufficient individual feeding space is necessary. If not, dominant individuals will not allow lower ranking ones to eat sufficient amounts, even when there is plenty of feed available.<br />Adult horses not in training may well be able to cover their energy requirements when fed good-quality hay or haylage free-choice, with the addition of a mineral/vitamin supplement. Young growing horses, mares in late pregnancy and horses in training will need supplementing via concentrates. This requires facilities for individual feeding, as group feeding of concentrates cannot be recommended.</p>\r\n<p>Keeping horses outdoors in groups requires that each individual is carefully observed to ensure welfare, normal development, body condition and health. After exercise, horses that are wet from sweating should be allowed to dry before being brought back into the group. The need for the use of rugs must be considered for each individual, but for many horses, this will not be necessary except under very harsh conditions.</p>\r\n<p><strong>PC-Horse and group feeding</strong><br />When using PC-Horse for calculating rations for horses that are kept outdoors in groups, you can tick the option \"Active horse\". This will increase the calculated energy requirement by 10%. PC-Horse cannot take into account actual prevailing weather conditions. The easiest and best way to secure a well balanced ration and sufficient energy intake for each individual horse, is to calculate a ration with PC-Horse as usual, and feeding good-quality hay or haylage free-choice so the horses can increase their voluntary feed intake when needed. Hay or haylage should be analyzed to ensure a high enough quality. As the individual intake of roughage cannot be controlled, but has to be estimated, each horse has to be observed carefully, especially during winter.</p>\r\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.1pt;\"><em>This article was originally written by Dr. Day Austbø.</em><br /> <em>Copyright: PC-Horse International - Norway 2012.</em><br /> <em>Feel free to use and publish the material. Please indicate the source and author.</em></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer;\">Save</span></p>','',1,616,'2015-01-26 10:51:15',10,'','2018-05-29 06:57:04',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-12-01 00:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_associations\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_page_title\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',4,45,'','',1,1278,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'en-GB',''),(4288,5039,'Group feeding of horses during winter','dec2017-de','<p>Many horses are kept outdoors and fed as a group during winter. For this, we have to take into account extra challenges presented by cold weather conditions. Horses are very adaptable to cold weather, but factors such as age, body condition, breed, acclimatization and feeding will all influence the tolerance of cold in each individual\'s case. A good management and feeding regime is therefore especially important during winter.</p>\r\n<p><strong><strong><img src=\"images/wintergroup8.png\" alt=\"\" /></strong></strong></p>\r\n<p><strong>What determines the cold tolerance?</strong><br />How well will horses tolerate cold weather conditions? This can be defined as the Lower Critical Temperature (LCT) for each individual. The LCT is the temperature at which the horse has to physiologically increase its production of heat so as to maintain a normal body temperature. Large, heavy horses will tolerate cold better than thoroughbreds, and adult horses will have a lower LCT (thus tolerating cold better) than horses younger than one year. Well fed horses in good body condition will also tolerate cold better (and have a lower LCT) than thin, underfed horses. Poor teeth, parasites and disease can further decrease the individual\'s tolerance of cold.</p>\r\n<p><strong>The horse\'s response to cold</strong><br />The immediate response of horses to the sudden onset of cold conditions is to change their behavior. They will seek shelter, huddle together and stand with their tail against the cold and wind, snow and rain. The temperature of the legs, ears and muzzle decreases as blood is shunted from the extremities to reduce heat loss.<br />The LCT of winter-adapted, well fed adult horses is -11 to -15oC. For yearlings, LCT is in the range 0 to -5oC. In addition to the temperature itself, wind, and precipitation (snow or wet conditions) increase the heat loss from the body. It is common to use the term \"effective temperature\" to denote the combined effects of temperature and wind. The wind speed determines the wind chill, and even moderate winds may lower the effective temperature down to the LTC, ie. to temperatures where the horse has to increase its heat production to maintain normal body temperature.<br /><br />Tabell. Examples of ambient temperature and effective temperature with varying winds</p>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"GridTable5DarkAccent1\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.8pt; border-width: 1pt medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">Temperature <sup>o</sup>C</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.9pt; border-width: 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">Wind m/sec</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4cm; border-width: 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">Effective temperature</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.3pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">Definition of wind</span></strong></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.8pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">+5</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">5</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">+1,3</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.3pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Light breeze</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.8pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">+5</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">10</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-0,4</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.3pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Fresh breeze</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.8pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">+5</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">15</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-1,5</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.3pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Gale</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.8pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">0</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">5</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-5,0</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.3pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Light breeze</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.8pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">0</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">10</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-7,0</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.3pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Fresh breeze</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.8pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">0</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">15</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-8,5</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.3pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Gale</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.8pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">-5</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">5</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-11,0</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.3pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Light breeze</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.8pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">-5</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">10</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-13,7</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.3pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Fresh breeze</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.8pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">-5</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">15</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-15,0</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.3pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Gale</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.8pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">-10</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">5</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-17,4</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.3pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Light breeze</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.8pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">-10</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">10</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-20,3</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.3pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Fresh breeze</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.8pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">-10</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">15</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-22,0</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.3pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Gale</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p><strong>Legislation</strong><br />For horses kept outdoors during winter, there are various national regulations that have to be met.<br />In Scandinavia, horses should have access to a shed with 3 walls and a dry space to lie down.<br />Water should be available at all times, as insufficient water supply may lead to intestinal constipation and colic.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Feeding</strong><br />One of the most critical factors determining development of cold tolerance in horses is energy intake. Enough good-quality feed is needed to supply increasing energy requirements. Horses are well able to increase voluntary feed intake when it is needed. Therefore, feeding high quality hay or haylage free-choice is the easiest and most suitable way of supplying additional energy.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Group dynamics</strong><br />Grouped horses typically have a pecking order and timid individuals can become thin, even when feed is available and plentiful. In mixed groups, the younger the horses, the lower the rank. To ensure that all the horses in any particular group get enough to eat, sufficient individual feeding space is necessary. If not, dominant individuals will not allow lower ranking ones to eat sufficient amounts, even when there is plenty of feed available.<br />Adult horses not in training may well be able to cover their energy requirements when fed good-quality hay or haylage free-choice, with the addition of a mineral/vitamin supplement. Young growing horses, mares in late pregnancy and horses in training will need supplementing via concentrates. This requires facilities for individual feeding, as group feeding of concentrates cannot be recommended.</p>\r\n<p>Keeping horses outdoors in groups requires that each individual is carefully observed to ensure welfare, normal development, body condition and health. After exercise, horses that are wet from sweating should be allowed to dry before being brought back into the group. The need for the use of rugs must be considered for each individual, but for many horses, this will not be necessary except under very harsh conditions.</p>\r\n<p><strong>PC-Horse and group feeding</strong><br />When using PC-Horse for calculating rations for horses that are kept outdoors in groups, you can tick the option \"Active horse\". This will increase the calculated energy requirement by 10%. PC-Horse cannot take into account actual prevailing weather conditions. The easiest and best way to secure a well balanced ration and sufficient energy intake for each individual horse, is to calculate a ration with PC-Horse as usual, and feeding good-quality hay or haylage free-choice so the horses can increase their voluntary feed intake when needed. Hay or haylage should be analyzed to ensure a high enough quality. As the individual intake of roughage cannot be controlled, but has to be estimated, each horse has to be observed carefully, especially during winter.