<p style="margin-top: 0.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.1pt; text-align: right;"><a href="index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=3886:would-you-like-to-comment-on-our-articles&amp;catid=619:topics-feedback&amp;lang=en-GB"><span style="color: #ff0000;"><span id="result_box" class="short_text" lang="en"><span class="hps">Please comment on</span> <span class="hps">this article</span></span></span></a></p>
<p class="hps" style="color: #000000;"><strong><span style="margin-top: 0.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.1pt;"><span class="short_text" lang="en"><span class="hps" style="color: #000000;">In addition to being a naturally occurring trace mineral in horse rations, cobalt has also been associated with the doping of racehorses around the world. So, what are the functions of cobalt in the body? What is the recommended requirement for cobalt, and what are safe amounts to feed in rations for racehorses?</span></span></span></strong></p>
<p><img src="images-joomla/stories/seasons/cobalthorse.jpg" alt="cobalthorse" style="display: block; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
<p><strong>Function of cobalt (Co) in the body</strong></p>
<p>Cobalt is an essential trace mineral used by microorganisms in the horse’s caecum and colon in the synthesis of vitamin B<sub>12</sub>. Cobalt in the form of vitamin B<sub>12</sub> is needed, together with iron and copper, in the formation of red blood cells (erythropoiesis).</p>
<p><strong>Requirement </strong></p>
<p>The NRC 2007 requirement for cobalt is set to 0.05 mg per kg dry matter in the ration. This means that an adult horse, weighing 500 kg, will need 0,5 - 0,7 mg per day. A cobalt deficiency would be expected to result in a vitamin B12 deficiency. However, cobalt or vitamin B<sub>12</sub> deficiency has not been reported in horses, and is difficult or impossible to induce experimentally. This implies that under normal conditions horses receive enough cobalt to sustain the intestinal microbes in their synthesis of vitamin B<sub>12</sub>.</p>
<p><strong>Sources of cobalt in horse rations</strong></p>
<p>Cobalt is found in natural horse feeds in minute amounts. Typical concentrations in forage will be 0.04-0.08 mg per kg dry matter, and lower for grains. However, these values may vary between areas and countries based on their local soils.</p>
<p>Compound feeds for horses typically contain 0.3-0.9 mg per kg and mineral supplements from 5-20 mg per kg, depending on the daily amounts recommended by the producer (normally less than 100 grams/d).</p>
<p><strong>Cobalt and the doping of race horses</strong></p>
<p>Recently, reports have appeared about horse trainers who have supplemented horses with much higher amounts of cobalt than recommended, presumably believing that high intakes can increase the production of red blood cells.&nbsp;Whether it works or not is not known.&nbsp; One of the big concerns is the negative side effects of overdosing horses with cobalt.&nbsp;&nbsp;In humans, overdoses have reportedly led to organ damage, impaired thyroid activity and even to death.</p>
<p style="line-height: normal;">Some studies showed that after oral administration of high doses of cobalt (more than 200 mg/d) to racehorses, no positive effects on red blood cells were found. Instead of physiological changes that could help a horse to run faster or endure more sustained levels of activity, the opposite was observed: profuse sweating, muscle trembling, restless circling, horses dropping to their knees, and brief periods of collapse.&nbsp;</p>
<p>Feeding cobalt in the recommended daily amounts leads to blood levels of 0.5 – 3 micrograms per litre. When it comes to doping regulations, an upper threshold for cobalt in the blood plasma of racehorses has been set at 25 micrograms per litre and in urine at 100 micrograms per litre. To obtain such levels of cobalt in blood or in urine you would have to feed cobalt in amounts far above the recommended amounts, or to inject the element directly into the blood stream.</p>
<p><strong>PC-Horse and cobalt</strong></p>
<p class="hps" style="color: #000000;">PC-Horse calculates the cobalt requirement for all types of horses, and also calculates the total amount of cobalt in each ration. By using PC-Horse when composing your rations, you will always know what the requirement of each individual horse is and how much cobalt each ration contains.<span style="margin-top: 0.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.1pt;"></span><span style="margin-top: 0.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.1pt;"><span class="short_text" lang="en"><span class="hps" style="color: #000000;"></span></span></span><br /><span style="margin-top: 0.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.1pt;"><span class="short_text" lang="en"><span class="hps" style="color: #000000;"></span></span><span class="short_text" lang="en"><span class="hps" style="color: #000000;"> <br /></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.1pt; text-align: right;"><a href="index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=3886:would-you-like-to-comment-on-our-articles&amp;catid=619:topics-feedback&amp;lang=en-GB"><span style="color: #ff0000;"><span id="result_box" class="short_text" lang="en"><span class="hps">Please comment on</span> <span class="hps">this article</span></span></span></a></p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.1pt;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="margin-top: 0.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.1pt;"><em>This article was originally written by Dr. Day Austbø.</em><br /> <em>Copyright: PC-Horse International - Norway 2017</em><br /> <em>Feel free to use and publish the material. Please indicate the source and author.</em></p>
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