</p>\r\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.1pt;\"><em>This article was originally written by Dr. Day Austbø.</em><br /> <em>Copyright: PC-Horse International - Norway 2012.</em><br /> <em>Feel free to use and publish the material. Please indicate the source and author.</em></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer;\">Save</span></p>','',1,616,'2015-01-26 10:51:15',10,'','2018-05-29 06:58:20',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-12-01 00:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_associations\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_page_title\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',3,35,'','',1,971,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(4289,5040,'Group feeding of horses during winter','dec2017-nl','<p>Many horses are kept outdoors and fed as a group during winter. For this, we have to take into account extra challenges presented by cold weather conditions. Horses are very adaptable to cold weather, but factors such as age, body condition, breed, acclimatization and feeding will all influence the tolerance of cold in each individual\'s case. A good management and feeding regime is therefore especially important during winter.</p>\r\n<p><strong><strong><img src=\"images/wintergroup8.png\" alt=\"\" /></strong></strong></p>\r\n<p><strong>What determines the cold tolerance?</strong><br />How well will horses tolerate cold weather conditions? This can be defined as the Lower Critical Temperature (LCT) for each individual. The LCT is the temperature at which the horse has to physiologically increase its production of heat so as to maintain a normal body temperature. Large, heavy horses will tolerate cold better than thoroughbreds, and adult horses will have a lower LCT (thus tolerating cold better) than horses younger than one year. Well fed horses in good body condition will also tolerate cold better (and have a lower LCT) than thin, underfed horses. Poor teeth, parasites and disease can further decrease the individual\'s tolerance of cold.</p>\r\n<p><strong>The horse\'s response to cold</strong><br />The immediate response of horses to the sudden onset of cold conditions is to change their behavior. They will seek shelter, huddle together and stand with their tail against the cold and wind, snow and rain. The temperature of the legs, ears and muzzle decreases as blood is shunted from the extremities to reduce heat loss.<br />The LCT of winter-adapted, well fed adult horses is -11 to -15oC. For yearlings, LCT is in the range 0 to -5oC. In addition to the temperature itself, wind, and precipitation (snow or wet conditions) increase the heat loss from the body. It is common to use the term \"effective temperature\" to denote the combined effects of temperature and wind. The wind speed determines the wind chill, and even moderate winds may lower the effective temperature down to the LTC, ie. to temperatures where the horse has to increase its heat production to maintain normal body temperature.<br /><br />Tabell. Examples of ambient temperature and effective temperature with varying winds</p>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"GridTable5DarkAccent1\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.8pt; border-width: 1pt medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">Temperature <sup>o</sup>C</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.9pt; border-width: 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">Wind m/sec</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4cm; border-width: 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">Effective temperature</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.3pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">Definition of wind</span></strong></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.8pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">+5</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">5</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">+1,3</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.3pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Light breeze</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.8pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">+5</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">10</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-0,4</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.3pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Fresh breeze</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.8pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">+5</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">15</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-1,5</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.3pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Gale</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.8pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">0</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">5</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-5,0</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.3pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Light breeze</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.8pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">0</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">10</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-7,0</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.3pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Fresh breeze</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.8pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">0</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">15</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-8,5</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.3pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Gale</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.8pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">-5</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">5</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-11,0</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.3pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Light breeze</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.8pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">-5</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">10</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-13,7</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.3pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Fresh breeze</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.8pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">-5</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">15</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-15,0</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.3pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Gale</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.8pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">-10</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">5</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-17,4</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.3pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Light breeze</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.8pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">-10</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">10</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-20,3</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.3pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Fresh breeze</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.8pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">-10</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">15</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-22,0</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.3pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">Gale</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p><strong>Legislation</strong><br />For horses kept outdoors during winter, there are various national regulations that have to be met.<br />In Scandinavia, horses should have access to a shed with 3 walls and a dry space to lie down.<br />Water should be available at all times, as insufficient water supply may lead to intestinal constipation and colic.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Feeding</strong><br />One of the most critical factors determining development of cold tolerance in horses is energy intake. Enough good-quality feed is needed to supply increasing energy requirements. Horses are well able to increase voluntary feed intake when it is needed. Therefore, feeding high quality hay or haylage free-choice is the easiest and most suitable way of supplying additional energy.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Group dynamics</strong><br />Grouped horses typically have a pecking order and timid individuals can become thin, even when feed is available and plentiful. In mixed groups, the younger the horses, the lower the rank. To ensure that all the horses in any particular group get enough to eat, sufficient individual feeding space is necessary. If not, dominant individuals will not allow lower ranking ones to eat sufficient amounts, even when there is plenty of feed available.<br />Adult horses not in training may well be able to cover their energy requirements when fed good-quality hay or haylage free-choice, with the addition of a mineral/vitamin supplement. Young growing horses, mares in late pregnancy and horses in training will need supplementing via concentrates. This requires facilities for individual feeding, as group feeding of concentrates cannot be recommended.</p>\r\n<p>Keeping horses outdoors in groups requires that each individual is carefully observed to ensure welfare, normal development, body condition and health. After exercise, horses that are wet from sweating should be allowed to dry before being brought back into the group. The need for the use of rugs must be considered for each individual, but for many horses, this will not be necessary except under very harsh conditions.</p>\r\n<p><strong>PC-Horse and group feeding</strong><br />When using PC-Horse for calculating rations for horses that are kept outdoors in groups, you can tick the option \"Active horse\". This will increase the calculated energy requirement by 10%. PC-Horse cannot take into account actual prevailing weather conditions. The easiest and best way to secure a well balanced ration and sufficient energy intake for each individual horse, is to calculate a ration with PC-Horse as usual, and feeding good-quality hay or haylage free-choice so the horses can increase their voluntary feed intake when needed. Hay or haylage should be analyzed to ensure a high enough quality. As the individual intake of roughage cannot be controlled, but has to be estimated, each horse has to be observed carefully, especially during winter.</p>\r\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.1pt;\"><em>This article was originally written by Dr. Day Austbø.</em><br /> <em>Copyright: PC-Horse International - Norway 2012.</em><br /> <em>Feel free to use and publish the material. Please indicate the source and author.</em></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer;\">Save</span></p>','',1,616,'2015-01-26 10:51:15',10,'','2018-05-29 06:57:19',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-12-01 00:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_associations\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_page_title\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',5,30,'','',1,860,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'nl-NL',''),(4290,5041,'Hevosten ryhmäruokinta talviaikaan','dec2017-fi','<p>Monia hevosia pidetään talvisin ulkona ryhmäruokinnassa. Tämä asettaa kylmän sään aiheuttamia haasteita. Hevoset sopeutuvat hyvin kylmään, mutta yksilölliseen kylmänsietokykyyn vaikuttaa monia tekijöitä, kuten ikä, kuntoluokka, rotu, sopeutuminen ja ruokinta. Tämän vuoksi hyvä rehustus ja ruokintamenetelmä on erityisen tärkeää talvella.</p>\r\n<p><strong><strong><img src=\"images/wintergroup8.png\" alt=\"\" /></strong></strong></p>\r\n<p><strong>Mikä määrittää kylmänsietokyvyn?</strong><br />Kuinka hyvin hevoset kestävät kylmiä olosuhteita? Tämä voidaan määritellä yksilöllisesti alempana kriittisenä lämpötilana. Alempi kriittinen lämpötila kuvaa milloin hevosen tulee lisätä aineenvaihdunnallista lämmöntuottoa normaalin kehonlämpötilan ylläpitämiseen.&nbsp; Isot, raskaat hevoset kestävät kylmää paremmin kuin täysiveriset ja täysikasvuisilla hevosilla on matalampi alempi kriittinen lämpötila (eli ne kestävät paremmin kylmää) kuin alle vuoden ikäisillä varsoilla. Hyvin ruokitut hevoset sopivassa lihavuuskunnossa sietävät myös paremmin kylmää (ja niillä on matalampi alempi kriittinen lämpötila) kuin hoikilla, aliravituilla hevosilla. Huonot hampaat, loiset ja sairaudet voivat edelleen laskea yksilöllistä kylmänsietokykyä.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Hevosen reaktiot kylmään</strong><br />Hevosen välitön reaktio yhtäkkiseen kylmään on muutos käyttäytymisessä. Ne etsivät suojaa, kerääntyvät yhteen ja seisovat häntä tuulta, sadetta, lumisadetta ja kylmää vasten.&nbsp; Jalkojen, korvien ja turvan lämpö laskee, kun verenkierto raajoissa vähenee lämpöhukan vähentämiseksi. <br />Talveen sopeutuneiden, hyvinruokittujen täysikasvuisten hevosten alempi kriittinen lämpötila on välillä -11 ja -15oC. Vuoden ikäisille alempi kriittinen lämpötila on välillä 0 ja -5oC. Itse lämpötilan lisäksi tuuli ja sademäärä (lumi tai vesisade) lisää lämmön poistumista kehosta. Puhutaan pakkasen purevuudesta, kun otetaan huomioon tuulen ja pakkasen yhteisvaikutus.&nbsp; Tuulen nopeus määrittää tuulen kylmyyden ja jopa kohtuulliset tuulet voivat laskea lämpötilan alle alemman kriittisen lämpötilan eli tasolle, jossa hevosen tulee lisätä aineenvaihdunnallista lämmöntuottoa kehon normaalin lämpötilan säilyttämiseksi.</p>\r\n<p>Taulukko. Esimerkki ilman lämpötilasta ja tuulen vaikutuksesta pakkasen purevuuteen.</p>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"GridTable5DarkAccent1\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 560px; height: 188px;\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.8pt; border-width: 1pt medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">Lämpötila <sup>o</sup>C</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.9pt; border-width: 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">Tuuli m/s</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4cm; border-width: 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">Pakkasen purevuus</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.3pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">Tuulen voimakkuus</span></strong></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.8pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">+5</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">5</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">+1,3</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.3pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">heikko tuuli</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.8pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">+5</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">10</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-0,4</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.3pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">kova tuuli</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.8pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">+5</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">15</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-1,5</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.3pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">myrsky</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.8pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">0</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">5</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-5,0</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.3pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">heikko tuuli</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.8pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">0</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">10</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-7,0</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.3pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">kova tuuli</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.8pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">0</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">15</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-8,5</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.3pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">myrsky</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.8pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">-5</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">5</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-11,0</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.3pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">heikko tuuli</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.8pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">-5</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">10</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-13,7</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.3pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">kova tuuli</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.8pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">-5</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">15</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-15,0</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.3pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">myrsky</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.8pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">-10</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">5</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-17,4</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.3pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">heikko tuuli</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.8pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">-10</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">10</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-20,3</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.3pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #bdd6ee; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">kova tuuli</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.8pt; border-right: 1pt none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #5b9bd5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"><strong><span style=\"color: white;\">-10</span></strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"71\">15</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"113\">-22,0</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.3pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #deeaf6; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"106\">myrsky</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p><strong>Lainsäädäntö</strong><br />Ulkona pidettäville hevosille on useita kansallisia säädöksiä, jotka tulee täyttää. Skandinaviassa hevosille tulee olla pääsy kolmiseinäiseen suojaan ja tarjolla tulee olla kuiva makuupaikka. Vettä tulee olla vapaasti saatavilla, sillä riittämätön vedensaanti voi aiheuttaa ummetusta ja ähkyä.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Ruokinta</strong></p>\r\n<p>Yksi kriittisimmistä tekijöistä kylmänsietokyvyn määrittelemisessä on energiansaanti. Tarvitaan riittävä määrä hyvälaatuista rehua kattamaan lisääntynyt energiantarve. Hevoset pystyvät hyvin tarvittaessa lisäämään yksilöllistä rehunsyöntiään. Tämän vuoksi vapaa korkealaatuinen heinä- tai säilöheinäruokinta on helpoin ja sopivin tapa tarjota lisäenergiaa.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Laumadynamiikka</strong><br />Hevosilla on laumassa arvojärjestys ja arvojärjestyksessä matalammalla olevat voivat laihtua, vaikka rehua olisi runsaasti saatavilla. Sekaryhmissä nuorimmat hevoset ovat arvojärjestyksessä matalimmalla. Jotta voidaan varmistaa kaikkien hevosten riittävä rehunsaanti, tulee syöntitilaa olla riittävästi tarjolla. Ellei näin ole, dominoivat yksilöt eivät salli arvojärjestyksessä matalammalla olevien syödä riittävästi, vaikka rehua olisikin riittävästi tarjolla. Täysikasvuiset levossa olevat hevoset pystyvät hyvin täyttämään energiantarpeensa vapaalla hyvälaatuisella heinä- tai säilöheinäruokinnalla saadessaan lisäksi kivennäis/vitamiinivalmistetta. Nuoret kasvavat hevoset, tiineyden lopulla olevat tammat ja valmennettavat hevoset tarvitsevat lisäksi väkirehutäydennystä. Tämä vaatii olosuhteet, mitkä mahdollistavat yksilöllisen ruokinnan, sillä väkirehujen ryhmäruokintaa ei suositella.</p>\r\n<p>Hevosten ulkona pitäminen vaatii yksilöllistä tarkkailua, jotta voidaan turvata hyvinvointi, normaali kehitys, kuntoluokka ja terveys. Valmennuksen jälkeen hiestä märät hevoset tulisi aina kuivata ennen kuin ne päästetään takaisin laumaan. Loimien tarve pitää harkita yksilökohtaisesti, mutta useat hevoset pärjäävät ilman loimea hyvin karuja olosuhteita lukuunottamatta.</p>\r\n<p><strong>PC-Horse ja ryhmäruokinta</strong><br />Kun käytät PC-Horsea ryhmäruokinnassa olevien hevosten ruokinnan suunnitteluun, voit laittaa päälle toiminnon \"aktiivinen hevonen\". Tämä nostaa laskennallista energiantarvetta 10 %.&nbsp; PC-Horse ei voi ottaa huomioon paikallisia sääolosuhteita. Helpoin ja paras tapa varmistaa tasapainoinen rehustus ja riittävä energiansaanti, on laskea rehuannos PC-Horsella tavanomaiseen tapaan ja laittaa tarjolle vapaasti hyvälaatuista heinää tai säilöheinää, jolloin hevoset voivat tarvittaessa lisätä syöntimäärää. Heinä tai säilöheinä tulisi analysoida, jotta voidaan olla varmoja riittävästä laadusta. Koska yksilöllistä rehunsyöntiä ei voi mitata, vaan arvioida, tulee jokaista hevosta tarkkailla, erityisesti talviaikaan.</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.1pt;\"><em>This article was originally written by Dr. Day Austbø.</em><br /> <em>Copyright: PC-Horse International - Norway 2012.</em><br /> <em>Feel free to use and publish the material. Please indicate the source and author.</em></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer;\">Save</span></p>','',1,616,'2015-01-26 10:51:15',10,'','2018-05-29 06:56:13',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-12-01 00:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_associations\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_page_title\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',8,20,'','',1,895,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'fi-FI',''),(4291,5053,'Biotin tilførsel ','biotin-47','<p>Biotin inngår i mange metabolske reaksjoner i kroppen, blant annet i omsetting av fettsyrer og aminosyrer, og nydanning av glukose. Biotin er også viktig for normal celledeling.</p>\r\n<p>Biotin finnes i mange fôrslag som inngår i vanlige rasjoner. Eksempler på biotininnhold er: Alfalfa høy (0,2 mg/kg TS), Havre (0,1-0,4 mg/kg TS), Bygg (0,13-0,17 mg/kg TS).</p>\r\n<p>Biotin er ett av de vannløslige B-vitaminene. Det er&nbsp; ennå ikke fastsatt eksakte behov for &nbsp; biotin. PC-Horse angir derfor bare hvilke mengder som tiføres med fôret, og kan ikke varsle om underskudd eller overskudd av biotin i rasjonen. &nbsp;&nbsp;Normalt produseres tilstrekkelig med biotin til å dekke hestens behov fra mikrobene i &nbsp; tarmkanalen. Biotin rapporteres å kunne ha positiv virkning på &nbsp; normal hov-vekst og på reparasjon av skader i hovens hornstoff. &nbsp; Man må da gi relativt store mengder biotin (10-30 mg/dag) i perioder av 7-9 måneder. Mange&nbsp; kraftfôr og mineral- og vitaminblandinger har tilsatt ekstra biotin. Det finnes også spesialtilskudd med særlig høyt innhold av biotin på markedet.</p>','',1,623,'2016-11-17 14:37:03',10,'','2017-11-19 10:35:22',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-11-17 14:37:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_title\":\"0\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_associations\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_page_title\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',5,279,'','',1,430,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'nb-NO',''),(4292,5054,'Stivelse tilførsel','starch-47','<p>Hvis du har fått advarsel om for mye stivelse i et måltid bør du fordele kraftfôret annerledes i dagsrasjonen, eller innføre flere måltider. Du kan også forsøke å erstatte noe av kraftfôret med grovfôr (høy, høysilasje) av god kvalitet eller betfôr. Nedenfor kan du lese mer om stivelse og hvordan denne forkomponenten fordøyes i tarmene hos hesten.</p>\r\n<p>Stivelse i hestens rasjon<br />Stivelse er et karbohydrat som finnes i plantenes frø og røtter, for eksempel i korn og poteter, og er en energireserve (opplagsnæring) for plantene. Dyr bruker til sammenligning hovedsakelig fett som energireserve. Stivelse er den mest energirike delen av kornet. I rasjoner til hest kommer stivelsen fra korn og kraftfôrblandinger. Innholdet av stivelse i havre og bygg er ca 500 g pr kilo (50% av vekta), og det er noe høyere i bygg enn i havre.</p>\r\n<p>Fordøyelse av stivelse hos hesten<br />Vi ønsker at mest mulig av stivelsen skal fordøyes og absorberes i tynntarmen, siden stivelse som ikke blir fordøyd i tynntarmen vil passere videre til blindtarmen, der stivelsen lett skaper ubalanse i mikrobefloraen og kan føre til fall i pH-verdi og redusert fordøyelse av fiberholdig fôr.</p>\r\n<p>Stivelsen varierer noe i struktur mellom kornartene. Stivelsen i havre er lettere fordøyelig enn stivelse fra bygg og mais. Dette har praktisk betydning for hesten, siden hesten kan fordøye mer havrestivelse i tynntarmen enn stivelse fra andre kornarter. Når bygg og mais behandles med trykk og varme, slik det er vanlig å gjøre ved produksjon av kraftfôrblandinger, blir stivelsen imidlertid lettere fordøyelig og mer lik havrestivelsen, og mer absorberes fra tynntarmen.</p>\r\n<p>Etter at stivelsen er spaltet av flere enzymer i tynntarmen absorberes den til blodet som glukose (blodsukker). Et måltid med kraftfôr vil derfor i noen timer gi hesten forhøyet blodsukker. Blodets innhold av glukose reguleres gjennom utskilling av insulin som fremmer lagring av glukosen i form av glykogen i lever og muskler. Glykogenet er et viktig energilager for hesten, og mobiliseres raskt ved behov, for eksempel ved hard trening og konkurranser.</p>\r\n<p>Hesten er følsom for store variasjoner i blodsukkeret. Enkelte hester, særlig ponnier, kan ha problemer med å regulere blodsukkeret (insulinresistens). Noen hester kan også reagere med å bli oppspilte dersom blodsukkeret stiger raskt (heating). Vi bør derfor ha kontroll med hvor mye stivelse den enkelte hesten får til hvert måltid.</p>\r\n<p>Anbefaling<br />På grunn av sine egenskaper er stivelsen både en viktig energikilde i hestens rasjon, og en komponent som kan gi uheldige reaksjoner i organismen. Vi ønsker verken at for mye stivelse kommer ufordøyd til blindtarmen, eller at stivelsen blir altfor lett fordøyelig, slik at det kommer en for sterk blodsukkerstigning. Det er derfor viktig å gjøre seg kjent med rasjonens innhold av stivelse, og sikre en fordøyelse av stivelsen som balanserer de to nevnte effektene. Det kan vi gjøre ved å kontrollere at mengdene stivelse som gis i hvert enkelt måltid er innenfor anbefalte grenser.</p>\r\n<p>Til normale friske hester anbefaler vi at et enkelt måltid ikke bør inneholde mer stivelse enn 1,5 gram per kg kroppsvekt. Det vil si at en hest som veier 500 kg ikke bør få mer enn ca 750 gram stivelse per fôring. Siden kraftfôrblandinger og korn inneholder 400 - 500 gram stivelse per kg bør vi derfor ikke gi mer enn rundt 1,5 kg korn eller kraftfôrblanding per måltid i dette eksempelet. Dersom hesten trenger mye kraftfôr på grunn av hard trening eller konkurranse anbefaler vi derfor å øke antall fôringer per dag, eller endre fordelingen av kraftfôr mellom fôringer, dersom mengden stivelse per måltid blir for høy.</p>\r\n<p>I PC-Horse kan du fordele fôrene i hestens rasjon på måltider. Du vil da få en tydelig advarsel dersom mengden av stivelse i ett eller flere måltider overskrider de anbefalte grensene. Til hester som har problemer med reguleringen av blodsukkeret, eller lett får ”tying up” symptomer eller krysslammelse, vil det være gunstig å gi mindre stivelse per måltid enn det som er anbefalt (1,5 g/kg kroppsvekt). Du kan da i stedet gi fett i form av vegetabilsk olje som energitilskudd, og dermed redusere mengden av korn eller kraftfôrblanding i rasjonen, uten å gi hesten for lite energi.</p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer; top: 23px; left: 205px;\">Save</span></p>','',1,623,'2016-11-17 14:38:48',10,'','2017-11-19 10:34:40',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-11-17 14:38:48','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_title\":\"0\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_associations\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_page_title\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',6,278,'','',1,645,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'nb-NO',''),(4293,5055,'Energi tilførsel','energy-47','<p>&nbsp;<strong><img src=\"images-joomla/guides/minus.png\" alt=\"minus\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" />&nbsp; For lite energi</strong></p>\r\n<p>Hesten får for lite energi, og kan bli tynn. Unghest får nedsatt tilvekst, og hester i trening/konkurranse yter ikke sitt beste. Tynne avlshopper kan få nedsatt fruktbarhet.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Tiltak:</strong> Høy inneholder ca 0.5, kraftfôr ca 0.9 og soyaolje ca 2.8 fôrenheter pr kg. Vurder resten av fôrplanen før du bestemmer hvilken fôrtype du skal gi mer av. Hvis hesten trenes og med denne fôringen likevel er i passe hold kan du ha lagt inn for høy treningsintensitet. Velg lavere treningsintensitet.</p>\r\n<p><strong><img src=\"images-joomla/guides/plus.png\" alt=\"plus\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" />&nbsp; For mye energi</strong></p>\r\n<p>Hesten få for mye energi. Den legger på seg og kan bli feit. Dette er særlig uheldig for unghester og hester i trening og konkurranse.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Tiltak:</strong> Høy inneholder ca 0.5 fe, kraftfôr ca 0.9 og soyaolje ca 2.8 fôrenheter pr kg. Vurder resten av fôrplanen før du bestemmer hvilken fôrtype du skal gi mindre av. Hvis hesten trenes og med denne fôringen likevel er i passe hold kan du ha lagt inn for lav treningsintensitet. Velg høyere treningsintensitet.</p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer;\">Save</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer;\">Save</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer; top: 23px; left: 206px;\">Save</span></p>','',1,623,'2016-11-17 14:40:42',10,'','2017-11-19 10:33:02',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-11-17 14:40:42','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_title\":\"0\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_associations\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_page_title\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',10,277,'','',1,612,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'nb-NO',''),(4294,5056,'Protein tilførsel','protein-47','<p><strong><img src=\"images-joomla/guides/minus.png\" alt=\"minus\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" />&nbsp; For lite protein</strong></p>\r\n<p>Lite protein gir unghesten redusert utvikling og vekst, avlshopper svak fosterutvikling og melkeproduksjon, og konkurransehester redusert muskelstyrke og prestasjon. Proteinmangel kan føre til nedsatt appetitt, svekket muskulatur, utrivelig pels og dårlige hover.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Tiltak:</strong> Spesielle proteinkilder er sildemel, soyamel og kraftfôrblandinger med høyt proteininnhold. Tidlig slått kløverholdig høy og ungt beitegras er også gode proteinkilder. Gi mere av fôrslag med høyt proteininnhold for å oppnå balanse.</p>\r\n<p><strong><img src=\"images-joomla/guides/plus.png\" alt=\"plus\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" />&nbsp; For mye protein </strong></p>\r\n<p>Unødvendig og kostbart. Kan være uheldig for unghester, og føre til nedsatt prestasjon hos konkurransehester.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Tiltak:</strong> Velg kraftfôrtyper med lavere innhold av protein, reduser bruken av proteinrike fôrtyper som sildemel og soyamel. Gi mere av fôrslag med forholdsvis lavt proteininnhold (seinere slåttetidspunkt) og unngå proteinrike kraftfôr for å oppnå balanse.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Vil du lese mer om protein <a href=\"index.php/nb/articles/protein-requirements\">klikk her.</a></strong></p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer;\">Save</span></p>','',1,623,'2016-11-17 14:41:53',10,'','2017-11-19 10:31:56',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-11-17 14:41:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_title\":\"0\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_associations\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_page_title\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',14,276,'','',1,562,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'nb-NO',''),(4295,5058,'Verteerbaar ruw eiwit','protein-31','<p><strong><strong><img src=\"http://pc-horse.com/images-joomla/guides/minus.png\" alt=\"minus\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" />&nbsp; Te weinig Verteerbaar ruw eiwit<br /></strong></strong></p>\r\n<p>Wanneer een te kleine hoeveelheid eiwit wordt gevoerd, kan men bij jonge paarden een langzame groei en slechte ontwikkeling verwachten. Fokmerries zullen kleine en zwakke veulens werpen en weinig melk geven. Verder kan de spiermassa afnemen en kunnen prestaties verminderen.</p>\r\n<p>Te weinig eiwit kan leiden to verminderde eetlust, zwakke hoeven en een matte vacht.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Oplossing</strong>: Goede eiwitbronnen zijn vismeel, sojameel, en krachtvoermixen met een hoog eiwitgehalte. Bekijk de alternatieven die in het programma gegeven worden. Vroeg gemaaid klaver, hooi, jong gras, alfalfa en haylage hebben een hoog eiwitgehalte.</p>\r\n<p><strong><strong><img src=\"http://pc-horse.com/images-joomla/guides/plus.png\" alt=\"plus\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" />&nbsp; Te veel Verteerbaar ruw eiwit<br /></strong></strong></p>\r\n<p>Duur en onnodig. Kan nadelig zijn voor jonge paarden in de groei en kan leiden tot verminderde prestaties.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Oplossing</strong>: Stel een voeder samen met een lager eiwitgehalte. Kijk met name uit voor voedermixen met een hoog eiwitgehalte, zoals vismeel en sojameel.</p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer; top: 23px; left: 23px;\">Save</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer; top: 23px; left: 23px;\">Save</span></p>','',1,623,'2016-11-17 14:41:53',10,'','2017-11-22 10:04:42',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-11-17 14:41:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_title\":\"0\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_associations\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_page_title\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',6,275,'','',3,2,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'nl-NL',''),(4296,5059,'Protéines digestibles (MADC) ','protein-33','<p><strong><strong><img src=\"images-joomla/guides/minus.png\" alt=\"minus\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" />&nbsp; <span lang=\"fr\">Trop peu de protéines</span><br /></strong></strong></p>\r\n<p>Lorsque la ration est déficitaire en azote, la croissance et le développement sont affectés. Les juments mettent bas des poulains petits et chétifs et leur production laitière est réduite.</p>\r\n<p>Une fonte musculaire peut survenir. Les performances sportives sont médiocres. Une carence en protéines induit une baisse d\'appétit, un poil terne, des sabots fragiles.</p>\r\n<p>Lors de l\'analyse des Matières Azotée Totales (Proteines Brutes) des aliments, quelques éléments azotées non protéiques, à faible valeur nutritive, sont pris en compte. Il est préférable de prendre en compte les protéines digestibles (MADC)</p>\r\n<p><strong>Solutions</strong>: Les tourteaux et certains aliments concentrés riches en matières azotées sont de bonnes sources protéiques. Etudiez les solutions proposées par le Logiciel.</p>\r\n<p>Les foins de légumineuses, l\'herbe jeune, les bouchons de luzerne et les foins enrubannés sont également riches en azote.</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p><strong><strong><img src=\"images-joomla/guides/plus.png\" alt=\"plus\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" />&nbsp; <span lang=\"fr\">Trop de protéines</span><br /></strong></strong></p>\r\n<p>Surcharge protéique coûteuse et inutile. Peut être préjudiciable à une croissance harmonieuse et aux performances sportives.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Solutions</strong>: Choisissez des aliments concentrés moins riches en azote. Réduisez en particulier les aliments contenant de fortes proportions de tourteaux (de Soja et autres protéagineux).</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer; top: 23px; left: 23px;\">Save</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer; top: 23px; left: 23px;\">Save</span></p>','',1,623,'2016-11-17 14:41:53',10,'','2017-12-16 18:05:30',81,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-11-17 14:41:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_title\":\"0\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_associations\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_page_title\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',7,274,'','',3,2,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'fr-FR',''),(4297,5060,'Protein','protein-44','<p><strong><strong><img src=\"http://pc-horse.com/images-joomla/guides/minus.png\" alt=\"minus\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" />&nbsp; Too little Protein<br /></strong></strong></p>\r\n<p>When too little protein is fed, slow growth and poor development can be expected in young horses. Breeding mares will produce small and weak newborn and a low rate of milk production. Reduced muscle mass and achievements in competitions can be expected.</p>\r\n<p>Lack of protein may lead to reduced appetite, weak hooves and a dull coat. When feeds are analysed for crude protein, some non-protein compounds which may have low nutritive value will also be included. Digestible crude protein is therefore better.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Recommendation</strong>: Good sources of protein include fish meal, soybean meal and concentrate mixtures with a high protein content. Study the alternatives presented in your program. Early cut clover hay, young grass, alfalfa and haylage are high in protein.</p>\r\n<p><strong><strong><img src=\"http://pc-horse.com/images-joomla/guides/plus.png\" alt=\"plus\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" />&nbsp; Too much Protein<br /></strong></strong></p>\r\n<p>Expensive and unneccesary. Can be detrimental for young growing horses and lead to reduced performance in competition horses.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Recommendation</strong>: Select feeds (concentrate mixes) with a lower protein content. In particular look out for high protein feeds like fish meal and soybean meal. You may have to restrict grazing especially in spring.</p>\r\n<p><strong>&nbsp;</strong></p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer;\">Save</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer; top: 23px; left: 252px;\">Save</span></p>','',1,623,'2016-11-17 14:41:53',10,'','2017-11-18 12:45:57',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-11-17 14:41:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_title\":\"0\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_associations\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_page_title\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',8,273,'','',1,138,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'en-GB',''),(4298,5061,'Protein Danskt exempel ','protein-45fel','<p><strong>For lite protein på daenska<br /></strong></p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>','',-2,623,'2016-11-17 14:41:53',10,'','2017-03-26 14:44:06',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-11-17 14:41:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"show_title\":\"\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',4,67,'','',3,0,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'da-DK',''),(4299,5062,'Protein - vid feldosering','protein-46','<p><strong><strong><strong><img src=\"images-joomla/guides/minus.png\" alt=\"minus\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" />&nbsp; För lite</strong> P</strong>rotein <br /></strong></p>\r\n<p>För lite protein reducerar unghästens utveckling och växt, ger avelsston svagare fosterutveckling och mjölkproduktion, och reducerar tävlingshästens muskelstyrka och prestation. Proteinbrist kan medföra reducerad aptit, försvagad muskulatur, dålig/ful hårrem och sämre hovkvalitet.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Åtgärder</strong> Särskilda proteinfodermedel är sojamjöl och kraftfoderblandningar med högt protein-innehåll. Tidligt skördat klöverhaltigt hö, lusern och tidigt bete är också goda proteinkällor.</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p><strong><strong><strong><img src=\"images-joomla/guides/plus.png\" alt=\"plus\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" />&nbsp; För mycket</strong></strong> Protein</strong></p>\r\n<p>Råprotein smältbart är onödigt och dyrt. Kan vara negativt för unghästar, och ge sämre resultater hos tävlingshästar.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Åtgärder</strong>: Välj kraftfoder med lägre innehåll av protein, reducera användningen av proteinrika fodermedel.</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p><a href=\"index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=1215&amp;Itemid=2757&amp;lang=sv\">Du kan läsa mer om hästars proteinbehov här</a></p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer; top: 23px; left: 23px;\">Save</span></p>','',1,623,'2016-11-17 14:41:53',10,'','2017-11-18 14:07:55',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-11-17 14:41:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_title\":\"0\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_associations\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_page_title\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',10,272,'','',1,1105,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'sv-SE',''),(4300,5063,'Protein ','protein-49','<p><strong><strong><img src=\"http://pc-horse.com/images-joomla/guides/minus.png\" alt=\"minus\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" />&nbsp; Zu wenig Protein<br /></strong></strong></p>\r\n<p>When too little protein is fed, slow growth and poor development can be expected in young horses. Breeding mares will produce small and weak newborn and a low rate of milk production. Reduced muscle mass and achievements in competitions can be expected.</p>\r\n<p>Lack of protein may lead to reduced appetite, weak hooves and a dull coat. When feeds are analysed for crude protein, some non-protein compounds which may have low nutritive value will also be included. Digestible crude protein is therefore better.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Vorschlage</strong>: Good sources of protein include fish meal, soybean meal and concentrate mixtures with a high protein content. Study the alternatives presented in your program. Early cut clover hay, young grass, alfalfa and haylage are high in protein.</p>\r\n<p><strong><strong><img src=\"http://pc-horse.com/images-joomla/guides/plus.png\" alt=\"plus\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" />&nbsp; Zu viel Protein<br /></strong></strong></p>\r\n<p>Expensive and unneccesary. Can be detrimental for young growing horses and lead to reduced performance in competition horses.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Vorschlage</strong>: Select feeds (concentrate mixes) with a lower protein content. In particular look out for high protein feeds like fish meal and soybean meal. You may have to restrict grazing especially in spring.</p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer; top: 23px; left: 23px;\">Save</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer; top: 23px; left: 23px;\">Save</span></p>','',1,623,'2016-11-17 14:41:53',10,'','2017-11-22 10:23:52',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-11-17 14:41:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_title\":\"0\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_associations\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_page_title\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',6,271,'','',3,0,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'de-DE',''),(4301,5064,'Valkuainen','protein-358','<p><strong><strong><img src=\"images-joomla/guides/minus.png\" alt=\"minus\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" />&nbsp; Liian vähän valkuaista<br /></strong></strong></p>\r\n<p>Kun ruokinnassa on liian vähän valkuaista, hidastuu nuorten hevosten kasvu ja kehitys. Vastasyntyneet varsat saattavat olla pieniä ja heikkoja ja tammjen maidontuotanto matala. Lihasmassa pienenee ja kilpailutulokset heikkenevät.</p>\r\n<p>Valkuaisen puutos saattaa heikentää ruokahalua, aiheuttaa kavioiden laadun heikkenemistä ja karva on kiilloton. Kun rehuista analysoidaan raakavalkuaispitoisuus, sisältyy analyysitulokseen myös joitain ei-valkuaisyhdisteitä, joilla saattaa olla heikko ravitsemuksellinen arvo. Tämän vuoksi sulavan raakavalkuaisen määrä on tärkeämpi.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Suositukset</strong>: Hyviä valkuaisenlähteitä ovat mm. kalajauho, soijarouhe ja runsaasti valkuaista sisältävät rehuseokset. Etsi erilaisia vaihtoehtoja ohjelmastasi.&nbsp; Aikaisin korjattu apilapitoinen heinä, aikaisella korjuuasteella oleva ruoho, sinimailanen ja säilöheinä sisältää runsaasti valkuaista.</p>\r\n<p><strong><strong><img src=\"images-joomla/guides/plus.png\" alt=\"plus\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" /> Liikaa valkuaista<br /></strong></strong></p>\r\n<p>Kallista ja tarpeetonta. Saattaa olla haitallista nuorille kasvaville hevosille ja heikentää urheiluhevosten tuloksia.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Suositukset</strong>: Valitse rehuja (väkirehuseoksia), joissa on matala valkuaispitoisuus. Vähennä erityisesti runsaasti valkuaista sisältävien rehujen, kuten kalajauhon ja soijarouheen määrää. Saattaa olla tarpeen rajoittaa laidunnusta erityisesti aikaisin kesällä.</p>\r\n<p><strong>&nbsp;</strong></p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer; top: 23px; left: 23px;\">Save</span></p>','',1,623,'2016-11-17 14:41:53',10,'','2017-12-02 12:37:10',106,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-11-17 14:41:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_title\":\"0\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_associations\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_page_title\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',9,270,'','',1,174,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'fi-FI',''),(4302,5065,'Energi - vid feldosering','energy-46','<p><strong><strong><img src=\"images-joomla/guides/minus.png\" alt=\"minus\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" />&nbsp; För lite</strong> energi</strong></p>\r\n<p>Hästen får för lite energi (MJ), och kan bli tunn. Unghästar får reducerad tillväxt, och hästar i träning/tävling ger inte sitt bästa. Tunna ston kan få minskad fruktsamhet (fertilitet).</p>\r\n<p><strong>Åtgärder</strong>: Hö innehåller ca 7, kraftfoder ca 11 och sojaolja ca 35 MJ pr. kg. Se över resten av foderstaten innan Du bestämmer vilket fodermedel Du vill ge mera av.</p>\r\n<p>Om hästen är i träning och med den här fodringen ändå har lagom hull kan Du ha lagt in för hög träningsintensitet. Välj lägre träningsintensitet.<br />&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p><strong><strong><img src=\"images-joomla/guides/plus.png\" alt=\"plus\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" />&nbsp; För mycket </strong> energi<br /><br /></strong>Hästen får för mycket energi (MJ). Den lägger på hullet och kan bli fet. Det är särskilt negativt för unghästar och hästar i träning/tävling. Tunna ston kan få extra energi så att dom kan komma i bättre hull före betäckningen.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Åtgärder</strong>: Hö innehåller 7-8, kraftfoder ca 11 och sojaolja ca 35 MJ pr kg. Se över resten av foderstaten innan Du bestämmer vilket fodermedel Du bör ge mera av.</p>\r\n<p>Om hästen är i träning och med den här fodringen ändå har lagom hull kan Du ha lagt in för låg träningsintensitet. Välj högre träningsintensitet.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Du kan läsa mer om energi <a href=\"index.php/sv/articles/energy-requirements\">här</a></strong></p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer; top: 23px; left: 202px;\">Save</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer; top: 23px; left: 202px;\">Save</span></p>','',1,623,'2016-11-18 15:48:32',10,'','2017-11-18 14:07:21',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-11-18 15:48:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_title\":\"0\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_associations\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_page_title\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',17,269,'','',1,1284,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'sv-SE',''),(4303,5066,'Lysin - vid feldosering','lysine-46','<p><strong><strong><img src=\"images-joomla/guides/minus.png\" alt=\"minus\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" />&nbsp; För lite</strong> Lysin </strong></p>\r\n<p>När ransonen innehåller tillräckligt med protein, men för lite lysin kan det bero på att proteinkvaliteten är för dålig. Bra proteinkvalitet är särskilt viktigt för unghästar i tillväxt och till digivande ston.</p>\r\n<p>Brist på lysin kan medföra reducerad tillväxt och utveckling.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Åtgärder</strong>: Goda lysinkällor är sojamjöl, samt proteinrika kraftfoder till unghästar och avelsston.</p>\r\n<p><strong><img src=\"images-joomla/guides/plus.png\" alt=\"plus\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" />&nbsp; För mycket</strong><strong> Lysin </strong></p>\r\n<p>Dyrt och onödigt. Överskott av lysin förbränns och används som energi.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Åtgärder</strong>: Välj fodermedel med lägre innehåll av protein om du vill spara pengar och reducera belastningen på hästens lever!.</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer;\">Save</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer; top: 23px; left: 23px;\">Save</span></p>','',1,623,'2016-11-18 15:48:32',10,'','2017-11-18 14:06:31',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-11-18 15:48:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_title\":\"0\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_associations\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_page_title\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',7,268,'','',1,608,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'sv-SE',''),(4304,5067,'Kalcium - vid feldosering','calcium-46','<p><strong><strong><img src=\"images-joomla/guides/minus.png\" alt=\"minus\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" />&nbsp; För lite</strong> Kalcium </strong></p>\r\n<p>Kalcium bygger skelettet och är nödvändigt för normal funktion av muskler och körtlar. Speciellt hos unghästar kan kalciumbrist medföra sjukdom (bl. a. rakitis och ledproblem) som följd av onormal utveckling av skelettet.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Åtgärder</strong>: Goda källor till kalcium, är kalk, klöverhö, lucern och dom flesta kraftfoderblandningar. I vanligt hö kan kalciuminnehållet variera från ca 1,5 til 5 gram/kg. Det kan löna sig att analysera stråfoderet, eller kräva analys av leverantören vid inköp av stora partier.</p>\r\n<p><strong><strong><img src=\"images-joomla/guides/plus.png\" alt=\"plus\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" />&nbsp; För mycket</strong> Kalcium</strong></p>\r\n<p>Kan hos unghäst ge onormal skelettutveckling. För mycket kalcium reducerar upptaget av zink.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Åtgärder</strong>: Reducera användningen av kalciumrika foder och tillskott. Studera dom mest kalciumrika fodren i ransonsfönstret!</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=732&amp;Itemid=2764&amp;lang=sv\">Du kan läsa mer om Kalcium här</a></strong></p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer; top: 23px; left: 23px;\">Save</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer; top: 23px; left: 23px;\">Save</span></p>','',1,623,'2016-11-18 15:48:32',10,'','2017-11-18 14:05:59',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-11-18 15:48:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_title\":\"0\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_associations\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_page_title\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',7,267,'','',1,734,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'sv-SE',''),(4305,5068,'Fosfor - vid feldosering','phosphorus-46','<p><strong><strong><img src=\"images-joomla/guides/minus.png\" alt=\"minus\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" />&nbsp; För lite</strong> fosfor<br /></strong>Fosfor är viktigt för uppbygnaden av skelettet och för energiomsättningen i alla kroppens celler. Fosforbrist ger onormal skelettutveckling.<br /><strong>Åtgärder</strong>: Fosforrika fodermedel är vetekli, havre, korn och vanliga kraftfoderblandningar (5-8 gram/kg). Hö har 1-2 gram fosfor/kg. Det finns också speciellt fosforrika mineralfoder.</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p><strong><strong><img src=\"images-joomla/guides/plus.png\" alt=\"plus\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" />&nbsp; För mycket</strong> fosfor<br /></strong>För mycket fosfor hindrar upptagningen av kalcium och kan leda till sjukdom som följd av onormal utveckling av skelettet. Mycket fosfor kan också hindra upptagningen av <a href=\"index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=781&amp;Itemid=2771&amp;lang=sv\">järn</a>.<br /><strong>Åtgärder</strong>: Reducera användningen av fosforrika fodermedel som t.ex. vetekli. Studera fodermedelstabellerna.</p>\r\n<p><a href=\"index.php/sv/articles/macrominerales/phosphorus\"><strong>Du kan läsa mer om näringsämnet fosfor här</strong></a></p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer;\">Save</span></p>','',1,623,'2016-11-18 15:48:32',10,'','2017-11-18 14:05:26',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-11-18 15:48:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_title\":\"0\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_associations\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_page_title\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',10,266,'','',1,1266,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'sv-SE',''),(4306,5069,'Magnesium - vid feldosering','magnesium-46','<p><strong><strong><img src=\"images-joomla/guides/minus.png\" alt=\"minus\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" />&nbsp; För lite</strong> Magnesium</strong></p>\r\n<p>Magnesium är en aktivator för många enzymer, och är nödvändigt för normal muskel- och nervfunktion. Magnesiumbrist kan leda till kramper.<br /><strong>Åtgärder</strong>: Goda källor för magnesium är kraftfoderblandninger och dom flesta mineralfoder.</p>\r\n<p><strong><strong><img src=\"images-joomla/guides/plus.png\" alt=\"plus\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" />&nbsp; För mycket</strong> Magnesium</strong></p>\r\n<p>Normalt ger en moderat överdosering av magnesium inga negativa följdverkningar.<br /><strong>Åtgärder</strong>: Man bör ändå se till att ransonens innehåll överensstämmer med djurets behov.<strong><a href=\"index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=746&amp;Itemid=2766&amp;lang=sv\"><br /></a></strong></p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=746&amp;Itemid=2766&amp;lang=sv\">Du kan läsa mer om Magnesium här.</a></strong></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer;\">Save</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer;\">Save</span></p>','',1,623,'2016-11-18 15:48:32',10,'','2017-11-18 14:04:33',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-11-18 15:48:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_title\":\"0\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_associations\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_page_title\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',7,265,'','',1,652,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'sv-SE',''),(4307,5070,'Kalcium/fosfor-kvoten - vid feldosering','capratio-46','<p><strong><strong><img src=\"images-joomla/guides/minus.png\" alt=\"minus\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" />&nbsp; För låg</strong> Kalcium/Fosfor-kvot</strong></p>\r\n<p>Ransonen innehåller för lite kalcium i förhållande till fosfor, även om kalciummängden i sig själv kan vara acceptabel. Skelettsjukdommar kan uppstå, särskilt hos unghäst.<br /><strong>Åtgärder</strong>: Använd kalciumrika fodermedel som lucerne och kalk. Reducera mängden fosforrika fodermedel som kli och div. spannmål. Se till att totalt innehåll av kalcium och fosfor i ransonen är tillfredsställande.</p>\r\n<p><strong><strong><img src=\"images-joomla/guides/plus.png\" alt=\"plus\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" />&nbsp; För</strong> hög Kalcium/Fosfor-kvot</strong></p>\r\n<p>Ransonen innehåller för mycket kalcium i förhållande till fosfor, även om kalcium-mängden i sig kan vara acceptabel. Skelettsjukdomar kan utvecklas, speciellt hos unghäst.<br /><strong>Åtgärder</strong>: Reducera kalciumrika fodermedel som bla. lucerne och kalk. Se till att total mängd kalcium och fosfor i ransonen är tillfredsställande.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=2132&amp;Itemid=2779&amp;lang=sv\">Du kan läsa mer om kalcium/fosfor-kvoten här</a></strong></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer; top: 23px; left: 202px;\">Save</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer;\">Save</span></p>','',1,623,'2016-11-18 15:48:32',10,'','2017-12-06 13:40:25',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-11-18 15:48:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_title\":\"0\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_associations\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_page_title\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',7,264,'','',1,596,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'sv-SE',''),(4308,5071,'Natrium - vid feldosering','sodium-46','<p><strong><strong><img src=\"images-joomla/guides/minus.png\" alt=\"minus\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" />&nbsp; För lite</strong> Natrium</strong></p>\r\n<p>Behovet av Natrium (Na) eller vanligt salt (NaCl) varierar starkt och påverkas av omgivningens temperatur och hästens arbetsintensitet. Programmet PC-Horse räknar med att behovet på vintern (oktober - april) motsvarar 60% av behovet på sommaren.</p>\r\n<p>Avelsston och unghästar bör kontinuerligt ha tillgång till saltslicksten eller en mineralsten med högt saltinnehåll.</p>\r\n<p>Hästar i hård träning kan ha problem med att reglera saltintaget. De bör därför ges en kontrollerad mängd salt varje dag.</p>\r\n<p>Rekommenderad mängd salt till hästar i träning på vintern är 5-6 gram per 100 kg kroppsvikt, på sommaren 6-10 gram då hästarna svettas mer.</p>\r\n<p><strong><strong><img src=\"images-joomla/guides/plus.png\" alt=\"plus\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" />&nbsp; För</strong>&nbsp;mycket Natrium</strong></p>\r\n<p>Behovet av Natrium (Na) eller vanligt salt (NaCl) varierar starkt och påverkas av omgivningens temperatur och hästens arbetsintensitet. Programmet PC-Horse räknar med att behovet på vintern (oktober - april) motsvarar 60% av behovet på sommaren.</p>\r\n<p>Avelsston och unghästar bör kontinuerligt ha tillgång till saltslicksten eller en mineralsten med högt saltinnehål.</p>\r\n<p>Hästar i hård träning kan ha problem med att reglera saltintaget. De bör därför ges en kontrollerad mängd salt varje dag.</p>\r\n<p>Rekommenderad mängd salt till hästar i träning på vintern är 5-6 gram per 100 kg kroppsvikt, på sommaren 6-10 gram då hästarna svettas mer.</p>\r\n<p>Om ransonen innehåller mer natrium (salt) än behovet måste man se till att hästen har fri tillgång till friskt vatten.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=760&amp;Itemid=2768&amp;lang=sv\">Du kan läsa mer om Natrium här</a></strong></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer; top: 23px; left: 23px;\">Save</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer; top: 23px; left: 23px;\">Save</span></p>','',1,623,'2016-11-18 15:48:32',10,'','2017-11-18 14:03:26',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-11-18 15:48:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_title\":\"0\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_associations\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_page_title\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',6,263,'','',1,625,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'sv-SE',''),(4309,5072,'Järn - vid feldosering','iron-46','<p><strong><strong><img src=\"images-joomla/guides/minus.png\" alt=\"minus\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" />&nbsp; För lite</strong> Järn</strong></p>\r\n<p>Järn (Fe) är nödvändigt för nybildning av röda blodkroppar och ingår också i viktiga enzymer i cellernas ämnesomsättning. Järnbrist medför att djuren blir anemiska, och därigenom får sämre prestanda på tävlingar<br /><strong>Åtgärder</strong>: Vanligt foder innehåller normalt tillräckligt med järn för att täcka hästens behov. Extra tillskott av järn finns i kraftfoderblandninger och mineralfodermedel för häst.</p>\r\n<p><strong><strong><img src=\"images-joomla/guides/plus.png\" alt=\"plus\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" />&nbsp; För mycket</strong> Järn</strong></p>\r\n<p>För mycket järn (Fe) kan medföra att koncentrationen av zink i blod och lever sjunker. Höga doser av järntillskott kan vara ohälsosamt, särskilt för föl.<br /><strong>Åtgärder</strong>: Reducera användningen av järnhaltiga tillskott.<br /><br /></p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=781&amp;Itemid=2771&amp;lang=sv\">Du kan läsa mer om Järn här</a></strong></p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer;\">Save</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer;\">Save</span></p>','',1,623,'2016-11-18 15:48:32',10,'','2017-11-18 14:02:54',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-11-18 15:48:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_title\":\"0\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_associations\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_page_title\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',8,262,'','',1,653,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'sv-SE',''),(4310,5073,'Koppar - vid feldosering','copper-46','<p><strong><strong><img src=\"images-joomla/guides/minus.png\" alt=\"minus\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" />&nbsp; För lite</strong> Koppar<br /><br /></strong>Koppar (Cu) spelar en viktig roll som del av de enzymer som ingår vid nybildning och underhåll av elastisk bindväv, vid mobilisering av järnlagren och vid nybildning av pigment. Kopparbrist kan ha betydelse vid utveckling av osteochondros och andra sjukdomar i skelettet.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Åtgärder</strong>: Goda kopparkällor är de flesta mineralfoder- och kraftfoderblandningar.</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p><strong><strong><img src=\"images-joomla/guides/plus.png\" alt=\"plus\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" />&nbsp; För mycket</strong> Koppar<br /><br /></strong>Hästar tål moderata överdoseringar av koppar utan kända negativa effekter. Man bör ändå sträva efter att ransonens kopparinnehåll stämmer med hästens behov.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Åtgärder</strong>: Se om du kan reducera användningen av mineralfoder och andra tillskottsfoder.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=788&amp;Itemid=2772&amp;lang=sv\">Du kan läsa mer om Koppar här</a></strong></p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer; top: 23px; left: 23px;\">Save</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer; top: 23px; left: 23px;\">Save</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer; top: 23px; left: 23px;\">Save</span></p>','',1,623,'2016-11-18 15:48:32',10,'','2017-11-18 14:02:24',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-11-18 15:48:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_title\":\"0\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_associations\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_page_title\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',8,261,'','',1,568,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'sv-SE',''),(4311,5074,'Mangan - vid feldosering','manganese-46','<p><strong><strong><img src=\"images-joomla/guides/minus.png\" alt=\"minus\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" />&nbsp; För lite</strong> mangan<br /></strong></p>\r\n<p>Mangan (Mn) är viktigt för omsättningen av kolhydrater och fett i kroppen, och vid bildning av brosk i skelettet. Manganbrist tros därför bla. medverka till felaktig utveckling av benen hos unga djur.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Åtgärder</strong>: Vanliga mineralfodermedel och kraftfoderblandningar för häst innehåller mangan. Bra hö är oftast också en god källa för mangan (40 - 140 mg/kg).</p>\r\n<p><strong><strong><img src=\"images-joomla/guides/plus.png\" alt=\"plus\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" />&nbsp; För mycket</strong> mangan<br /></strong></p>\r\n<p>Överskott av mangan kan ha negativ inverkan på upptagandet av järn och kalcium.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Åtgärder</strong>: Reducera mängden manganhaltigt mineralfoder (Se i fodermedelstabellerna).<br /><br /></p>\r\n<p><a href=\"index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=795&amp;Itemid=2773&amp;lang=sv\"><strong>Du kan läsa mer om Mangan här</strong></a></p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer;\">Save</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer; top: 23px; left: 23px;\">Save</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer; top: 23px; left: 23px;\">Save</span></p>','',1,623,'2016-11-18 15:48:32',10,'','2017-11-18 14:01:59',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-11-18 15:48:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_title\":\"0\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_associations\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_page_title\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',7,260,'','',1,549,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'sv-SE',''),(4312,5075,'Zink - vid feldosering','zinc-46','<p><strong><strong><img src=\"images-joomla/guides/minus.png\" alt=\"minus\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" />&nbsp; För lite</strong> Zink<br /></strong>Zink är en viktig del (aktiv grupp) i flera enzymer. Brist på zink anses hänga samman med utveckling av sjukdomar i skelettet (t.ex. osteochondros) och reducerar hudens styrka och motståndskraft.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Åtgärder</strong>: Ge vanligt mineralfoder eller kraftfoder för häst. Dessa är tillsatt zink.</p>\r\n<p><strong><strong><img src=\"images-joomla/guides/plus.png\" alt=\"plus\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" />&nbsp; För mycke</strong>t Zink<br /></strong></p>\r\n<p>För mycket zink (Zn) kan medföra sämre utnyttjande av koppar och därvid ge samma symptom som vid kopparbrist (felaktig utveckling av skelettet).</p>\r\n<p><strong>Åtgärder</strong>: Reducera användningen av zinkhaltiga mineralfodermedel eller kraftfoder.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=802&amp;Itemid=2774&amp;lang=sv\">Du kan läsa mer om Zink här</a></strong></p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer;\">Save</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer; top: 23px; left: 202px;\">Save</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer; top: 23px; left: 202px;\">Save</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer; top: 23px; left: 202px;\">Save</span></p>','',1,623,'2016-11-18 15:48:32',10,'','2017-11-18 14:01:22',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-11-18 15:48:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_title\":\"0\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_associations\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_page_title\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',9,259,'','',1,488,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'sv-SE',''),(4313,5076,'Selén - vid feldosering','selenium-46','<p><strong><img src=\"images-joomla/guides/minus.png\" alt=\"minus\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" />&nbsp; För lite Selén<br /></strong></p>\r\n<p>Selén (Se) är en viktig del av enzymet glutathion peroxydase som medverkar i skyddet av cellmembranen. Selénbrist kan medföra muskeldegeneration, svaga föl som har svårt att suga och svälja, samt en mängd andra sjukliga tillstånd.</p>\r\n<p>Åkerjord och därmed foder som odlas i Skandinavien är generellt fattigt på selén. Tillskott är i regel nödvändigt.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Åtgärder</strong>: Selén är tillsatt kraftfoderblandningar och dom flesta allsidiga mineralfodermedel för häst. Kolla analysen med PC-Horse!</p>\r\n<p><strong><img src=\"images-joomla/guides/plus.png\" alt=\"plus\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" />&nbsp; För mycket Selén<br /></strong></p>\r\n<p>Selén är mycket giftigt, och för hög dos över längre tid kan medföra död.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Åtgärder</strong>: Reducera användningen av selénhaltiga mineralfoder och kraftfoderblandningar.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=809&amp;Itemid=2777&amp;lang=sv\">Du kan läsa mer om Selén här</a></strong></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer; top: 78px; left: 229px;\">Save</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer;\">Save</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer;\">Save</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer; top: 23px; left: 229px;\">Save</span></p>','',1,623,'2016-11-18 15:48:32',10,'','2017-11-18 14:00:46',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-11-18 15:48:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_title\":\"0\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_associations\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_page_title\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',11,258,'','',1,512,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'sv-SE',''),(4314,5077,'Kobolt - vid feldosering','cobalt-46','<p><strong><strong><img src=\"images-joomla/guides/minus.png\" alt=\"minus\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" />&nbsp; För lite</strong> Kobolt</strong></p>\r\n<p>Kobolt (Co) är nödvändigt för nybildning av B12-vitamin. Bete i kustområderna kan innehålla för lite kobolt.<br /><strong>Åtgärder</strong>: Kobolt är tillsatt kraftfoderblandningar och dom flesta mineralfoder för häst. Kolla analysen med PC-Horse!</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p><strong><strong><img src=\"images-joomla/guides/plus.png\" alt=\"plus\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" />&nbsp; För mycket </strong> kobolt</strong></p>\r\n<p>Moderat överdosering av kobolt (Co) ger inga kända negativa effekter. Man bör ändå sträva efter att ransonens innehåll av cobolt överenstämmer med hästens behov.<br /><strong>Åtgärder</strong>: Reducera användningen av kobolthaltigt kraftfoder eller mineralfoder.</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=816&amp;Itemid=2775&amp;lang=sv\">Du kan läsa mer om Kobolt här</a></strong></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer; top: 23px; left: 23px;\">Save</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer;\">Save</span></p>','',1,623,'2016-11-18 15:48:32',10,'','2017-11-18 14:00:15',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-11-18 15:48:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_title\":\"0\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_associations\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_page_title\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',6,257,'','',1,415,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'sv-SE',''),(4315,5078,'Jod - vid feldosering','iodine-46','<p><strong><strong><img src=\"images-joomla/guides/minus.png\" alt=\"minus\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" />&nbsp; För lite</strong> Jod</strong></p>\r\n<p>Jod (I) är nödvändigt för nybildningen av hormoner som kontrollerar ämnesomsättningen (tyroxiner). Jodbrist ger struma och reducerad ämnesomsättningshastighet. Föl från sto med jodbrist kan vara svagt eller dött vid förlossningen.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Åtgärder</strong>: Goda jodkällor är bla. tångmjöl, kraftfoderblandningar och vanliga mineralfodermedel för häst.</p>\r\n<p>Nyare forskning visar att hästens behov av jod är högre än tidigare beräknat. NRC-2007 har därför ökat jodbehovet och det beräknas nu som 0,35 Mg per kg torrsubstans i standardransonen.</p>\r\n<p>Programmet varnar för underdosering av jod vid 0,5 x NRC-behovet och för överdosering av jod vid 1,43 x NRC-behovet. I Sverige betyder detta att PC-Horse följer SLU´s rekommendationer (Foderbladet nr 6/07).</p>\r\n<p>Standardransonen räknas per kg torrsubstans och är satt till 2% av kropssvikten för hästar i underhåll, lätt träning och dräktiga ston. Vid moderat träning ökas den till 2,25% av kroppsvikten och vid hård träning till 2,5% av kroppsvikten.</p>\r\n<p>För unghästar och digivande ston är standardransonen 2,5% av kroppsvikten.</p>\r\n<p>Maximal toleransgräns är angiven till 10 Mg per kg kroppsvikt. Risken för överdosering är således relativt begränsad så länge värdet i foderstaten understiger 40-50 Mg per dag.</p>\r\n<p><strong><strong><img src=\"images-joomla/guides/plus.png\" alt=\"plus\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" />&nbsp; För mycket</strong> Jod</strong></p>\r\n<p>Överdosering med jod (I) kan hos dräktiga ston ha negativ effekt på fostret, och leda till föl som är svaga eller döda vid födelsen.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Åtgärder</strong>: Reducera användningen av jodhaltiga mineralfodermedel (t.ex. tångmjöl). Var särskilt uppmärksam på naturpreparat som innehåller marina alger och tångmjöl. # #Nyare forskning visar att hästens behov av jod är högre än tidigare beräknat. NRC-2007 har därför ökat jodbehovet och det beräknas nu som 0,35 Mg per kg torrsubstans i standardransonen.</p>\r\n<p>Programmet varnar för underdosering av jod vid 0,5 x NRC-behovet och för överdosering av jod vid 1,43 x NRC-behovet. I Sverige betyder detta att PC-Horse följer SLU´s rekommendationer (Foderbladet nr 6/07).</p>\r\n<p>Standardransonen räknas per kg torrsubstans och är satt till 2% av kropssvikten för hästar i underhåll, lätt träning och dräktiga ston. Vid moderat träning ökas den till 2,25% av kroppsvikten och vid hård träning till 2,5% av kroppsvikten.</p>\r\n<p>För unghästar och digivande ston är standardransonen 2,5% av kroppsvikten.</p>\r\n<p>Maximal toleransgräns är angiven till 10 Mg per kg kroppsvikt. Risken för överdosering är således relativt begränsad så länge värdet i foderstaten understiger 40-50 Mg per dag.</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=823&amp;Itemid=2776&amp;lang=sv\">Du kan läsa mer om Jod här</a></strong></p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer; top: 23px; left: 23px;\">Save</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer; top: 23px; left: 23px;\">Save</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer; top: 23px; left: 23px;\">Save</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer;\">Save</span></p>','',1,623,'2016-11-18 15:48:32',10,'','2018-02-28 11:03:14',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-11-18 15:48:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_title\":\"0\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_associations\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_page_title\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',8,256,'','',1,661,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'sv-SE',''),(4316,5079,'Vitamin A - vid feldosering','vitamin-a-46','<p><strong><strong><img src=\"images-joomla/guides/minus.png\" alt=\"minus\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" />&nbsp; För lite </strong> A-Vitamin</strong></p>\r\n<p>Vitamin A har betydelse för normal syn, för epitelcellerna i huden och för nybildning av benvävnad.</p>\r\n<p>Brist kan medföra dåligt mörkersyn, rinnande ögon, spröd och fjällande hud, aptitsvikt, sänkt tillväxt, låg dräktighetsprocent och allmän svaghet.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Åtgärder</strong>: Kraftfoderblandningar och dom flesta mineralfodermedel för häst är tillsatta rikligt vitamin A. Tran och morötter innehåller relativt stora mängder av detta vitamin, tillsammans med grönt gräs och nyskördat, välbärgat hö.</p>\r\n<p><strong><strong><img src=\"images-joomla/guides/plus.png\" alt=\"plus\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" />&nbsp; För mycket</strong> A-Vitamin</strong></p>\r\n<p>Vitamin A finns i två former; retinol och betakaroten. Betakaroten är ett förstadium till retinol och finns i växternas gula och röda färgämnen. Vid normal utfodring är risken för skadlig överdosering av betakaroten mycket liten, då inte allt tas upp.</p>\r\n<p>I gräs, hösilage och morötter kan innehållet av betakaroten vara så högt att linjen för A-vitamin blir röd och varnar för att hästen får för mycket.</p>\r\n<p>Om huvuddelen av A-vitaminet kommer från hösilage eller morötter kan foderstaten godkännas även om linjen är röd. Användarna av programmet kan värdera hur stor del av A-vitamin intaget som utgörs av betakarotenrika foder i mittfönstret på skärmen.</p>\r\n<p>Överdosering av A-vitamin kan över tid medföra ett förgiftningstillstånd med svag benstomme, onormal benbildning, tappat hår, fjällande hud och andra onormala förhållanden.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Åtgärder</strong>: Ge mindre vitamin A-rika tillskottsfoder. Ge inte hela den rekommenderande mängden kraftfoder och tillskottsfoder samtidigt. Ge inte flera tillskottsfoder samtidigt utan att mängderna av varje enskilt foder reduceras. #Ge inte tran när ransonen redan innehåller tillräckligt mycket vitamin A.</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=501&amp;Itemid=2735&amp;lang=sv\">Du kan läsa mer om A-vitamin här</a></strong></p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer; top: 23px; left: 23px;\">Save</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer; top: 23px; left: 23px;\">Save</span></p>','',1,623,'2016-11-18 15:48:32',10,'','2017-11-18 13:59:13',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-11-18 15:48:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_title\":\"0\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_associations\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_page_title\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',8,255,'','',1,530,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'sv-SE',''),(4317,5080,'Vitamin D - vid feldosering','vitamin-d-46','<p><strong><strong><img src=\"images-joomla/guides/minus.png\" alt=\"minus\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" />&nbsp; För lite </strong> vitamin D</strong></p>\r\n<p>Vitamin D är förstadiet till de hormoner som styr kalcium-omsättningen i kroppen. Brist på D-vitamin ger onormal utveckling och underhåll av skelettet, svag benstomme, sänkt aptit och dålig tillväxt. Muskelstyrkan blir också sämre.<br /><strong>Åtgärder</strong>: Vitamin D bildas i huden när hästen är ute i solljus. Soltorkat hö, tran, kraftfoderblandningar och dom flesta tillskottsfoder (Vitamin- och mineralfoder) är goda källor för vitamin D.</p>\r\n<p><strong><strong><img src=\"images-joomla/guides/plus.png\" alt=\"plus\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" />&nbsp; För mycket</strong> vitamin D</strong></p>\r\n<p>Överdosering av vitamin D ger förgiftningstillstånd med onormal benutveckling, förkalkningar i blodkärl, hjärta och andra organ, njurskador, aptitförlust och stela gångarter.<br /><strong>Åtgärder</strong>: Ge mindre vitamin D rikt tillskottsfoder. Ge inte hela den rekommenderade mängden kraftfoderblandning och tillskottsfoder samtidigt.<br />Ge inte flera tillskottsfoder samtidigt utan att mängderna av varje enskilt foder reduceras. Ge inte tran när ransonen redan innehåller tillräckligt mycket vitamin D.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=508&amp;Itemid=2736&amp;lang=sv\">Du kan läsa mer om vitamin D här</a></strong></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer;\">Save</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer;\">Save</span></p>','',1,623,'2016-11-18 15:48:32',10,'','2017-11-18 13:58:29',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-11-18 15:48:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_title\":\"0\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_associations\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_page_title\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',7,254,'','',1,451,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'sv-SE',''),(4318,5081,'Vitamin E - vid feldosering','vitamin-e-46','<p><strong><strong><img src=\"images-joomla/guides/minus.png\" alt=\"minus\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" />&nbsp; För lite</strong> vitamin E</strong></p>\r\n<p>Vitamin E fungerar som antioxidant och skyddar bl.a. cellmembranen. Vitaminet har delvis samma funktioner som selen. Brist kan medföra skador på muskulatur (muskeldegeneration, \'vitmuskelsjukan\'), dåligt koordinerade rörelser och förlamningar.<br /><strong><br />Åtgärder</strong>: Kraftfoderblandningar och dom flesta mineralfoder till häst är tillsatta vitamin E. Det finns också speciella tillskottsfoder för vitamin E och selen.</p>\r\n<p><strong><strong><img src=\"images-joomla/guides/plus.png\" alt=\"plus\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" />&nbsp; För mycket</strong> vitamin E</strong></p>\r\n<p>Moderat överdosering av vitamin E har inga negativa effekter, men alldeles för stora mängder kan inverka på utnyttjandet av andra fettlösliga vitaminer (A, D och K).<br /><strong><br />Åtgärder</strong>: Ge lägre mängder av tillskottsfoder med vitamin E.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=515&amp;Itemid=2737&amp;lang=sv\">Du kan läsa mer om vitamin E här</a></strong></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer;\">Save</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer;\">Save</span></p>','',1,623,'2016-11-18 15:48:32',10,'','2017-11-18 13:57:29',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-11-18 15:48:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_title\":\"0\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_associations\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_page_title\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',7,253,'','',1,495,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'sv-SE',''),(4319,5082,'Vitamin B1 - vid feldosering','vitamin-b1-46','<p><strong><strong><img src=\"images-joomla/guides/minus.png\" alt=\"minus\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" />&nbsp; För lite</strong> vitamin B1</strong></p>\r\n<p>Vitamin B1 (Thiamin): Mikroberna i hästens grovtarm producerar under normala förhållanden tillräckliga mängder B-vitaminer för att täcka behovet.</p>\r\n<p>Man kan se reducerad vitaminproduktion när fodergivan innehåller för mycket kraftfoder i förhållande till stråfoder, och vid hård träning eller stress. Tillskott kan då ges.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Åtgärder</strong>: Vanliga kraftfoderblandningar och tillskottsfoder till häst är tillsatta vitamin B1. Öljäst är också en utmärkt källa för B-vitamin.</p>\r\n<p><strong><strong><img src=\"images-joomla/guides/plus.png\" alt=\"plus\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" />&nbsp; För mycket</strong> vitamin B1</strong></p>\r\n<p>Vitamin #B1 (Thiamin): Moderat överdosering av vitamin B1 har inga kända negative effekter. Överdosering med extra tillskott gör ransonen onödigt dyr.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Åtgärder</strong>: Reducera användningen av tillskottsfoder. Spar pengar!</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=571&amp;Itemid=2739&amp;lang=sv\">Du kan läsa mer om vitamin B1 här</a></strong></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer; top: 23px; left: 23px;\">Save</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px/20px \'Helvetica Neue\',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c  no-repeat scroll 3px 50% / 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer;\">Save</span></p>','',1,623,'2016-11-18 15:48:32',10,'','2017-11-18 13:56:56',10,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2016-11-18 15:48:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','{}','{}','{\"article_layout\":\"\",\"show_title\":\"0\",\"link_titles\":\"\",\"show_tags\":\"\",\"show_intro\":\"\",\"info_block_position\":\"\",\"info_block_show_title\":\"\",\"show_category\":\"\",\"link_category\":\"\",\"show_parent_category\":\"\",\"link_parent_category\":\"\",\"show_associations\":\"\",\"show_author\":\"\",\"link_author\":\"\",\"show_create_date\":\"\",\"show_modify_date\":\"\",\"show_publish_date\":\"\",\"show_item_navigation\":\"\",\"show_icons\":\"\",\"show_print_icon\":\"\",\"show_email_icon\":\"\",\"show_vote\":\"\",\"show_hits\":\"\",\"show_noauth\":\"\",\"urls_position\":\"\",\"alternative_readmore\":\"\",\"article_page_title\":\"\",\"show_publishing_options\":\"\",\"show_article_options\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_backend\":\"\",\"show_urls_images_frontend\":\"\"}',6,252,'','',1,456,'{\"robots\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"rights\":\"\",\"xreference\":\"\"}',0,'sv-SE',''),